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Unexplained weight loss in sheep and goats. A guide to differential diagnosis, therapy, and management.
A review of the likely causes of unexplained weight loss in sheep and goats has been presented, with particular emphasis on diagnosis. Through the use of careful clinical examination and knowledge of the likely causes of progressive weight loss, a definitive diagnosis can often be made, although this is not always possible, even with rigorous investigation (Fig. 1). In most cases, establishing a definitive diagnosis will allow the practitioner to institute appropriate therapeutic measures, correct deficient management procedures, or institute suitable prevention and control programs to reduce ongoing or future losses to the client.
Experimental Johne's disease in cattle.
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The experimental infection of cattle with varieties of Mycobacterium johnei isolated from sheep.
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The effect of chemotherapeutic agents on Mycobacterium johnei.
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A case of suspected Johne's disease in a llama (L. glama).
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The aerobic intestinal flora in Johne's disease.
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Infection of hamsters and rabbits with Mycobacterium johnei.
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Experimental infection with Mycobacterium johnei. II. The histopathology of infection in experimental goats.
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The intravenous inoculation of sheep with graded doses of Mycobacterium johnei.
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The experimental infection of cattle with Mycobacterium johnei. I. Calves inoculated intravenously.
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Scrapie produced experimentally in goats with special reference to the clinical syndrome.
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The causal agent of scrapie. I. Extraction of the agent from infected sheep tissue.
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The causal agent of scrapie. II. Extraction of the agent from infected goat tissue.
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Compliance of Victorian dairy farmers with current calf rearing recommendations for control of Johne's disease.
Questionnaires were posted to 800 randomly selected registered Victorian dairy farmers in 1996. Five hundred and thirty-four responses were received and analysed. Johne's disease (JD) had been diagnosed on the farm of 13.2% of respondents in the last 5 years. JD was rated second only to neonatal diarrhoea in importance as a disease of calves, even though other diseases occurred more frequently. However, there was a low level of compliance with JD control recommendations by the respondents. There was no significant difference in the number of JD control recommendations adopted by farmers between the three major Victorian regions. There was a significant difference in compliance between farms having had a diagnosed case of JD and those that had not. Although there is awareness among dairy farmers of the importance of JD, there appears to be a poor implementation of measures by farmers to prevent the spread of the disease. Current JD control recommendations and the method of information transfer to Victorian dairy farms should be reassessed to ensure that dairy heifers are reared with minimal risk of transmission of JD.
Macrophage inhibitory factor-A3 derived from Mycobacterium avium serovar 2 inhibits candidacidal activity of murine peritoneal macrophages.
Macrophage inhibitory factor-A3 (MIF-A3), a fraction derived from Mycobacterium avium serovar 2 inhibited candidacidal activity in macrophages from C57BL/6, C57BL/10, C3H/HeJ and A/J strains of mice. Inhibition of candidacidal activity was demonstrated at MIF-A3 concentrations ranging from 100-400 micrograms/ml in macrophages without additional stimulators (exception C3H/HeJ macrophages) and in macrophages additionally stimulated with 200 U/ml interferon-gamma, 100 ng/ml phorbol myristate acetate and 0.4 ng/ml E. coli lipopolysaccharide from all mouse strains tested. The decreased candidacidal effect produced by MIF-A3 was dose-dependent and appeared greatest in macrophages treated with phorbol myristate acetate and lipopolysaccharide. This effect was neutralized by the addition of goat anti-MIF-A3 antiserum. Macrophages from the Bcgs mouse strains (C57BL/6 and C57Bl/100 were more sensitive to the effect(s) of MIF-A3 than macrophages from the Bcgr mouse strains (C3H/HeJ and A/J).
Diagnosis of enteric disease in small ruminants.
Diagnosis of gastrointestinal disease in small ruminants requires integration of information obtained in the signalment, history, physical or necropsy examination, and ancillary diagnostic tests. The purpose of this article is to provide the practitioner with a review of the clinical features of several common gastrointestinal diseases of sheep and goats. Rumen acidosis, enterotoxemia, gastrointestinal parasitism, neonatal diarrhea, and salmonellosis are discussed, and where appropriate, reviews of the pathophysiology, prevention, and control of these diseases are cited for further reading.