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PubMed1983

Measles-virus-persistent infection in BGM cells. Modification of the incorporation of [3H]arachidonic acid and [14C]stearic acid into lipids.

In BGM cells chronically infected with measles virus, although the composition of the phospholipids is unaltered, the fatty acid composition is modified. Uninfected, lytic and persistently infected cells were labelled with [3H]arachidonic acid and [14C]stearic acid and their metabolic fate analysed. No difference in the total incorporation was observed in the different systems. However, the [14C]stearic acid and [3H]arachidonic acid were incorporated up to 2-fold and 13-fold respectively greater into the neutral lipid of persistently infected compared with that of uninfected cells. Both radioactive fatty acids were specifically accumulated in the triacylglycerol and non-esterified fatty acids fractions. Lytically infected cells were similar to uninfected cells. Although there was no significant difference in the incorporation of radioactivity into the total phospholipid in either system, there was a large decrease in [3H]arachidonic acid incorporated into phosphatidylethanolamine and to a lesser extent phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol in persistently infected cells. [14C]Stearic acid incorporation was also reduced in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine fractions of persistently infected cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Persistence of the effect of insulin on pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in rat white and brown adipose tissue during the preparation and subsequent incubation of mitochondria.

Increases in the amount of the active non-phosphorylated form of pyruvate dehydrogenase in rat epididymal adipose tissue, as a result of incubation with insulin, persist not only during the preparation of mitochondria but also during subsequent incubation of coupled mitochondria in the presence of respiratory substrates. No effect on insulin was found if the hormone was added directly to mitochondria in the presence or absence of added plasma membranes. Concentrations of several possible regulators of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (ATP, ADP, NADH, NAD+, acetyl-CoA, CoA and potassium) were measured in rat epididymal-adipose-tissue mitochondria incubated under conditions where differences in pyruvate dehydrogenase activity persist as a result of insulin action. No alterations were found, and it is suggested that inhibition of the kinase is not the principal means by which insulin activates pyruvate dehydrogenase. The intramitochondrial concentration of magnesium was also unaffected. Differences in pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in interscapular brown adipose tissue associated with manipulation of plasma insulin concentrations of cold-adapted rats were also shown to persist during the preparation and subsequent incubation of mitochondria in the presence or absence of GDP. It is pointed out that the persistence of the effect of insulin on pyruvate dehydrogenase in incubated mitochondria will facilitate the recognition of the mechanism of this action of the hormone. Evidence that the short-term action of insulin involves an increase in pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphate phosphatase activity rather than inhibition of that of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase is discussed.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗
PubMed2003

Outcomes of early language delay: II. Etiology of transient and persistent language difficulties.

Genes are known to play an important role in causing specific language impairment, but it is unclear how far a similar etiology is implicated in transient language delay in early childhood. Two-year-old children with vocabulary scores below the 10th centile were selected from a cohort of over 2,800 same-sex twin pairs whose language was assessed by parental report at 2, 3, and 4 years of age. These children with early language delay (ELD) were divided into cases of transient and persistent language difficulties on the basis of outcome at 3 and 4 years. A DeFries-Fulker analysis (J. C. DeFries & D. W. Fulker, 1985) was used to compute group heritability (h2g) of 2-year vocabulary delay separately for those with transient and persistent difficulties. When 3-year and 4-year language attainments were used to categorize outcomes, h2g was similar and modest (.25 or less) for both transient and persistent difficulties. However, when persistent difficulties were defined according to whether parents expressed concern about language at 3 years or according to whether a professional had been consulted about language difficulties at 4 years, heritability was significantly higher. For 289 children with no professional involvement at 4 years, heritability of 2-year vocabulary delay was close to zero, whereas for 134 children with professional involvement, a significant h2g of .41 (SE = .127) was found. Early language delay appears largely environmental in origin for 2-year-olds whose parents do not go on to seek professional help.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1996

Phonological characteristics of children whose stuttering persisted or recovered.

