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PubMed2006

Testosterone in juvenile and adolescent male chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): effects of dominance rank, aggression, and behavioral style.

Testosterone is a steroid hormone with diverse effects on male reproductive function and behavior. The relationship between testosterone and social behavior such as mating and aggression has been investigated in a variety of primate species, but few such studies have been conducted on chimpanzees, and even fewer on primates during the juvenile and adolescent periods. This study explores the relationship between baseline urinary testosterone and behavioral variables including dominance rank, rates of aggression toward peers, and behavioral style in 16 juvenile and adolescent male chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) living at the New Iberia Research Center in Louisiana. Behavioral observations and urine collection occurred during four research periods, each a year apart. After correcting for the positive association between testosterone and age, testosterone was positively associated with both dominance rank and rates of aggression directed at others. It was negatively associated with rates of aggression received. Individuals scoring highest in the "mellow" behavioral style component showed higher levels of testosterone than individuals scoring lowest in this component, an effect that may be partially due to the confounding effect of rank. The results of this study suggest that hormonal changes during the period preceding adulthood are not simply programmed physiological processes tied primarily to age-related change, but that important age-independent relationships with behavior also exist.

Aggression↗
PubMed2007

Change in psychological resources of younger and older cancer patients during chemotherapy.

Psychological resources were investigated in 150 recently diagnosed adult cancer patients and in 150 healthy control group members. Before the start of chemotherapy, cancer patients reported higher levels of optimism, purpose in life than their healthy peers, and self-esteem (only younger patients) whereas no between-group differences emerged for internal locus of control. However, the mobilization of psychological resources was limited to younger patients, and varied by item content. Over a 9-month period, most psychological resources of cancer patients showed a small but significant decline, and patients with higher illness-related stressors (e.g. stronger functional impairments, low perceived success of therapy) were more likely to decline in resources. We conclude that in line with cognitive adaptation theory cancer diagnosis leads to an initial mobilization of psychological resources in younger patients, but that over the course of therapy psychological resources decline to a level that would be expected in healthy adults.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

The relevance of drug injectors' social and risk networks for understanding and preventing HIV infection.

Focusing on the social environment as well as the individual should both enhance our understanding of HIV transmission and assist in the development of more effective prevention programs. Networks are an important aspect of drug injectors' social environment. We distinguish between (1) risk networks (the people among whom HIV risk behaviors occur) as vectors of disease transmission, and (2) social networks (the people among whom there are social interactions with a mutual orientation to one another) as generators and disseminators of social influence. These concepts are applied to analyses of data from interviews with drug injectors in two studies. In the first study drug injectors' risk networks converge with their social networks: 70% inject or share syringes with a spouse or sex partner, a running partner, or with friends or others whom they know. Qualitative data from interviews with injectors in the second study also show that the social relationships between drug injectors and members of their risk network are often based on long-standing and multiplex relationships, such as those based on kinship, friendship, marital and sexual ties, and economic activity. In the first study the vast majority of injectors, over 90%, have social ties with non-injectors. Injectors with more frequent social contacts with non-injectors engage in lower levels of injecting risk behavior. Risk settings may function as risk networks: injectors in this study who inject at shooting galleries are more likely than those who do not to rent used syringes, borrow used syringes and inject with strangers. Since the adoption of a network approach is relatively new, a number of issues require further attention. These include: how to utilize social networks among drug injectors to reduce risk through peer pressure; how to promote risk reduction by encouraging ties between injectors and non-injectors; and how to integrate biographical and historical change into understanding network processes. Appropriate methodologies to study drug injectors' networks should be developed, including techniques to reach hidden populations, computer software for managing and analyzing network data bases, and statistical methods for drawing inferences from data gathered through dependent sampling designs.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Predictors of smoking development in a population-based sample of adolescents: a prospective study.

