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At least 1,747 records · Page 97Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Taxon-specific zeta -crystallin in Japanese tree frog (Hyla japonica) lens.

The present study demonstrated that the 38-kDa protein, instead of rho-crystallin (36 kDa), is expressed taxon specifically in the lens of Japanese tree frog (Hyla japonica). The 38-kDa protein was distinguished from rho-crystallin expressed in the lenses of bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) and European common frog (Rana temporaria) immunochemically. Although the N terminus of the 38-kDa protein was blocked, the analyses of partial amino acid sequences showed that the protein was zeta-crystallin. Analysis of cDNA sequence encoding zeta-crystallin of the tree frog lens demonstrated that the deduced protein consisted of 329 amino acids including initial methionine and having 62.2 and 62.9% identity with zeta-crystallin of camel and guinea pig lenses, respectively. The molecular mass of the deduced structure was calculated to be 35,564 Da. zeta-Crystallin of the tree frog lens exhibited the intrinsic enzymatic activity of quinone reductase (EC, NADPH:quinone oxidoreductase). The crystallin specifically catalyzed the reduction of 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (Km, 42 microm) using NADPH (Km, 60 microm) as a cofactor. The enzymatic activity was inhibited by dicumarol, anti-coagulant drug, with IC50 of 4 microm. On gel filtration chromatography, the crystallin was recovered as 150-kDa molecular mass complex, indicating that the crystallin was homotetramer consisting of 38-kDa subunits. The crystallin gene was expressed specifically in the lens. These results show that taxon-specific crystallins such as zeta- and rho-crystallins may be available for the biochemical discrimination of Hyla- and Rana groups among frogs.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Kinetic and affinity predictions of a protein-protein interaction using multivariate experimental design.

We measured the influence of 14 mutations and 5 environmental variables (buffer perturbation) on the association and dissociation rate of a camel single domain antibody (cAb-Lys3) interacting with hen egg white lysozyme using a surface plasmon resonance-based biosensor. Based on this data set, we constructed quantitative predictive models for both kinetic (k(a) and k(d)) constants as for the affinity constant (K(d)). Mutations, after parameterization by quantitative descriptors, and buffers were selected using multivariate experimental design. These models were able to predict the corresponding parameters of four new variants of cAb-Lys3. Moreover, the models provide insights to the important chemical aspects of the interacting residues, which are difficult to deduce from the crystal structure. Our approach provides useful physicochemical information of protein-protein interactions in general. The information obtained from this kind of analysis complements and goes beyond that of conventional methods like alanine scanning and substitution by closely related amino acids. The mathematical modeling may contribute to a rational approach in the optimization of bio-molecules of biotechnological interest.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Crystal structure of the intrinsically flexible addiction antidote MazE.

A specific camel VHH (variable domain of dromedary heavy chain antibody) fragment was used to crystallize the intrinsically flexible addiction antidote MazE. Only 45% of the polypeptide chain is found ordered in the crystal. The MazE monomer consisting of two beta-hairpins connected by a short alpha-helix has no hydrophobic core on its own and represents only one half of a typical protein domain. A complete domain structure is formed by the association of two chains, creating a hydrophobic core between two four-stranded beta-sheets. This hydrophobic core consists exclusively of short aliphatic residues. The folded part of MazE contains a novel DNA binding motif. A model for DNA binding that is consistent with the available biochemical data is presented.

Amino Acid Motifs↗
PubMed1983

Studies on the sero-epidemiology of endemic diseases in Libya. I. Echinococcosis in Libya.

In Libya traditional animal husbandry and the practice of domestic slaughter of food animals contribute to the maintenance of the Echinococcus cycle. The cost of echinococcosis is high and may significantly affect the national economy. This study, employing the ELISA test, has indicated an approximately 10% infection rate in children and young adults from the environs of Benghazi, no difference being apparent between rural and urban dwellers. The prevalence of the infection should be determined in both animals and man and possible disease inter-relationships investigated. Surveys are required in all alleged endemic areas and in sheep and camel breeding areas. It is also necessary to determine the importance of foxes, hyaenas and jackals in transmission among other animals. A clinical trial is recommended to assess the value of mebendazole against Echinococcus cysts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Hydatid disease in the Turkana District of Kenya, IV. The prevalence of Echinococcus granulosus infections in dogs, and observations on the role of the dog in the lifestyle of the Turkana.

