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PubMed1992

Family functions and children's postdivorce adjustment.

Data on school-age children of divorced parents were examined to determine which dimensions of family dynamics were most associated with the children's socioemotional adjustment. Those factors found to be most significant were family roles, behavior control, and affective involvement, as well as children's reaction to and insight into the divorce, and conflict in the home after the divorce. Implications for parent education and early intervention are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Optimal decision making and the anterior cingulate cortex.

Learning the value of options in an uncertain environment is central to optimal decision making. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has been implicated in using reinforcement information to control behavior. Here we demonstrate that the ACC's critical role in reinforcement-guided behavior is neither in detecting nor in correcting errors, but in guiding voluntary choices based on the history of actions and outcomes. ACC lesions did not impair the performance of monkeys (Macaca mulatta) immediately after errors, but made them unable to sustain rewarded responses in a reinforcement-guided choice task and to integrate risk and payoff in a dynamic foraging task. These data suggest that the ACC is essential for learning the value of actions.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Profile of overweight and obese people in a Mediterranean region.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of excess weight (obesity and overweight) and the related environmental risk factors in a Mediterranean population. Self-perception of body weight, attitudes toward weight-control behaviors, and the associated factors were also examined. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: A cross-sectional nutritional survey was carried out in the Balearic Islands between 1999 and 2000. A random sample (n = 1200) of the adult population (20 to 60 years old) was interviewed. Dietary questionnaires and a global questionnaire incorporating questions related to sociodemographic and lifestyle variables were utilized. Anthropometric measurements were also obtained. RESULTS: Nearly one-half of the population of the Balearic Islands is above the normal weight range (BMI > 25). The predictors of overweight and obesity in the Balearic Islands are to be over 40 years old, to be married, to form part of the lowest educational levels, and to have a sedentary lifestyle. A large percentage of excess-weight individuals tend to underestimate their BMI, are not concerned about their weight status, tend to snack more often, and have never dieted. DISCUSSION: Although the likely causes of the rise in obesity prevalence are difficult to elucidate from this study, we have identified the profile of individuals with excess weight in the Balearic Islands as well as their attitudes toward their body image.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Limit-setting and decision-making in the management of aggression.

BACKGROUND: Several published research studies have suggested that inpatient aggression against nursing staff may be directly precipitated by common nurse-patient interactions. This study sought to examine the structure of nurses' judgements in situations of conflict. METHOD: Seventy practising United Kingdom psychiatric nurses were presented with a number of conflict scenarios and were asked to rate a range of intervention options for each scenario according to how appropriate they perceived those interventions to be. Their responses were analysed using multidimensional scaling techniques. RESULTS: The results suggest that issues associated with limit setting and autonomy were perceived as most important by the nurses and that these issues are most likely to lead to disagreements in judgement between nurses of different status. Nurses of higher grades (levels) showed a significantly greater preference for respectful and autonomy-confirming interventions than their more junior nurses. These results have training and policy implications and further research should examine the effects of such nursing judgements on patient care.

Aggression↗
PubMed2002

Ethical issues involved in the implementation of a differential reinforcement of inappropriate behaviour programme for the treatment of social isolation and ritualistic behaviour in an individual with intellectual disabilities.

The present case study describes an adult male with a 28-year history of institutional care underpinned by a moderate intellectual disability (ID), and ritualistic behaviour congruent with features of autism or obsessive-compulsive disorder. The subject's ID was recognized early in life and he was provided with a special educational placement at 6 years of age, although his increasingly disturbed behaviour had resulted in several psychiatric admissions by early adolescence, and by the age of 20, his presentation necessitated long-term secure psychiatric care. The present report describes the application and ethical issues pertaining to a differential reinforcement of inappropriate behaviour (DRI) programme for the reduction of ritualistic behaviour and social isolation, the latter being a direct consequence of the former, one year after the subject was admitted to a medium-secure assessment and treatment residential facility. The results suggest that, although the treatment was successful in targeting ritualization and reducing social isolation, ethical concerns extended to care staff concerns about the reinforcer adopted for the programme and the lack of informed consent from the subject. The former resulted in inconsistent application of the programme and its eventual termination. A follow-up assessment of the subject's extent of social isolation and ritualistic behaviour suggested a return to a pre-DRI level of morbidity. Limitations and suggestions for the future treatment of such cases are outlined.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

A clinical review of the adaptive role of vasopressin in migraine.