PURPOSE: To study the development of smoking behavior in adolescents using a longitudinal, multivariate design. METHODS: Adolescents (n = 14,133, age range 12 to 18 years) took part in the longitudinal Add Health study (two waves, separated by 1 year, 56% smokers and 44% nonsmokers at Wave 1). Eight risk factor domains were established at Wave 1 (daily activities, psychological health, personality, school situation, family functioning, rough living, religion, and neighborhood status), which were further separated into subdomains by factor analysis. Subdomains were used to predict risk at Wave 2 of smoking initiation, progression, or failure to discontinue, using logistic regression analysis. Analyses were performed for boys and girls separately and results corrected for age, race, urbanicity, and socioeconomic status. RESULTS: Use/abuse of other substances by self and peers influenced most stages of smoking, whereas trouble in school was associated with initiation and progression of smoking. Poor family relations predicted initiation of experimental smoking for girls, whereas low involvement in active pastimes predicted failure to discontinue experimental smoking. For boys, low religiosity predicted progression to regular smoking and failure to quit regular smoking, whereas delinquency also reduced success of regular smoking discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS: These findings may direct efforts for prevention and intervention of adolescent smoking behavior and may also provide guidance for future studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Adolescents with learning disabilities: risk and protective factors associated with emotional well-being: findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health.

PURPOSE: To identify differences in emotional well-being among adolescents with and without learning disabilities and to identify risk and protective factors associated with emotional distress. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis of adolescent in-home interview data of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. A total of 20,780 adolescents were included in this study of whom 1,301 were identified as having a learning disability. Initially, emotional distress, suicidal behaviors, and violence involvement were compared among those adolescents with and without learning disabilities using Student's t-test for the continuous or semicontinuous variables and Chi-square for the dichotomous variables. Subsequently, logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify which variables were most strongly associated with risk and protective factors for emotional distress. RESULTS: Adolescents with learning disabilities had twice the risk of emotional distress, and females were at twice the risk of attempting suicide and for violence involvement than their peers. While educational achievement is below that of peers, connectedness to school is comparable. So, too, is connectedness to parents. Connectedness to parents and school was identified as most strongly associated with diminished emotional distress, suicide attempts, and violence involvement among adolescents with learning disabilities. CONCLUSIONS: Given the increased association with emotional distress, suicidal attempts, and violence involvement, clinicians need to assess social and emotional as well as educational and physical functioning of these young people. We also need to be aware of the role protective factors play in the lives of young people with learning disabilities.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

The expression and understanding of jealousy in children with autism.

We investigated the expression and understanding of jealousy in 16 high-functioning children with autism and 17 typically developing children matched for IQ, chronological age, gender, and maternal education. We examined the expression of jealousy via children's behaviors, verbalizations, and affects demonstrated during two jealousy-provoking triadic scenarios (drawing and playing) enacted among the child in the experimental group (autism or typical), that child's main caregiver (mostly mothers), and a familiar peer or sibling. The two scenarios corresponded with the two types of jealousy described in past studies: social-comparison jealousy (drawing scenario) and social-relational jealousy (playing scenario). To tap children's understanding, we asked them to identify jealousy from a picture, to provide examples of times they felt jealous, and to offer suggestions for coping with jealousy. The main results revealed that children with autism expressed jealousy in situations similar to their typical age mates but manifested it in different behaviors. Moreover, children with autism revealed a less coherent understanding of the feeling. We discuss the meaning of the gap between demonstrating and understanding jealousy in light of the two central theoretical views conceptualizing the core emotional deficit in children with autism.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed2004

Multisystemic treatment: a meta-analysis of outcome studies.