The prevalence of Echinococcus granulosus in dogs in the Turkana District of Kenya was 39.4% of 695 examined. Of these, 98 (35.8%) had heavy Echinococcus worm burdens (10(3)-5 X 10(4) ), while 54 (19.7%) and 122 (44.5%) had medium (201-1000) and light (1-200) burdens. The possible sources of these infections are discussed. The prevalence rate differed in various parts of the district, ranging from 63.5% in the northwest, where the highest incidence of human hydatidosis also occurs, to nil along the shores of Lake Turkana. Infection rates of 32.0% and 16.7% were recorded at Lokitaung (north-east) and Lodwar (central), while in the south 48.9% of dogs harboured Echinococcus. This latter figure is surprising as the area has a low incidence of human hydatidosis. The Turkana keep a large number of dogs, and the reasons for this and the social role of the dog in the district is discussed. No difference in susceptibility was found between Turkana-type dogs and those of mixed breeds from Nairobi when they were experimentally infected with hydatid protoscolices from man, camels, cattle, sheep and goats. However, it proved difficult to infect the Turkana-type of dogs with viable protoscolices of cattle origin. The reasons for this and its epidemiological implications remain unclear. It is suggested that droughts, which affect Turkana every six to ten years, may play an important role in the perpetuation of hydatid disease in the area.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

A survey of ticks on farm animals in Libya.

Thirteen species of ixodid ticks and two species of argasid ticks were collected during a three-year survey of 58 farms in Libya. These included Boophilus annulatus, B. microplus, B. decoloratus, seven species of Hyalomma, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Rh. evertsi, Rh. bursa, Argas persicus and Ornithodoros foleyi. This is the first recording of B. microplus, B. decoloratus and Rh. bursa in Libya. Of 20,391 animals examined by random sampling, 2020 (9.6%) had ticks; particularly common were Hy. dromedarii on camels, Hy. impeltatum on sheep and Hy. excavatum on cattle. The tick found most frequently overall was Hy. dromedarii.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Prevalence of hydatid cysts in livestock from five regions of Jordan.

When the prevalences of cystic echinococcosis in indigenous sheep, goats, cattle and camels from five regions of Jordan were investigated, from March to December 1992, they were found to be 12.9%, 12.7%, 0.9% and 11%, respectively. They were substantially higher in sheep from Karak (27.6%) and in cattle from central Jordan (18.0% in Amman and 14.3% in Sahab) than in the same animals in other regions. Age-intensity data indicated that the parasite population is endemic in sheep and cattle and hyperendemic in goats. Infection rate increased steadily with age in sheep, but became constant in goats and cattle when they were about 2 years of age. The most common locations of cysts were the liver in sheep and goats and the lungs in cattle. Co-infection of the liver and lungs was common in sheep and cattle. Although the majority of the sheep, cattle and goats had 1-10 cysts, 20.4% of the sheep and 22.2% of the cattle had 11-50 and 11-30 cysts, respectively. Although 38.1% of the cysts in sheep were fertile, only 8.7% of the cattle cysts and 4.5% of the goat cysts were in this condition. The overall mean number of protoscolices/sheep cyst was 2.7 x 10(3); although the liver cysts had more protoscolices than the lung cysts (3.2 x 10(3) v. 1.9 x 10(3)/cyst), more of the lung cysts were viable (71.1% v. 62.3%). Some 0.2% of 13,436 sheep and 6.1% of 786 cattle imported live into Jordan were infected with hydatid cysts; 16.3% of the sheep cysts (61.4% viable) and 9.6% of the cattle cysts (76.1% viable) were fertile.

Age Distribution↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The tobacco epidemic: lessons from history.

Tobacco has caused the greatest epidemic of the twentieth century, which is beginning to wane in the United States, but is still growing in much of the world. The epidemic developed as a result of innovations in the tobacco industry and larger cultural changes over the 75 years prior to the introduction of Camel cigarettes in 1913. Factors that set the stage for the epidemic include the development of flue-cured and Burley tobaccos, the mechanization of cigarette production with its consequent concentration of capital in a few companies, the safety match, efficient transportation systems, and innovative advertising. Between 1913 and 1963, the cigarette industry experienced almost unbroken growth in the United States. However, since the early 1950s, increasing evidence that cigarettes cause lung cancer and other diseases has dictated that product innovation concentrate on the appearance of safety. In the late 1960s and for a sustained period since 1973, cigarette consumption has declined in the United States, but in the developing world the epidemic curve of cigarette use is still on the upswing. As tobacco use declines in the United States, it is crucial that the production of tobacco products as well as their consumption be reduced. Otherwise, attempting to control the problem in the United States will not result in a net reduction in mortality around the world.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The tobacco epidemic: lessons from history.