Vasopressin is a naturally available neuropeptide that subserves important vasomotor, antinociceptive, behavior control, fluid and electrolyte balance, platelet aggregation and blood coagulation functions. This review focuses on the clinical phenomena of migraine that are likely to influence vasopressin bioavailability or efficacy as well as the modulating influence of vasopressin itself. As part of a complex homeostatic adjustment to stress and pain, the intricacies of vasopressin metabolism may have particular relevance to the pathophysiology of migraine.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Association between dementia and midlife risk factors: the Radiation Effects Research Foundation Adult Health Study.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between midlife risk factors and the development of vascular dementia (VaD) or Alzheimer's disease (AD) 25 to 30 years later. DESIGN: A prevalence study within a longitudinal cohort study. SETTING: Subjects in the Adult Health Study (a prospective cohort study begun in 1958) have been followed through biennial medical examinations in Hiroshima, Japan. PARTICIPANTS: One thousand seven hundred seventy-four subjects in Hiroshima, Japan born before September 1932 (1,660 with no dementia, 114 with dementia (51 with AD, and 38 with VaD) diagnosed from 1992 to 1997 according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria). MEASUREMENTS: The subjects were examined for effect on dementia of sex, age, education, atomic bomb radiation dose, and midlife factors associated with risk (smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, dietary habits, systolic blood pressure (SBP), body mass index, and history of diabetes mellitus) that had been evaluated in 1965-1970. RESULTS: VaD prevalence increased significantly with age, higher SBP, and lower milk intake. The odds ratios of VaD for age (in 5-year increments), SBP (10 mmHg increments), and milk intake (almost daily/less than four times a week) were 1.29, 1.33, and 0.35, respectively. The risk factors for VaD were compatible with the risk factors for stroke in this study population. AD prevalence increased significantly with age and lower education. Other midlife factors and radiation dose did not show any significant association with VaD or AD. CONCLUSION: Increased SBP and low milk intake in midlife were associated with VaD detected 25 to 30 years later. Early behavioral control of the risk factors for vascular disease might reduce the risk of dementia.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Integrating issues of sustainably produced foods into nutrition practice: a survey of Minnesota Dietetic Association members.

A survey was mailed to a representative, randomly selected sample of Minnesota Dietetic Association members (n=300) to evaluate attitudes and intentions regarding the integration of issues pertaining to sustainably produced foods into professional practice. The United States Department of Agriculture describes sustainable agriculture as including goals of farm profitability, environmental stewardship, and improved rural quality of life. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, independent t tests, one-way ANOVA, correlations, and multiple regression analyses (P< or =.05). Forty-three percent had heard of sustainable agriculture, 13% had integrated issues of sustainably produced foods into their practice, and 20% stated that it was likely that they would incorporate these issues within the next six months. Perceived behavioral control, subjective norm, and rated importance of knowing about agricultural practices independently predicted intention. Dietitians surveyed were interested in learning more, but most were not integrating these issues into practice because of perceived barriers, including a lack of knowledge about this topic.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Synchronization of oscillatory responses in visual cortex correlates with perception in interocular rivalry.

In subjects suffering from early onset strabismus, signals conveyed by the two eyes are not perceived simultaneously but in alternation. We exploited this phenomenon of interocular suppression to investigate the neuronal correlate of binocular rivalry in primary visual cortex of awake strabismic cats. Monocularly presented stimuli that were readily perceived by the animal evoked synchronized discharges with an oscillatory patterning in the gamma-frequency range. Upon dichoptic stimulation, neurons responding to the stimulus that continued to be perceived increased the synchronicity and the regularity of their oscillatory patterning while the reverse was true for neurons responding to the stimulus that was no longer perceived. These differential changes were not associated with modifications of discharge rate, suggesting that at early stages of visual processing the degree of synchronicity rather than the amplitude of responses determines which signals are perceived and control behavioral responses.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

A receptor-type guanylyl cyclase expression is regulated under circadian clock in peripheral tissues of the silk moth. Light-induced shifting of the expression rhythm and correlation with eclosion.

