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PubMed1977

Self-concept and delinquency proneness.

Contrary to the theory of the homeostatic model of self-concept, i.e., the expectancy that engaging in anti-social or pro-social behavior results typically in shifts in the self-concept (Graf, 1968; Deitz, 1970 shifts did not occur. Subjects, 12- 14-year-old boys enrolled in junior high school, delinquent prone (DP) and non-delinquent prone bright (NDPB), reacted to manipulation by engaging in reparative behavior as indicated via an aggression module in a fashion generally expected but the expected shift from chronic self-images did not occur. Both DP and NDPB viewed themselves similarly on self concept. The authors postulated that if shifts would occur for the delinquent prone it would be after they left school with its accompanying identification with a sub-culture outside the school setting.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Self-concept and attitudes toward adoption: a comparison of searching and nonsearching adult adoptees.

This study showed that nonsearchers and searchers are different from each other on almost every measure that was applied. Research on and experience with searching adult adoptees should not be applied to nonsearching adult adoptees. Likewise, research on and experience with nonsearching adult adoptees should not be generalized to searchers . The results of this study do not support the belief that adoptees, in general, have low self-concepts and identity conflicts, or that adoptees need information about their biological families and reunions to resolve their identity conflicts. Although the sample of pre- and post-reunion searchers was small, reunions did not make a significant difference in self-concept or identity conflicts, as measured by the TSCS . The results of this study do not support the theoretical bases often cited to justify open records. Specifically, adult adoptees in this study do not have negative self-concepts, did not experience poor adoptor - adoptee relationships, and the majority did not experience revelation of adoptive status as disruptive or late. Although significant differences exist between the comparison groups, an important finding is that of all the adult adoptees, the majority scored above the sixtieth percentile on the TSCS and had positive scores on the Attitude Toward Parents Scales. Furthermore, they were happy growing up, with only 12% reporting being unhappy. These findings support the conclusions of Day [1979] and Norvell and Guy [1977] as well as the belief that adoption is a legitimate way of building families.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adoption↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The relationship of health beliefs, health locus of control, and self concept to the practice of breast self-examination in adult women.

This descriptive-correlational study was undertaken in order to determine if there were differences in the health beliefs, health locus of control, and self concept of adult women who practice breast self-examination (BSE) as compared to those women who do not. A sample of 207 women, drawn from a variety of settings, completed the four questionnaires, which were the research instruments. Data were analyzed using means, standard deviations, point biserial correlations, multiple regression, and Pearson product moment correlations. Analysis of the data revealed there were differences between the practicer and nonpracticer groups in terms of health beliefs, health locus of control, and self concept. Specifically, analysis revealed that being a practicer of BSE was correlated with higher levels of health beliefs and higher self-concept levels. practicers tended to be less inclined to have a health locus of control that depended upon a powerful other.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Maternal attachment behavior and the mother's self-concept: the effect of early skin-to-skin contact.

The problem was to determine the effect of skin-to-skin contact between mother and infant during the first hour following delivery on later maternal attachment behavior and self concept. Twenty primiparous women were randomly assigned skin-to-skin contact with their infant during the first hour after birth. There were no significant differences in 36-hour or three-month attachment behaviors or in prenatal or three month self-concept scores. For most mothers, first time motherhood appeared to have a positive effect on their self-concepts.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Blood pressure and self-concept among African-American adolescents.

Differences in blood pressure among individuals of African ancestry living in the United States compared with those living in Africa suggest that the high prevalence of hypertension among African Americans may be due in part to environmental factors. There are a number of environmental models that attempt to account for the high rate of hypertension among African Americans. One model proposes that a strong African self-concept protects African-American adolescents from the hypertensive effects of social stress. This model was tested during a blood pressure survey of 333 adolescents in three urban Los Angeles high schools. African self-concept was assessed using a three-item scale. The average score for the three items was strongly related to systolic blood pressure among African-American male adolescents. After controlling for age, body mass index, and parent's education in regression analyses, the relation was reduced, but an effect remained. The model suggests that the hypertensive effects of the environment will operate unless the pathway from environmental stress to hypertension is blocked by a strong African-American self-concept.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Differences in adolescent self-concept as a function of race, geographic location, and pregnancy.