Tobacco has caused the greatest epidemic of the twentieth century, which is beginning to wane in the United States, but is still growing in much of the world. The epidemic developed as a result of innovations in the tobacco industry and larger cultural changes over the 75 years prior to the introduction of Camel cigarettes in 1913. Factors that set the stage for the epidemic include the development of flue-cured and Burley tobaccos, the mechanization of cigarette production with its consequent concentration of capital in a few companies, the safety match, efficient transportation systems, and innovative advertising. Between 1913 and 1963, the cigarette industry experienced almost unbroken growth in the United States. However, since the early 1950s, increasing evidence that cigarettes cause lung cancer and other diseases has dictated that product innovation concentrate on the appearance of safety. In the late 1960s and for a sustained period since 1973, cigarette consumption has declined in the United States, but in the developing world the epidemic curve of cigarette use is still on the upswing. As tobacco use declines in the United States, it is crucial that the production of tobacco products as well as their consumption be reduced. Otherwise, attempting to control the problem in the United States will not result in a net reduction in mortality around the world.

Disease Outbreaks↗
PubMed2006

Sequence analysis of UTR and coding region of kappa-casein gene of Indian riverine buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).

In this study, complete nucleotide as well as derived amino acid sequence characterization of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) kappa-casein gene has been presented. Kappa-casein cDNA clones were identified and isolated from a buffalo lactating mammary gland cDNA library. Sequence analysis of kappa-casein cDNA revealed 850 nucleotides with an open reading frame (ORF) of 573 nucleotides, encoding mature peptide of 169 amino acids. The 5' untranslated region (UTR) comprised 71 nucleotides, while 3' UTR was of 206 nucleotides. A total of 11 nucleotide and seven amino acid changes were observed in, buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) as compared to cattle (Bos taurus), sheep (Ovis aries) and goat (Capra hircus). Among these nucleotide changes, eight were unique in buffalo as they were fully conserved in cattle, sheep and goat. Majority of the nucleotide changes and all the amino acid changes; 14 (Asp-Glu), 19(Asp/Ser-Asn), 96(Ala-Thr), 126(Ala-Val), 128(Ala/Gly-Val), 156(Ala/Pro-Val) and 168(Ala/Glu-Val) were limited to exon IV. Three glycosylation sites, Thr 131, Thr 133 and Thr 142 reported in cattle and goat kappa-casein gene were also conserved in buffalo, however, in sheep Thr 142 was replaced by Ala. Chymosin hydrolysis site, between amino acids Phe 105 and Met 106, important for rennet coagulation process, were found to be conserved across four bovid species. Buffalo kappa-casein with the presence of amino acids Thr 136 and Ala 148 seems to be an intermediate of "A" and "B" variants of cattle. Comparison with other livestock species revealed buffalo kappa-casein sharing maximum nucleotide (95.5%) and amino acid (92.6%) similarity with cattle, whereas with pig it showed least sequence similarity of 76.0% and 53.2%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on both nucleotide and amino acid sequence indicated buffalo kappa-casein grouping with cattle, while sheep and goat forming a separate cluster close to them. The non-ruminant species viz. camel, horse and pig were distantly placed, in separate lineages.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2000

c-myc gene sequences and the phylogeny of bats and other eutherian mammals.

The complete protein-coding sequences of the c-myc proto-oncogene were determined for five species of four new orders of eutherian (placental) mammals. These newly obtained sequences were aligned to each other and to other available orthologs for the phylogenetic estimation of eutherian interordinal relationships. Several measures of sequence difference and base composition were first calculated to assess the major evolutionary properties of the three codon positions and two protein-coding exons of the gene. On the basis of these calculations, different parsimony, distance, and maximum likelihood approaches were adopted, with the most sophisticated involving the separate, then combined, likelihood analyses of the third codon positions of exon 2 versus all other sites. These phylogenetic approaches provided clear support for the grouping of Chiroptera (bats) with Artiodactyla (ruminants, camels, and pigs) and Carnivora (cats, dogs, and their allies), an interordinal arrangement that receives strong corroboration from other lines of evidence including complete mitochondrial DNA sequences. In contrast, these analyses failed to provide strong to reasonable support for any other interordinal group. This study concludes with specific recommendations about sampling and other strategies for maximizing the phylogenetic contributions of the c-myc gene to the continued resolution of the eutherian ordinal tree.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Inter-ethnic differences in youth tobacco language and cigarette brand preferences.