Among children who stutter, more will be identified with articulation/phonological deficiencies than among normally fluent children of the same ages. Most current literature has focused on phonological differences between those children who stutter and those who do not. The present study examines early phonological differences between young children whose stuttering persisted and those who recovered from early stuttering. Thirty-six children, 12 whose stuttering persisted, 12 who recovered early, and 12 who recovered later, had been assessed by means of the Assessment of Phonological Processes--Revised (Hodson, 1986) soon after they were identified as exhibiting stuttering. After many months of longitudinal evaluation of their stuttering that led to their classification into the three groups, the early phonological assessments of these children were re-examined to identify differences. Overall mean percentage of error scores as well as error scores on specific phonological patterns showed that the persistent group differed significantly from normally fluent control subjects matched by age and sex. Scores of the two groups who recovered and their matched controls, however, did not differ significantly. Although poor phonological ability in the early stage of stuttering appears to be a contributing factor to the differentiation of persistence and recovery, the wide individual variations in scores within groups suggest that additional factors are necessary for reliable prediction.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2002

The association between persistent eosinophilia and asthma in childhood is independent of atopic status.

BACKGROUND: Although peripheral blood eosinophilia is associated with risk of asthma, the relation with atopy has not been established. OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between eosinophils and chronic asthma in childhood, and to determine the factors associated with eosinophil levels over time. METHODS: Percent eosinophils/300 white blood cell (WBC) count ('eos') was measured at 9 months, 6 years and 11 years in subjects participating in the prospective Tucson Children's Respiratory Study. Children were classified based on the number of measurements in which they had low (< or = 2%) or high (>5%) eosinophils, as follows: (1) Persistently low eos (n = 130); (2) Low eos (intermittently low or consistently moderate, but never high, n = 317); (3) Intermittently high eos (n = 192); and (4) Persistently high eos (n = 17). Only children with > or = 2 eos measurements were included in the analysis. Chronic asthma was defined as medical doctor (MD)-diagnosed asthma with reports of wheezing during the previous year, on > or = 3 questionnaires completed between 2 and 13 years of age. Children with at least one positive skin prick test (SPT; > or = 3 mm) at age 6 or 11 were considered 'atopic'. RESULTS: Chronic asthma was linearly related to longitudinally ascertained eosinophils (trend chi2 P<0.001) with prevalence ranging from 5.8% among children with persistently low eos to 37.5% among children with persistently high eos. This relation was independent of atopy. Parental history of asthma was associated with both chronic asthma (P <0.001) and with longitudinal eosinophil status (P < 0.001). After adjusting for atopy and gender, there was a 70% increase in asthma risk with each increase in longitudinal eosinophil level. This stepwise increase was reduced to 48% when parental asthma was added to the model. CONCLUSION: Longitudinal eosinophil levels are linearly associated with chronic asthma in childhood, independent of atopy. The strong association between parental asthma and eosinophil status suggests that genetic background may be an important determinant of eosinophilic response.

Asthma↗
PubMed2001

Induced mood and persistence at gaming.

AIMS: Using the affect infusion model (AIM), this study aimed to assess the impact of prior mood on gaming persistence in regular and non-regular gamblers (assumed to be motivated and heuristic decision-makers, respectively). DESIGN, MEASURES AND SETTING: A 2 x 3 experimental design in a laboratory setting employed factors of gambler type (regular, non-regular) and prior mood (happy, neutral, depressed). Measures were number of trials played on a gambling game, and mood ratings (post-mood induction, during and after play). PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS: Sixty regular and 60 non-regular gamblers (all male students) were assigned randomly to watch a video inducing one of the three mood conditions. They were then given AUD$10.00 to gamble in a computerized card-cutting game. FINDINGS: AIM predictions were supported: prior mood did not affect gaming persistence for regular gamblers, but non-regulars showed reduced persistence across happy, neutral and depressed moods. After-play mood ratings were related to winnings for regulars, and losing regulars were significantly more unhappy after-play compared to during-play, and compared to both their winning counterparts and non-regulars. Mood and winnings were unrelated for non-regulars, with little during- to after-play mood change. CONCLUSIONS: The findings speak to depression as a causal factor in addictive gambling. Depressed mood did not enhance persistence in regular gamblers, but rather failed to have the inhibitory effect observed in non-regular gamblers. Evidence of mood changes during gambling was obtained, although multiple measures (self-report, physiological indicators, anticipated states) of both affective valence and arousal are advocated for future studies.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Adolescent alcohol and tobacco use: onset, persistence and trajectories of use across two samples.