This study compares the self-concept scores of pregnant African-American adolescents from urban and rural areas. It was conducted in alternative schools for pregnant adolescents using the Offer Self-Image Questionnaire (OSIQ) as a data collection instrument with 199 girls 13 to 19 years of age. It was hypothesized that the self-concept of pregnant, African-American adolescents would not be influenced by their age or geographic location. Results of the data analysis refuted the null hypotheses. The self-concept scores of both groups were not as high as those of a nonpregnant norm group of adolescents, but the scores of the pregnant adolescents were very similar regardless of age or geographic location.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Rural Mexican-American and non-Hispanic white women: effects of abuse on self-concept.

This research arose from clinical practice in a rural Mexican-American and non-Hispanic white community in Southwest Texas. The practice focused on individual and group counseling for these women in abusive relationships. Effects of type of abuse (physical, sexual, psychological) on self-concept were identified. Rural Mexican-American and non-Hispanic white women experiencing sexual abuse versus other forms of abuse were found to have significantly lower perceptions of competency on a multi-dimensional measure of self-concept. Ethnic differences in self-concept were also found between groups of abused, rural Mexican-American and non-Hispanic white women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Self-concept and self-care practices of healthy adolescents.

The purposes of this descriptive study were to describe the self-care practices of healthy adolescents and to ascertain any relationship between self-care practices and the covariates of self-concept and selected conditioning factors. Orem's Self-Care Model and developmental theory provided the framework for this investigation. Findings from the sample of (n = 160) 15- and 16-year olds showed that adolescents are engaging in self-care practices. The findings from this investigation were congruent with the theoretical proposition of a link between self-concept and self-care (Orem, 1971, 1980, 1985, 1991). Additionally, the influence of sociocultural characteristics on self-care activities was supported. Implications from the study include the need to continue research endeavors that describe, explain, and predict factors that influence self-care behavior in the adolescent population. Practicing nurses in the school, clinic, and community could consider the results of this study when assessing, planning, and implementing health education programs that enhance the self-concept and self-care activities of adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[Concepts bridge practice, teaching, leadership and research].

Concepts are abstract phenomena expressed by terms. They are used as tools for thinking and communication. In nursing science they are the basic elements of theory by which the domain of science and it's interests are articulated. In nursing science the recognition of essential concepts are accomplished both in the client and client-nurse dimensions and nursing practice-nursing environment dimensions. Working for the recognition of concepts helps nurse practitioners of different sectors to better understand the aims of the other.

Concept Formation↗
PubMed1994

[Effects of Schroth's rehabilitation program on the self concept of scoliosis patients].

A total of 37 scoliotic patients (33 female, 4 male), aged 20-57 years, participated in a pre-/post-interview study on the basis of the Frankfurt self-concept scales FSKN (Frankfurter Selbstkonzeptskalen; Deusinger 1986). The patients stayed at the Katharina Schroth Clinic for 4 to 6 weeks, with questionnaires to be filled in 1-2 days after admission (pre-interviewing) and 2 days before discharge (post-interviewing). The study findings indicated a positive impact of the in-patient treatment relative to a variety of patient self-concepts. This is clearly suggested by the self-ratings concerning: general coping ability; own sensitivity and mood; own self-assertion towards groups and significant others; perceived appreciation by others; feelings towards and relationship with others; general self-worth; and own ability to make contact and interact. The statistically significant changes in a positive direction found for 7 of 10 self-concept scales, are interpreted to the effect that the in-patient treatment on the whole has ushered in a process of emotional stabilization in the patients, which certainly would be considered an essential precondition for their continued capacity for work.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1993

Father's unemployment and adolescent's self-concept.

