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PubMed2002

A study of behaviour patterns of normal children in a dental situation and its relationship with socioeconomic status, family type and sibling position.

Different psychosocial variables, such as socioeconomic status, family type and sibling position may be considered to be of great significance as it may influence child behaviour pattern in a dental treatment situation. 143 children in the age group of 3-14 years were selected randomly from the out patient department of Pediatric Dentistry, Dental Wing, S. C. B. Medical College, Cuttack with an aim of assessing relationship, if any, between the magnitude of behaviour and the above mentioned psychosocial variables. Behaviour rating was done using Frankl behaviour rating scale. The results of the study reveals no significant relationship between socio economic status, family type and sibling position with child behaviour pattern, but a trend has been observed that children of high socio economic back ground behave more positively, children of a nuclear family exhibit more negative attitude and middle siblings show less negative behaviour than youngest and eldest.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Behavioural problems in children and adolescents with spinal muscular atrophy and their siblings.

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a chronic illness characterized by loss of motor function. The aim of the study was to investigate behavioural adjustment in 96 children and adolescents with SMA (47 males, 49 females; mean age 11 years 2 months, range 6 to 18 years). Forty-five non-affected siblings (26 males, 19 females; mean age 11 years 6 months, range 6 to 18 years) and 59 normally developing children (33 males, 26 females; mean age 10 years 8 months, range 6 to 18 years) were recruited as control participants. Behavioural symptoms were measured with the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) and disorders were assessed with a structured psychiatric interview (Kinder-DIPS). Of the patients with SMA, 12.5% fulfilled the criteria for an ICD-10 or DSM-IV diagnosis, with separation anxiety disorder being the most common diagnosis. The CBCL total score was in the clinical range for 11.5% of patients, 20% of the siblings, and 11.7% of the control children; the externalizing score rates were 2.1%, 22.2%, and 11.9% respectively; the internalizing score 18.9%, 24.4%, and 13.6% respectively. Comorbid psychopathology was not influenced by sex, IQ, nor severity of SMA, and only externalizing behaviour was correlated to age. In conclusion, children and adolescents with SMA are characterized by a low psychiatric comorbidity not different from control individuals. The group with the highest rate of behavioural problems and with the greatest need for intervention were the non-affected siblings who had a two- to threefold higher rate of behavioural problems than the normative population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Behavioural phenotypes in Prader-Willi syndrome].

INTRODUCTION: The behavioural phenotype of Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is defined by a neurological profile and a characteristic pattern of behavioural disorders which include cognitive deficits, learning difficulties and behavioural problems, which increase with age, both in number and gravity. METHOD: We review the behavioural phenotype of the cases of PWS in the Valencian Community, together with their peculiar behaviours, and analyse how these generate family and social problems. CONCLUSION: The description of a peculiar behaviour opens up new horizons when understanding and treating PWS, both from a pharmacological and neuropsychological perspective.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

High-risk sexual behaviour & sensation seeking among heavy alcohol users.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: An association has been shown between alcohol use and high-risk sexual behaviour. One of the important variables that might mediate risky sexual behaviour among alcohol users is the sensation-seeking dimension of personality. This study was undertaken with the aim to assess the relationship between sensation seeking and sexual risk taking among heavy alcohol users admitted to a De-addiction centre. METHODS: To study the above association, sensation seeking was compared between subjects admitted for treatment of alcohol dependence with (n = 30) and without (n = 30) reported high-risk sexual behaviour. RESULTS: Subjects reporting high-risk sexual behaviour were found to have higher sensation seeking scores in all the domains of the sensation seeking scale compared to those without high-risk sexual behaviour. Scores on the subscale disinhibition, of the sensation seeking scale seemed to be associated with higher sexual risk taking. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: Sensation seeking as a personality variable was significantly associated with sexual risk taking behaviour among heavy alcohol users. The study indicates the need for careful assessment of personality in these individuals and emphasizes the need for further studies on a larger sample.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Animal behavioural studies in the evaluation of antidepressant drugs.

Animal behavioural models of psychiatric disorders cannot exactly simulate human psychopathology, but they can be used to evaluate the behavioural changes induced by drugs and to suggest hypotheses about the functions of the CNS and its involvement in psychiatric disorders. This should lead to a more heuristic classification of psychotropic drugs and to clarification of their therapeutic possibilities. The following animal models simulate aspects of depressive disorders and are sensitive to the antidepressant effects of drugs. (i) The forced swimming test: described as 'behavioural despair' on the assumption that the animal has given up hope of escaping. (ii) The 'restraint stress' test: this may indicate a failure to adapt to stress. (iii) The learned-helplessness model: exposed to uncontrollable events, animals exhibit learning performance deficit and behavioural changes, including decreased locomotor activity and loss of appetite. (iv) Waiting behaviour: improvement in the ability to wait for and/or postpone an active response; this could be related to the reported beneficial effects of antidepressants on impulsive behaviour.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Colonic transit times and behaviour profiles in children with defecation disorders.