OBJECTIVE: To describe and understand variations in cigarette brand preferences between adolescents from varying ethnic and gender groups around the US. DESIGN: A qualitative study where adolescents, both smokers and nonsmokers, were interviewed individually in depth. SETTING: Schools and recreation centers in four sites: urban Maryland (Baltimore), urban Texas (Houston), rural Alabama and rural New Mexico. PARTICIPANTS: 121 adolescent volunteers 13-19 years of age, representing African American, white, American Indian and Hispanic ethnic groups, from both genders. RESULTS: Considerable geographic and ethnic variation exists in terminology used by youth to refer to cigarettes and to their use. Clear patterns in brand preference by ethnic group were found that follow patterns of targeted marketing by ethnicity. White teens preferred Marlboro brand cigarettes, while African-American teens who smoke preferred Newports. Hispanic and American Indian teens were more likely to smoke Marlboro or Camel cigarettes. Hispanic teens were most likely to mention low price as a reason for choosing a particular brand or to state that the brand does not matter. Tobacco advertisements targeting ethnic groups and the use of promotional items to encourage teen smoking were also recognized as factors influencing brand preferences. CONCLUSIONS: These findings have implications for the design of intervention programs aimed at curbing teen smoking. When working with teens who already smoke, using youth language to target messages at perceived characteristics of commonly used brands may be more effective and meaningful than talking about cigarette use in general. Another implication of this work is to shed light on what impact an advertising ban would have on teen brand preferences, brand loyalty, and prevalence of smoking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Characterization of measured menthol in 48 U.S. cigarette sub-brands.

More than 25% of cigarettes sold in the United States are branded as mentholated, and these cigarettes are smoked disproportionately among populations with disparate tobacco-related health outcomes. This study is the first (independent of the tobacco industry) to report menthol for 48 popular commercially available mentholated cigarette sub-brands. The dependent variable "menthol per cigarette" was obtained by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer assay, whereas average per-cigarette milligram weight of tobacco filler ("tobacco per cigarette") was determined gravimetrically. Pearson's correlations assessed associations among continuous variables. Analyses of variance assessed mean differences on the independent variables of interest: manufacturer, brand family, industry descriptors of length (100 mm and King [85 mm]) and label (ultralight, light, medium/mild, and regular/full flavor), and a category constructed by the authors of exclusively menthol brand families (those without a non-menthol offering; Kool, Newport, and Salem) versus others (GPC, Camel, and Marlboro). Results showed menthol per cigarette and menthol per tobacco (i.e., milligrams of menthol per gram of tobacco filler) to be significantly greater in cigarettes labeled with industry descriptors of ultralight or light, belying the common consumer perception that "light" means less. Menthol per cigarette and tobacco per cigarette were significantly greater in 100-mm compared with 85-mm cigarettes. The study results are consistent with prior research that suggests menthol may be used to offset reductions in smoke delivery or impact and to facilitate compensatory smoke inhalation behaviors in smokers of cigarettes with reduced machine-measured smoke delivery. Tobacco manufacturers should be required by federal or other regulatory agencies to report the amount of menthol added to cigarettes.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1997

Effect of malathion on kinetic parameters of acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) in vitro.

Kinetic analysis of the interaction of malathion with camel erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase was investigated in the present study. The Michaelis-Menten constant (K(m)) for the hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine iodide (ASCh) was found to be 53.15 microM and the Vmax was 0.287 mumol/min/mg protein. The Kmapp and Vmaxapp were both decreased by increased malathion concentration. Dixon as well as Lineweaver-Burk plots and their secondary replots indicated that the nature of the inhibition was of the pure uncompetitive type with Ki value estimated as 102.1 ppm. The Kiapp decreased while Vmaxiapp increased by an increased concentration in ASCh.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1981

Coordinate, equimolar secretion of smaller peptide products derived from pro-ACTH/endorphin by mouse pituitary tumor cells.