This study examined families in which fathers were affected by a steel mill shutdown, and tested hypotheses on the impact of unemployment on parent-child relations and adolescent self-concept. The hypotheses were tested by comparing convenience samples of three types of intact families with children between the ages of 12 and 18: continuously employed, unemployed with slight income loss, unemployed with significant income loss. As predicted, relationship with fathers were more negative when income loss was significant, but contrary to predictions, the relationship with mothers were not more positive, and adolescent self-concept was not directly affected by unemployment or income loss. However, a path analysis showed that income loss affected adolescent self-concept indirectly through its impact on parent-child relations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Formation of self concept in the transition from adolescence to adulthood. An empirical comparative study of psychiatric patients and healthy control probands].

The psychosocial development of psychiatrically ill and mentally healthy young adults is being explored in a series of comparative studies based on developmental tasks typical of this age. In a first study a patient group was compared with a control group with the Offer Self-Image Questionnaire as an indicator of patterns of psychosocial adaptation thus far. The patients showed significantly poorer adaptation on 10 dimensions of psychosocial life. In relation to a representative sample of young adults they especially reported disturbances in their own personality development and in family relations, but judged their adaptation to norms for behavior in public as less impaired. The nonpsychotic patients had a significantly less favorable pattern of self-concepts than the psychotic patients. The patients with affective disorders had a relatively healthy profile of psychosocial development compared with the schizophrenic patients. There was no significant difference between patients with schizophrenia of the disorganized type and other schizophrenic patients. There was a close relationship between subjective measures of self-concept and objective measures of psychosocial development, e.g. premorbid adaptation and current psychosocial development, e.g. premorbid adaptation and current psychosocial competence, in the different subgroups. The findings on self-concept seemed to be largely independent of the present severity of psychopathology.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1995

The personal myth as a clinical concept.

The author argues that the concept of personal myth is taken to refer to a universal mythification process, and that such a broad definition is too imprecise for clinical purposes. Previous contributions to psychoanalytic understanding of myths are reviewed. The author concurs with Green's (1991) conception of the personal myth as a heroisation of the self, providing liberation from the mother. By means of a clinical vignette, it is argued that the myth may have additional functions. The myth is a multiply-determined psychological product, offering 'solutions' to insoluble human dilemmas, such as that of separation. Self-images embedded in myths may be organised as stable structures reflected in attitudes and personal styles. The author argues for the clinical usefulness of the concept of personal myth. The myth may act as a point of reference in the analytic process, and may serve as a reminder for the analyst to focus subtly embedded narcissistic aspects of character that may otherwise remain as an unanalysed resistance. It also has the property of evoking self states rooted in infantile modes of experience. It is argued that unveiling the myth is not contrary to safeguarding its creative side, but that the defensive, wish-fulfilling and illusory aspects of the myth should be uncovered.

Humans↗
PubMed1996

Big Brothers: impact on Little Brothers' self-concepts and behaviors.

The impact a Big Brother has on a Little Brother's self-concept and behavior was examined for 45 boys ages 7 to 15. The Big Brothers/Big Sisters of America is a United Way agency dedicated to supplying children from single-parent homes with an adult volunteer of the same sex. The adult serves as a friend and role model for the child. Boys who were matched (n = 23) with a Big Brother were compared to boys who were unmatched (n = 22) but were on a waiting list to receive a Big Brother. All boys completed a self-concept measure, and their mothers completed a checklist regarding the behavior of her child. Results indicated that boys who had a Big Brother reported significantly higher self-concepts than did those who were unmatched. Scores on the behavioral instrument did not yield significant differences between groups. Implications of the findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

A medical approach to management of spontaneous abortion using misoprostol. Extending misoprostol treatment to a maximum of 48 hours can further improve evacuation of retained products of conception in spontaneous abortion.