AIMS: To evaluate children referred for defecation disorders using the child behavioural checklist (CBCL). METHODS: A total of 215 patients were divided into three groups: 135 (5-14 years of age) with paediatric constipation (PC), 56 (5-17 years) with functional non-retentive faecal soiling (FNRFS), and 24 (5-16 years) with recurrent abdominal pain (RAP). Behavioural scores were correlated with colonic transit time (CTT) and anorectal function parameters (manometry and EMG). RESULTS: No significant differences in the mean CBCL scores were found among the three patient groups. However, children with PC and FNRFS had significantly more behavioural problems than the Dutch normative sample, while children with RAP had scores within the normal range. No significant differences were found between CTT in the patient groups, with respect to the CBCL. Similarly, no significant difference existed between children able or unable to relax their pelvic floor muscles during defecation attempts and their behaviour profiles. CONCLUSION: There seems to be no relation between colonic/anorectal function and specific behavioural profiles. On the other hand, children with defecation disorders show more behavioural problems than do controls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Dental anxiety and behavioural problems: what is their influence on the treatment plan?

AIM: This was to investigate the influence of emotional and behavioural problems on the choice of treatment type. In addition, the actual contents of the treatment of dentally fearful children was studied in an attempt to develop dental treatment protocols for children with such problems. METHODS: The parents of 265 children (144 girls, mean age 88.4 months, SD+/-34.2 months), referred to a centre for special dental care, were asked to complete the Child Behaviour Check List (CBCL) before their first appointment. The CBCL was used to assess behavioural problems. All selected children were dentally anxious (score >or=35 on the Children's Fear Survey Schedule Dental Subscale, CFSS-DS). After treatment, the children's records were analysed on treatment type and contents. RESULTS: The CBCL score was related to the type of treatment. Children treated with the aid of nitrous oxide sedation scored significantly higher on the CBCL than children treated with behavioural management or under intravenous anaesthesia (IVA). In the IVA group more surfaces were treated than in the other groups. The CBCL score was not related to the treatment contents (number of surfaces filled, amount of radiographs, sealants, stainless steel crowns or pulpotomies), the time spent on the child's treatment or the number of sessions. CONCLUSION: Dentally anxious children with behavioural problems as assessed by the CBCL have dental treatment (contents and length) comparable with that of dentally anxious children without those problems. However, anxious children with behavioural problems are more often treated with nitrous oxide sedation. Therefore, there seems to be an urgent need for access to nitrous oxide sedation for dentists working in special dentistry.

Anesthesia, Dental↗
PubMed2004

Effect of information on dental anxiety and behaviour ratings in children.

AIM: To establish the effect of information received about dental care on the anxiety level of the child prior to receiving any form of dental treatment and on their behaviour during dental treatment. METHODS: Eighty-four healthy child patients at their first dental visit, between the ages of 8 and 13 years attending a paediatric dental clinic in Nigeria participated in the study. Information on their dental anxiety level was collected using the Dental Subscale of the Child Fear Survey Schedule. The children were asked to identify their source and type of dental information received. The information given was later categorised into positive or negative for analysis purposes. The children's behaviour during dental treatment was assessed using Venham's clinical ratings of anxiety and cooperative behaviour. The mean dental anxiety scores, as well as the mean Venham behavioural ratings, of those that had received information on dental treatment were compared with those that had never received any information. RESULTS: Previously received information did not appear to have any significant impact on the measures of the dental anxiety level of these children neither was there a statistically significant association between information received and behaviour of the child in the dental chair. CONCLUSION: Past information may play only a minor role in affecting dental anxiety levels and behaviour of the child during dental treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Prediction of academic and behavioural limitations in school-age survivors of bacterial meningitis.