AIMS: We examined the alcohol-tobacco relationship using two prospective, ethnically diverse samples. Trajectories of alcohol and tobacco use are portrayed overall and by sex and ethnicity. Using prospective analyses, we examine directional influences between alcohol and tobacco use, and we characterize initiation versus persistence of drinking and smoking as a function of use of the other substance. DESIGN, SETTING: Data were from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth) and the Adolescent Health Risk Study (AHRS). Follow-up intervals for AddHealth and AHRS were 1 and 5 years, respectively. PARTICIPANTS: AddHealth respondents (n = 4831) were on average 14.8 years old (48% male, 23% black, 61% white) and AHRS respondents (n = 1814) were on average 16.7 years old (47% male, 44% black, 49% white). MEASUREMENTS: Two alcohol consumption variables and two smoking variables were used: drinking frequency and heavy drinking frequency, and regular (current) smoking and daily number of cigarettes. FINDINGS: Alcohol and tobacco use exhibited monotonic increases over adolescence and young adulthood. Men and white respondents reported more use than women and black respondents. Alcohol and tobacco were moderately associated at both times. Analyses revealed that prior alcohol use predicted tobacco use more strongly than the converse. Initiation of smoking was a function of prior drinking; to a lesser extent, initiation of drinking was a function of prior smoking. Persistence of smoking was a function of prior drinking and persistence of drinking was a function of prior smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Provisional support exists for the claim that alcohol use predicts tobacco use more strongly than the converse. For both drinking and smoking, onset and persistence are predicted by prior use of the other substance, and these associations were robust across sex and ethnicity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Persistent crying in early infancy: a non-trivial condition of risk for the developing mother-infant relationship.

Infants between 1 and 6 months of age (mean age 3.6 months) who were referred to the Munich Interdisciplinary Research and Intervention Programme because of persistent crying and their mothers were examined and compared with an age-matched community-based control sample with no current cry problem. Three groups, referred extreme criers, referred moderate criers, and controls, were compared with regard to measures of psychosocial and organic risks, the mothers' perception of her own psychological state and infant temperament, the quality of mother-infant relationship, and intuitive parenting in mother-infant face-to-face interactions. In comparison with general-community samples of infants with persistent crying, the present clinical sample represents a biased group with particularly high levels of infant distress for long periods of time, with problems of sleep-wake organization, neuromotor immaturity, and difficult temperament. Moreover, extreme crying was associated with a cumulation of organic and psychosocial risks, including high rates of prenatal stress and anxiety, maternal psychopathology and partnership conflicts. Mothers in both referred groups scored similarly low on feelings of self-efficacy, and high on depression, anxiety, exhaustion, anger, adverse childhood memories, and marital distress. Mother-infant relationships were more often distressed or disturbed among referred dyads than among controls, and 40% as compared with 19% showed dysregulatory patterns of interactional failures in face-to-face contexts. The findings suggest that factors related to parental care did not cause persistent crying, but functioned as maintaining or exacerbating factors. Dynamic interactions between persistent crying, difficult temperament, and parenting factors which compromise maternal resources and intuitive parenting may put such families at long-term risk for both relationship and behaviour problems.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The diagnostic use of the rhTSH/thyroglobulin test in differentiated thyroid cancer patients with persistent disease and low thyroglobulin levels.