BACKGROUND: To compare a 48 hour non surgical policy in the management of spontaneous abortion with a policy of routine, universal uterine curettage. METHODS: A prospective, observational study on 354 women admitted to hospital with spontaneous abortion. Of these, 225 who had retained products of conception were treated with misoprostol for up to 48 hours after 101 were excluded because they had an empty uterus on transvaginal scan (TVS) and another 28 women because they were unsuitable for conservative management. Follow-up was conducted over a 3 week period to assess morbidity. A reference group of 137 women, all of whom had an evacuation of retained products of conception (ERPC) as a routine after they had a TVS documenting retained products of conception (POCs), was used for comparison. RESULTS: Evacuation of the uterus occurred within 24 hours in 107 women and in 148 at 48 hours after misoprostol treatment was started. There were three uterine curettages up to 14 days after discharge from hospital for persistent bleeding and two cases of pelvic infection. An ectopic pregnancy was diagnosed at follow-up in one woman. In the reference group, there were nine women who had complications, four requiring another ERPC and five had infection, an overall complication rate of 6.6% in the reference group and 1.7% in the protocol treatment group. CONCLUSION: A 48 hour regimen using transvaginal ultrasound and misoprostol for the management of spontaneous abortion was successful in avoiding surgery in 249 out of a possible 354 (70.6%) women with spontaneous abortion, with a low rate of subsequent morbidity.

Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal↗
PubMed1997

[Management of violent acts within the scope of a pedagogic concept of self and social development--or: talking with school children about violence].

In order to deal with physical aggression in schools it is necessary to develop an educational concept in which the teachers parallel to their observations of the subject orientated learn-track include the relationship- and the self-development-track (three-track-education). In this concept of classifying dialogs which follow the conflict situations have equal importance to other events during school-lessons. The dialogs take place parallel to the lessons. This method requires a flexible organisation of the lessons in which the pupils are used to work on their own. An extension of the teachers competence is necessary. The extension of competence is related to a close observation of social events and to a development of models to explain the problematic behavior of pupils. If it becomes possible for example to interpret part of the pupils' behavior as scenic acting this new point of view may lead to new solutions. The educational concept is orientated on a model of psychoanalytical explanation in which the current situation stands in the foreground. The problem which thus becomes apparent can be now be handled by reconstructing the exterior events (interactions) and by the symbolic presentation of the interior perception (annoyance, anger, rage). Thus the pupils learn to deal with their inner turbulences in the constructive manner. For the acting in the public forms of making amends are practised. Physical aweness and fitness is seen as an important base for self- and social processes. The work of a man within a boys' group and of a woman within a girls' group offers the possibility of sexual identity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Concepts of drugs: differences in conceptual structure across groups with different levels of drug experience.

Seventy-seven college students varying in degree of drug use experience rated the perceived similarities of all possible combinations of 16 drugs classes (cigarettes, other tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, barbiturates, minor and major tranquilizers, amphetamines, amphetamine derivatives, cocaine, heroin, opiates, hallucinogens, inhalants, PCP, anti-depressants). Multi-dimensional scaling (INDSCAL) and network models (PFNET) indicated that abstainers had only one pharmacological category involving sedatives/depressants, and that they attached more importance to whether drugs were licit vs. illicit than to whether they were depressants vs. stimulants. Conceptions became more coherent, differentiated and based on pharmacological properties for more experienced drug users. In line with previous work, groups with greater experience with drugs had more sophisticated conceptions not only about the drugs they had used, but also about drugs they had not used. These findings suggest that early on in drug behavior sophisticated and interrelated concepts are developing that should be taken into account when designing interventions and information campaigns.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The contribution of self-concept in the etiology of adolescent delinquency.

Self-concept was related theoretically with delinquency in the first two decades following World War II. Research in that period produced encouraging results, but only a paucity of empirical work on the relationship between self-concept and delinquency appears to have been done between the mid-1970s and early 1990s. This study utilized the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale to examine 230 adolescents from Australian high schools and from institutions incarcerating young offenders. They were categorized as nondelinquents, noninstitutionalized delinquents, and institutionalized delinquents. Differences were evident in the total and subscale scores of nondelinquents as compared with their delinquent counterparts. The implications of the results in the context of delinquency theories and for dealing with delinquent adolescents are discussed.

Adolescent↗