Multisystemic treatment (MST) is a family- and home-based therapeutic approach that has been found to be effective in treating antisocial youths and that has recently been applied to youths with serious emotional disturbances. In light of the increasing dissemination of MST, this review examines the effectiveness of MST by quantifying and summarizing the magnitude of effects (treatment outcomes) across all eligible MST outcome studies. Included in a meta-analysis were 7 primary outcome studies and 4 secondary studies involving a total of 708 participants. Results indicated that across different presenting problems and samples, the average effect of MST was d = .55; following treatment, youths and their families treated with MST were functioning better than 70% of youths and families treated alternatively. Results also showed that the average effect of MST was larger in studies involving graduate student therapists (i.e., efficacy studies; d = .81) than in studies with therapists from the community (i.e., effectiveness studies; d = .26). In addition, MST demonstrated larger effects on measures of family relations than on measures of individual adjustment or peer relations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

The long-term impact of urological management on the quality of life of children with spina bifida.

To evaluate the integration of children with spina bifida into adult society and identify important urological factors 20 female and 18 male spina bifida patients older than 18 years were evaluated with respect to urological management and complications. A detailed questionnaire concerning educational achievements, living arrangements, employment and interpersonal relationships was completed and compared to similar data obtained from the 1990 United States census. Educational achievement and living arrangements for most patients were comparable to age matched peers in the general population and were independent of gender or method of urinary management. The only statistically significant factor related to a positive outcome was female gender in the areas of employment (p < 0.014) and sexual relationships (p < 0.005). Female spina bifida patients adapted better to adult society than their male counterparts. Intestinal urinary conduits were detrimental to long-term renal function.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1978

Hyperkinetic disorder in psychiatric clinic attenders.

Sixty-eight boys (age-range five to 11 years), referred to a child psychiatric clinic, were studied in order to determine the validity of a broadly-based concept of hyperkinetic syndrome, as generally employed in the USA. Hyperactivity was measured on the Conners' Teacher Questionnaire, the Conners' Parent Questionnaire and by systematic time-sampled observations of each child's behaviour during psychological testing. There were low and statistically insignificant correlations between these different measures of hyperkinesis. On the other hand, overactivity correlated highly with conduct disturbance. Psychiatrically abnormal children with and without hyperkinesis were compared on cognitive functioning, perinatal history, neurological examination, congenital anomalies and psycho-social circumstances. Few differences were found, and it was concluded that there was no evidence for the validity of a broad concept of hyperkinetic syndrome. Nevertheless, a small number of children were found who were overactive in all situations studied. These children had a variety of clinical diagnoses but differed significantly from their peers--matched for age, IQ and diagnosis--with respect to neurological anomalies, erratic responses on the Matching Familiar Figures Test, and early onset of hyperkinesis. It is suggested that this less common clinical picture of hyperkinesis may have some validity, but it remains uncertain whether it constitutes a distinct syndrome or rather a constitutional risk factor.

Attention↗
PubMed1994

Psychosocial assessment of children with short stature: a preliminary report.

Previous studies that have examined the psychosocial adjustment of children with short stature have often been flawed, for two main reasons: first, a lack of sample homogeneity and, secondly, the measures of adjustment used have been limited in terms of their sensitivity. This paper examines psychological functioning in the following four broad areas: cognition, social behaviour, emotional adjustment and self-concept. A sample of children referred to growth clinics (mean height below -2 SDS) and a comparison group, recruited from the referred childrens' classes at school, were assessed. Children were prepubertal (age range, 6-11 years) and had no organic cause for their short stature. Parent, teacher and peer reports were used in the assessment, which included sociometric measures in the classroom. The children with short stature described themselves as equally well supported as the comparison children in terms of social support by parents, teachers, peers and friends. Peers reported the short children to be well accepted within their class. Compared with control children, there was a trend for short children to be described by their peers as socially better adjusted than average. Teacher and parental accounts revealed significant group differences in terms of reported behaviour, with poorer attention and more thought problems among the children with short stature. Further analysis suggested, however, that their slightly lower IQ than children of normal height (95.8 +/- 18.7 (mean +/- SD) compared with 105 +/- 15.4) accounted for a greater proportion of the variance in these findings than short stature per se. There is little evidence to indicate that short prepubertal children are psychosocially maladjusted.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed2003

Bullying among young adolescents: the strong, the weak, and the troubled.