BACKGROUND: Serum thyroglobulin (Tg) measurement after TSH stimulation, by either thyroid hormone withdrawal or recombinant human TSH (rhTSH) administration, is the most sensitive method for early detection of patients with persistent or recurrent differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) after total thyroidectomy and 131I ablation. The use of rhTSH is now increasing because it avoids thyroid hormone suppressive therapy (THST) withdrawal and the consequent symptoms of severe hypothyroidism. Current guidelines suggest measurement of serum Tg 4 days after starting a 2-day course of rhTSH injections, and assumes that Tg reaches maximum serum levels at that time. OBJECTIVE: The present study was carried out to evaluate the accuracy of rhTSH/thyroglobulin test in DTC patients with persistent disease and low thyroglobulin levels. PATIENTS AND MEASUREMENTS: A series of 13 DTC patients was selected because they had proven persistent disease associated with low Tg levels (< 2.0 micro g/l) under l-thyroxine treatment. In all of them, serum Tg was > 5.0 micro g/l at the last THST withdrawal. We measured serum Tg and TSH levels on days 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 7, 10 and 15 after the first of a 2-day course of intramuscular rhTSH injections. RESULTS: Serum Tg values were variable in terms of both peak and time-course. Detectable serum Tg levels were recorded on day 4 in all patients. However, among these 13 patients, the peak Tg value was reached earlier than day 4 in three patients and later in two others. In one patient, Tg level at day 2 was higher (3.0 micro g/l) than at day 4 (1.8 micro g/l). In six of the 13 patients studied we compared Tg values after rhTSH to those subsequently obtained after THST withdrawal: in five of them Tg values were two to three times higher after the latter stimulation. Serum Tg value variability after rhTSH was partially accounted for by variability of serum TSH levels, which were inversely related to patient body surface. CONCLUSIONS: In DTC patients with persistent disease and low Tg levels, optimization of the diagnostic use of Tg measurement after rhTSH may require rhTSH dose adjustment to the patient body surface area and repeated blood sampling, in order to improve diagnostic accuracy. In these patients not even a TSH-stimulated serum Tg cut-off of 2.0 micro g/l on day 4 provides 100% accuracy, whereas a cut-off of 1.0 micro g/l seems more appropriate. Therefore, in this subset of patients, if any detectable Tg level >or= 1.0 micro g/l is found after rhTSH, re-evaluation after THST should be advised.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Growth versus stability: older primiparous women as a paradigmatic case for persistence.

The early pregnancy experience of women over 30 offers paradigmatic evidence which supports the significance of persistence for the study of nursing phenomenon. Pregnancy and first-time motherhood have come to be associated with change, growth and development. This research, which was undertaken to describe the changes experienced by older primiparous women during early pregnancy, illustrates how research grounded in a particular paradigm, in this case the growth or developmental paradigm, can limit the interpretation of data. When viewed from a developmental perspective, women in this sample were seen as resistant to change and could be said to be having trouble 'adapting' to their impending motherhood. However, when these women were viewed from the perspective of stability they were seen to engage in activities that allowed them to persist in their current self-view. In the biological sciences, persistence refers to a compensatory process which allows a system to maintain goal-directedness in spite of both internal and external disturbances. Women in this sample used balancing and buffering to continue their self-patterns. Balancing represented the verbal and behavioural processes women engaged in to integrate their experience of themselves as pregnant into their sense of themselves as not pregnant. Buffering included those activities that women used to maintain a sense of themselves in the face of the threat posed by their impending motherhood. Balancing and buffering represent mechanisms used in the service of persistence and reflect pattern maintenance activities.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

Asymptomatic versus symptomatic persistent atrial fibrillation: clinical and noninvasive characteristics.

OBJECTIVE: This prospective study was designed to investigate the differences between asymptomatic versus symptomatic arrhythmia as well as left ventricular dysfunction in a consecutive population of patients with persistent atrial fibrillation. DESIGN: A total of 282 consecutive outpatients referred with persistent atrial fibrillation formed the study population. A structured medical history was obtained. A two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography to assess the left ventricular function and a 24-h electrocardiogram (ECG) recording were performed. Irregularity of the heart rhythm was analysed with heart rate variability (HRV) in the time domain as well as maximum and minimum heart rate and the longest pause. SETTING: Three university hospitals. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 69 years and the mean duration of atrial fibrillation was 7 months. The prevalence of symptomatic patients was 68%, while 32% had no symptoms from atrial fibrillation, left ventricular dysfunction was observed in 20%. Asymptomatic subjects had more often lone atrial fibrillation than those with symptoms. Valvular heart disease was an independent predictor of symptoms while male gender, ischaemic heart disease and a high heart rate were independent predictors of impaired left ventricular function. CONCLUSION: Valvular heart disease is related to symptoms in persistent atrial fibrillation. Ischaemic heart disease, male gender and a high heart rate are more common in patients with impaired left ventricular function. Compromised left ventricular function does, occur also in asymptomatic subjects underlining the importance of a careful investigation including echocardiography in all subjects with persistent atrial fibrillation.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Persistent effects of maternal deprivation on HPA regulation can be reversed by feeding and stroking, but not by dexamethasone.