The mechanisms by which the circadian clock controls behavior through regulating gene expression in peripheral tissues are largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that the expression of a receptor-type guanylyl cyclase (BmGC-I) from the silk moth Bombyx mori is regulated in the flight muscles in a circadian fashion. BmGC-I mRNA was expressed from the end of the light period through the middle of the dark period. BmGC-I protein expression and cGMP levels were high around the initiation of eclosion events at the beginning of the photoperiod. The rhythm of the BmGC-I and cGMP levels free-ran in constant light and synchronized to the environmental photoperiodic cycle. The circadian regulation of BmGC-I expression was also observed in the legs but not in other tissues examined. BmGC-I therefore represents a circadian output gene that regulates eclosion behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

New procedures to assess executive functions in preschool children.

Executive functions are difficult to assess in preschool children, yet the preschool period is particularly important, both in the development of behavioral control and of the brain, particularly the prefrontal cortex. Several tasks were adapted from developmental and neuroscience literature and then administered to 98 preschool children (30-, 36-, 42-, 48- and 60-month age groups). Executive function task performance was related largely to age group, but not to sex or intelligence. These tasks, then, were sensitive in this age range and may be useful to delineate distinct cognitive profiles among preschool children with various neurological and developmental disorders.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1994

Treating wife abuse: an integrated model.

Group treatment of wife abusers has largely focused on time-limited, structured treatment models. Drawing on a range of theories, a developmental model is presented that provides abusing men with affective education, helps them to resolve their childhood traumas, provides a therapeutic group environment for learning new problem-solving skills, and above all, emphasizes their ending violent and controlling behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Entitlement and counterentitlement in group therapy.

Groups may provide fertile ground for observing, understanding, and working through feelings and fantasies of being special or exceptional. Such manifestations of the psychology of entitlement, which traditionally have been referred to as an aspect of narcissism and a problem of the patient, may be studied in the interactional field encompassing therapist, supervisor, and group. Entitlement may represent both normal and pathological processes, the former relating to self-affirmation, the latter, to the expression of omnipotent thinking and controlling behavior. Entitlement may characterize a developmental stage or process, resistance, an interplay between or among members, including the therapist, and a primary unconscious fantasy expressed in symbolism and dreams. Using myself as an example, I illustrate how the clinician may elucidate entitlement in group and supervisory experience and address how his or her entitlements contribute to the relational matrix.

Female↗
PubMed2000

Understanding physical activity intention in Canadian school children and youth: an application of the theory of planned behavior.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of the theory of planned behavior in predicting physical activity intention in a nationwide sample of Canadian children and youth. The study sample consisted of participants from Grades 3, 5, 8, and 11 from schools across Canada. School participation was determined by means of a randomly stratified sample design. Results show that the direct measures of the theory of planned behavior explained 47% of the variability in the measure of physical activity intention. In addition, notable differences in the relative contributions of the predictor variables of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control were found across grade and grade-by-gender subgroups. The present study provides evidence that in a population of children and youth the determinants display a pattern of change developmentally.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Are you currently on a diet? What respondents mean when they say "yes".

Male and female university students were asked the questions "Are you currently on a diet to lose weight?" and "Are you currently on a diet to maintain your weight?" Respondents were asked to clarify positive responses by listing weight-control behaviors in which they were engaged. Responses were coded into 12 categories of dieting methods. Results indicated women and men who diet to lose weight engage in a wider variety of weight-loss behaviors than those engaged in dieting to maintain weight. Findings further indicated differences in dieting methods between individuals dieting to lose weight as opposed to dieting to maintain weight.

Adolescent↗