The secretion of peptide products derived from pro-ACTH/endorphin was examined with several radioimmunoassays and with polyacrylamide gel analyses of immunoprecipitates of radioactively labeled peptides. In studies using a mouse pituitary tumor cell line the accumulation of each of the four molecular forms of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in tissue culture medium was shown to be a linear function of time. No evidence for self inhibition of secretion by accumulated, secreted peptides (i.e., ultra-short feedback) was found. Furthermore, synthetic human ACTH and synthetic camel beta-endorphin did not alter secretion of peptides when added to the culture medium at levels up to 10,000 times physiological. Stimulation of the release of ACTH-, endorphin-, lipotropin-, and 16k fragment immunoreactive material by norepinephrine was fully blocked by cobalt; by this criterion, stimulated release was calcium dependent. All the smaller molecules derived from the pro-ACTH/endorphin common precursor were secreted in equimolar amounts under all circumstances tested, within the precision of these studies (+/- 11%). Norepinephrine and cobalt did not significantly alter the secretion of pro-ACTH/endorphin and ACTH biosynthetic intermediate. The stimulation of secretion by norepinephrine and inhibition of secretion by cobalt was restricted to the lower molecular weight products derived from pro-ACTH/endorphin: glycosylated and nonglycosylated ACTH(1-39); beta-lipotropin, beta-endorphin, and gamma-lipotropin; and 16k fragment.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1968

Studies on the competence of single cells to produce antibodies of two specificities.

Two series of experiments were performed, utilizing a modification of the hemolysin plaque technique which registers 19S antibody, in an attempt to determine the frequency of cells capable of simultaneously producing antibody to two non-cross-reacting antigens. Mice were immunized i.v. with rabbit and camel RBC and their spleens assayed for cells producing antibody against both antigens. 16,904 cells producing antibody of one or the other specificity, from 26 mice, were counted. Not one cell was detected which produced antibody of two specificities. Rabbits were immunized intradermally with HSA to which polyalanyl and p-azobenzenearsonate groups were chemically attached. The individual haptens, polyalanyl, and p-azobenzenearsonate groups were coupled to separate aliquots of SRBC, and the lymph nodes of immunized rabbits were assayed for cells releasing antibody against both haptens. In a study of 11 rabbits, after counting 27,845 cells producing antibody, we detected no "double" plaques.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The nature of human brucellosis in Kuwait: study of 379 cases.

Three hundred seventy-nine Kuwaiti patients with brucellosis were admitted to Adan General Hospital, Kuwait, during the period 1984-1985. Of these 231 were males and 148 were females. Diagnosis was based on symptoms and signs compatible with the disease and on the detection of significantly elevated antibody titer and/or positive blood culture. The primary means of exposure were the consumption of raw milk and contact with goats, sheep, or camels. Patients most frequently presented with fever (91%), chills (40%), sweats (39%), gastrointestinal symptoms (30%), headache (23%), respiratory symptoms (23%), and musculoskeletal symptoms (22%). The major signs were osteoarticular involvement (37%), hepatosplenomegaly (27%), and lymphadenopathy (9%). Different regimens of treatment were used, but the highest rate of cure was achieved with triple therapy--tetracycline, streptomycin, and rifampin.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Trials of traps and attractants for Stomoxys spp. (Diptera: Muscidae).

Five blue and black cloth traps designed for tsetse were tested for their ability to catch Stomoxys spp. in Kenya. Significantly greatest catches were obtained with Vavoua traps, which then were used to compare odor baits at Nairobi Park. Acetone, lactic acid, and animal urine (cow, buffalo, waterbuck, camel) or dung (rhinoceros, elephant, hippopotamus) did not increase catches. However, 1-octen-3-ol dispensed at 0.2-2.0 mg/h increased catches up to 3.7-fold. Vavoua traps were highly specific for Stomoxyinae, with 80% of the catch consisting of 11 different taxa of Stomoxys as well as genera such as Prostomoxys, Haematobosca, Stygeromyia, and Rhinomusca. During periods of peak seasonal abundance, up to 3,000 Stomoxys per day were collected in an octenol-baited Vavoua trap. These high catches suggest that Vavoua traps may be of practical use for fly control in isolated settings at a relatively low cost.

Animals↗