OBJECTIVES: Bullying and being bullied have been recognized as health problems for children because of their association with adjustment problems, including poor mental health and more extreme violent behavior. It is therefore important to understand how bullying and being bullied affect the well-being and adaptive functioning of youth. We sought to use multiple data sources to better understand the psychological and social problems exhibited by bullies, victims, and bully-victims. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Analysis of data from a community sample of 1985 mostly Latino and black 6th graders from 11 schools in predominantly low socioeconomic status urban communities (with a 79% response rate). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Peer reports of who bullies and who is victimized, self-reports of psychological distress, and peer and teacher reports of a range of adjustment problems. RESULTS: Twenty-two percent of the sample was classified as involved in bullying as perpetrators (7%), victims (9%), or both (6%). Compared with other students, these groups displayed school problems and difficulties getting along with classmates. Despite increased conduct problems, bullies were psychologically strongest and enjoyed high social standing among their classmates. In contrast, victims were emotionally distressed and socially marginalized among their classmates. Bully-victims were the most troubled group, displaying the highest level of conduct, school, and peer relationship problems. CONCLUSIONS: To be able to intervene with bullying, it is important to recognize the unique problems of bullies, victims, and bully-victims. In addition to addressing these issues directly with their patients, pediatricians can recommend school-wide antibullying approaches that aim to change peer dynamics that support and maintain bullying.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1993

Asymmetries of manual motor response in relation to age, sex, handedness, and occupational activities.

Questions about left- and right-hand asymmetries require the analysis of preference and manual skill with respect to handedness. Hand preference and hand skill were examined in relation to sex, age, and occupational activities. 512 adults from manual, mixed, and intellectual activities and 253 children were tested for their manual preferences and performance. Analysis of variance followed by Scheffé post hoc tests, for right-handed adults, indicated significant effects for occupational activity and sex in dexterity and strength. Manual workers, under technological pressure, seemed more consistent in their manual preferences than their peers. For left-handed persons there were no significant effects. Dexterity and strength were also related to sex and age, suggesting different cultural opportunities for both sexes in relation to motor activities.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Vertical facial pattern and orthodontic stability. Part II: Facial axis changes and stability.

Lateral cephalograms and study casts of 55 patients were evaluated to determine if any relationships exist between Facial Axis changes occurring during and after active treatment and either the pretreatment Jarabak Facial Height Quotient or the amount of post-treatment occlusal change, as measured with a weighted PAR score. No significant relationships could be found. There was instead a wide range of individual variation in the post-treatment behaviour of both the Facial Axis and the weighted PAR score, in both the total sample and three Jarabak Facial Height subgroups. Long-term Facial Axis changes occurring in individual patients, however, were not necessarily associated with occlusal deterioration. Since the Facial Axis is likely to change to some extent in the long-term, it was suggested that widely recommended methods for Facial Axis control during treatment should be considered primarily for functional and aesthetic reasons, rather than on the basis of directly ensuring long-term occlusal stability.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Multifaceted impact of self-efficacy beliefs on academic functioning.

This research analyzed the network of psychosocial influences through which efficacy beliefs affect academic achievement. Parents' sense of academic efficacy and aspirations for their children were linked to their children's scholastic achievement through their perceived academic capabilities and aspirations. Children's beliefs in their efficacy to regulate their own learning and academic attainments, in turn, contributed to scholastic achievement both independently and by promoting high academic aspirations and prosocial behavior and reducing vulnerability to feelings of futility and depression. Children's perceived social efficacy and efficacy to manage peer pressure for detrimental conduct also contributed to academic attainments but through partially different paths of affective and self-regulatory influence. The impact of perceived social efficacy was mediated through academic aspirations and a low level of depression. Perceived self-regulatory efficacy was related to academic achievement both directly and through adherence to moral self-sanctions for detrimental conduct and problem behavior that can subvert academic pursuits. Familial socioeconomic status was linked to children's academic achievement only indirectly through its effects on parental aspirations and children's prosocialness. The full set of self-efficacy, aspirational, and psychosocial factors accounted for a sizable share of the variance in academic achievement.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

7E3 F(ab')2, a monoclonal antibody to the platelet GPIIb/IIIa receptor, protects against microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and microvascular thrombotic renal failure in baboons treated with C4b binding protein and a sublethal infusion of Escherichia coli.