Maternal deprivation of neonatal rats for 24 h has immediate and persistent effects on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) regulation. Immediately after deprivation corticosterone (CORT) is elevated. The primary purpose of our experiments was to determine if, by preventing this CORT elevation, the persistent effects could be reversed. In experiment 1, pups were injected with dexamethasone at the onset of the 24-h deprivation period on postnatal day 11 to suppress the rise in CORT. In experiment 2 some aspects of maternal behaviour known to suppress CORT levels were mimicked during deprivation from postnatal days 11-12. The pups were either: (1) left undisturbed; (2) stroked periodically; or (3) stroked and episodically fed. At postnatal day 20 basal and stress-induced adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and CORT levels were measured as well as brain mineralocorticoid (MR) and glucocorticoid receptors (GR). Neonatal rats receiving dexamethasone prior to the onset of the deprivation on day 11 did not differ on day 20 from deprived pups that were exposed to elevated CORT levels. There were no detectable changes in the non-deprived pups that were treated with dexamethasone. In contrast, feeding and stroking during the period of deprivation obliterated the persistent effects both with regard to the reduced ACTH response and the decreased GR mRNA in hippocampus and hypothalamus. Stroking alone appears to have no influence. In conclusion, the persistent reduction of the ACTH response to mild stress and the decrease of GR mRNA is not mediated by deprivation-induced elevations in CORT, but appears to be reversible by reinstating specific aspects of the dam's nurturing behaviour.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1998

Prolonged macrophage activation and persistent anaemia in children with complicated malaria.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if prolonged immune activation may be associated with the persistence of anaemia after treatment for severe malaria, we measured serum concentrations of neopterin and interleukin-4 during one week of antimalarial therapy and determined haemoglobin levels one month later. Neopterin is a clinically valuable marker for monitoring activation of macrophages by gamma-interferon and thus reflects the TH-1 immune response. Interleukin-4 is a major cytokine that tends to be inhibited by TH-1 activity. METHOD: The study population consisted of 26 Zambian children < 6 years of age who presented with cerebral malaria to a rural hospital in 1994 and who were treated with quinine for seven days. Six children (23%) were anaemic (haemoglobin < 11 g/dl) one month after completing antimalarial therapy. RESULTS: On admission, concentrations of neopterin were markedly elevated in all patients. During the seven days of anti-malarial therapy, neopterin levels remained elevated in the 6 children who proved to have persistent anaemia one month after finishing treatment but declined significantly (P = 0.008) in the 20 children who corrected their haemoglobin levels by that time. Conversely, interleukin-4 levels declined in the children with persistent anaemia (P = 0.043) but not in the other children. CONCLUSION: Persistence of the TH-1 mediated immune response and associated activation of macrophages may be involved in the pathogenesis of lingering anaemia after treatment of malaria.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2002

Persistent cough in children and the overuse of medications.

OBJECTIVE: Children referred for persistent cough were evaluated for the referring and final diagnosis, and the extent of the use of medications prior to referral and the side effects encountered. METHODS: Data on children seen by respiratory paediatricians for persistent cough (> or =4 weeks) in a tertiary respiratory setting were collected prospectively over 12 months. RESULTS: Of the 49 children, 61.2% were diagnosed with asthma at referral, with similar referral rates from general practitioners and paediatricians. Children with isolated cough were just as likely to have been diagnosed with asthma as children with cough and wheeze. Medication use (asthma, gastro-oesophageal reflux and antibiotics) prior to referral was high, asthma medications were most common, and of these 12.9% had significant steroid side effects. The most common abnormality found (46.9%) was a bronchoscopically defined airway lesion, and in 56.5% of these children, another diagnosis (aspiration, achalasia, gastro-oesophageal reflux) existed. No children had a sole final diagnosis of asthma and pre-referral medications were weaned in all children. CONCLUSION: Over diagnosis of asthma and the overuse of asthma treatments with significant side effects is common in children with persistent cough referred to a tertiary respiratory clinic. Children with persistent cough deserve careful evaluation to minimize the use of unnecessary medications and, if medications are used, assessment of response to treatment is important.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy for recurrent or persistent hyperparathyroidism using carbon track localization.

BACKGROUND: The present study documents the use of carbon tracking to localize parathyroid adenomas in three patients with persistent or recurrent parathyroid disease. METHODS: Three patients requiring second or third operations for hyperparathyroidism were operated upon after the parathyroid lesion had been localized preoperatively using a suspension of carbon particles in water. The enlarged parathyroid glands were identified by using one or more of the following: computed axial tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound or Sestamibi nuclear scan. The lesion was then localized with ultrasound or computed axial tomography and a carbon track was inserted from the lesion to the skin, leaving a small skin tattoo as a marker for the surgeon. Each patient underwent a minimally invasive parathyroid operation. RESULTS: For each of the three patients the recurrent or persistent parathyroid adenoma was successfully identified and removed via a small incision. CONCLUSION: Minimally invasive techniques for primary hyperparathyroidism are changing our approach to parathyroid surgery. However, a minimally invasive technique is less applicable when the disease is persistent or recurrent. Although, when the recurrent or persistent parathyroid adenoma can be identified, localization and carbon tracking have proved useful in allowing the surgeon to remove the lesion via a minimally invasive technique.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Expression and translocation of chlamydial protease during acute and persistent infection of the epithelial HEp-2 cells with Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) pneumoniae.

Chlamydial protease-like activity factor (CPAF) is secreted to the cytoplasm of the infected cells where it proteolytically cleaves eukaryotic transcription factor RFX5. Here, we determined the localization pattern of CPAF during the course of an acute and persistent in vitro infection of the epithelial cell line HEp-2 with Chlamydophila pneumoniae strain VR1310. Using immunoblotting, confocal microscopy and electron microscopy, we found CPAF in the inclusion lumen or associated with bacteria during the first 48 h of an acute infection. Seventy-two hours and later, CPAF was present predominantly in the cytoplasm of the infected cells. Translocation of CPAF into cytoplasm correlated in time with degradation of the transcription factor RFX5, as confirmed by immunoblotting. Interestingly, during the persistent infection induced by either IFN-gamma or iron limitation CPAF translocation to the cytoplasm was inhibited resulting in unaffected or only partially reduced levels of RFX5. Based on presented findings, we propose that CPAF translocation to the cytoplasm is separated from its production. The translocation mechanism appears to be fully active during an acute infection; however, it is fully or partially inhibited during persistent infection induced by IFN-gamma or by iron limitation respectively. Consequently, this work demonstrates the importance of subcellular localization of CPAF for the characteristics of chlamydial acute and persistent infection in epithelial HEp-2 cells.

Biological Transport, Active↗
PubMed2003

Maternal ante-natal parameters as predictors of persistent postnatal glucose intolerance: a comparative study between Afro-Caribbeans, Asians and Caucasians.

AIMS: To measure the prevalence of persistent glucose intolerance at 6-12 weeks postpartum in various ethnic groups to assess the value of targeted postpartum screening. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed using computerized databases from two large maternity units within one UK region. Both units used the same screening strategy for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and the same postpartum follow-up at 6-12 weeks using a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). A total of 221 women with a diagnosis of GDM/impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in the index pregnancy in addition to a completed postpartum 75-g OGTT were studied. Of these, 91 were Caucasian, 89 were of Indo-Asian (Asian) origin and 41 were of Afro-Caribbean origin. RESULTS: The study showed that 35% Indo-Asians had persistent postpartum glucose intolerance compared with 7% Caucasians and 5% Afro-Caribbeans (P < 0.003). Insulin requirement during pregnancy and a diagnosis of gestational diabetes prior to 20 weeks of pregnancy were predictive for persistent postpartum glucose intolerance amongst Indo-Asians. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of postpartum glucose intolerance among Indo-Asian women is significantly greater than among age-matched Caucasian and Afro-Caribbean women. We suggest that all Indo-Asian women with gestational diabetes should undergo postpartum screening for persistent glucose intolerance. However, in non-Asian women selective screening may be more cost effective.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Recurrent persistent occipito-posterior position in subsequent deliveries.

A nine year follow up study of the delivery pattern of 119 women after delivery in the persistent occiput posterior position and their occipito-anterior controls. The studied parameters were: number of deliveries, number of repeated cases of persistent occiput posterior position and operative deliveries. Deliveries in the occipito-posterior position were more common in the study group than in the controls (P= 0.031). Except for this, no statistically significant differences were found between the groups. According to the results, recurrence of the persistent occiput posterior position is common. A history of delivery in the persistent occiput posterior position does not seem to have any major impact on future childbearing.

Cesarean Section↗