We have used our previously described baboon model of infusion of both a sublethal dose of Escherichia coli and C4b binding protein to assess the impact of inhibiting platelet function with the F(ab')2 fragment of the monoclonal antibody 7E3, directed against the platelet glycoprotein (GP)IIb/IIIa receptor, on the characteristic microvascular changes. At a dose of 0.25 to 0.35 mg/kg bolus plus an infusion of 0.25 to 0.35 mg/kg over 6 hours, c7E3 F(ab')2 had only a minimal impact on fibrinogen consumption and delayed but did not prevent, the development of thrombocytopenia. Treatment with 7E3 F(ab')2, however, produced significant protection from the development of microangiopathic hemolysis and renal insufficiency. Histologic examination supported these observations, with treated animals having fewer schistocytes on blood smear and less evidence of ischemic renal changes. Treated animals also had more rapid recovery of peripheral white blood counts, suggesting a possible protective effect of treatment on ischemic damage to the bone marrow. These data indicate that potent inhibition of platelet function via GPIIb/IIIa receptor blockade can decrease ischemic organ damage in this animal model that has features similar to those found in diffuse intravascular coagulation, hemolytic uremic syndrome, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.

Anemia, Hemolytic↗
PubMed2003

Greater age-related reductions in central arterial compliance in resistance-trained men.

Reductions in the compliance of central arteries exert a number of adverse effects on systemic cardiovascular function and disease risk. Using the cross-sectional study design, we determined the relation between chronic resistance training and carotid arterial compliance. A total of 62 healthy normotensive men, 20 to 39 years of age (young) and 40 to 60 years of age (middle-aged), who were either sedentary or resistance-trained, were studied. In both activity groups, carotid arterial compliance (simultaneous ultrasound and applanation tonometry) was lower (P<0.05) in the middle-aged compared with the young men. There was no significant difference between young sedentary and resistance-trained men. In the middle-aged group, carotid arterial compliance in the resistance-trained men was approximately 30% lower (P<0.01) than their sedentary peers. Femoral artery compliance and arm pulse wave velocity (measures of peripheral artery stiffness) were not different among any groups. Left ventricular hypertrophy index (echocardiography) was greater (P<0.05) in resistance-trained compared with sedentary men and was associated with carotid arterial compliance (r=-0.35; P<0.01). We concluded that (1) resistance training is associated with the smaller central arterial compliance in healthy middle-aged men; (2) age-related reductions in arterial compliance was greater in resistance-trained men than in sedentary men; and (3) the lower arterial compliance in the resistance-trained men is associated with left ventricular hypertrophy. In marked contrast to the beneficial effect of regular aerobic exercise, the present findings are not consistent with the idea that resistance training exerts beneficial influences on arterial wall buffering functions.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Psychosocial issues for children and adolescents with chronic illness: self-esteem, school functioning and sports participation.

Self-esteem, school functioning, and sports participation are among the most significant psychosocial issues that affect children and adolescents with chronic illness. Although these capacities are essential components of development for all children, they present special concerns for children with limitations of health. Parents, teachers, and coaches play important roles in providing normalizing and gratifying opportunities for children who struggle to be competent and accepted by their peers. Much can be done to provide chronically ill children with experiences and support that will allow them to grow up happier, feel better about themselves, and enjoy more success.

Adolescent↗