AIM: To develop a prediction rule to identify postmeningitic children at high risk of academic and behavioural limitations. METHODS: 182 children (mean age 10 y; range 5-14) were selected from a cohort of 674 school-age survivors of bacterial meningitis. These children had neither meningitis with "complex onset", nor prior cognitive or behavioural problems, nor severe disease sequelae. On average, 7 y after the meningitis, they were evaluated using an "Academic Achievement Test", and their parents filled in the "Child Behaviour Checklist". By reviewing the medical records, potential risk factors for academic and/or behavioural limitations were collected. Independent predictors were identified using multivariate logistic regression analysis, leading to the formulation of a prediction rule. RESULTS: The cumulative incidence of academic and/or behavioural limitations among children who survived bacterial meningitis without severe disease sequelae was 32%. The prediction rule was based on nine independent risk factors: gender, birthweight, educational level of the father, S. pneumoniae, cerebrospinal fluid leukocyte count, delay between admission and start of antibiotics, dexamethasone use, seizures treated with anticonvulsive therapy, and prolonged fever. When 10 was taken as a cut-off point for the risk score computed using this rule, 76% of the children with limitations could be identified, while 38% of the children in the cohort were selected as at risk for these limitations. CONCLUSION: With a prediction rule based on nine risk factors, postmeningitic children at high risk of developing academic and/or behavioural limitations could be identified. Additional research is required to further validate this prediction rule. In the future, a careful follow-up of high risk children may enhance early detection and treatment of these limitations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Effects of two types of restraint stress on the spontaneous behaviour in rats.

Our previous findings suggested the existence of stressor-specific behavioural and cognitive responses in rats. In the present study, restraint stressor (immobilization, IMO) and restraint stressor combined with partial immersion of rats into water (IMO+C) were applied for 1 hour to Wistar male rats and their spontaneous behaviour was examined in the open field test. The classic behavioural parameters were recorded: crossing, rearing, and resting. When tested 1 and 4 hours after IMO+C, animals exhibited strong suppression of locomotor and exploratory activity (crossing and rearing); partial inhibition of both behavioural variables was found after IMO. Thus, substantial differences were observed in dependence on the length of period between the end of stressor application and the start of testing. In testing performed one week later, the locomotor and exploratory activity levels of both IMO and IMO+C animals corresponded to the control ones. These data suggest a differential behavioural response to both used stressors that may result from their different proportion of psychical and physical components. In conclusion, our results provide other data for the support of differential effects of two types of restraint stressors on spontaneous behaviour of animals exposed to a novel environment.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Suicidal behaviour and aggression in psychiatric inpatients.

OBJECTIVE: Theoretically, suicidal behaviour and aggression are usually said to be correlated. Such relationship is, however, not reliably supported by clinical and experimental evidence. It has been more frequently found when suicidal psychiatric patients are compared with healthy non-suicidal controls rather than when the comparison is done within the group of the psychiatric patients. Therefore we decided to investigate whether such relationship exists in a group with a high risk of suicidal behaviour--psychiatric male inpatients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 113 male inpatients, mostly with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders and mood disorders were studied in the first five days after their admission. Using a structured clinical interview and formal rating scales data were collected about the number of suicide attempts and aggressive acts committed throughout their lives, current suicide ideation and suicide planning behaviour, alcohol use, depression and outwardly directed aggression. Correlation analysis and chi-square test were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: There is no significant relation between current aggressivity and current suicide risk, as well as between the lifetime aggression and the lifetime suicide behaviour. The current suicide ideation and suicide planning behaviour are related to previous suicidal behaviour and to the current depression level. The lifetime aggression is related to the alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study do not define aggression as a suicide risk factor within the group of psychiatric inpatients. This findings could benefit the evaluation of the suicidal risk in psychiatric clinic.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Child behaviour and parenting stress in Hong Kong families.

OBJECTIVES: To examine parent perception of child behaviour problems and parenting stress in Hong Kong, and to assess the extent to which they are related to socio-demographic factors and the availability of social support. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey by using a questionnaire. SETTING: Maternal and Child Health Centres, Hong Kong. PARTICIPANTS: Parents of children aged 4 years who were registered with Maternal and Child Health Centres and were living in Hong Kong between September 2002 and February 2003. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Child behaviour problems and parenting stress. RESULTS: A total of 1009 questionnaires were returned giving a participation rate of 67.0%. About one tenth of parents were experiencing difficulties with their children's behaviour. Parenting stress and children's behaviour problems were associated with presence or absence of social support. Parenting stress was also associated with household income. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of child behaviour problems in Hong Kong is comparable with international figures. Intervention programmes should be targeted at parents who experience difficulties with their children's behaviour and parenting.

Chi-Square Distribution↗
PubMed2006

[Behavioural phenotypes in genetic mental retardation].

INTRODUCTION: Based on clinical and genetic knowledge about certain syndromes, in recent decades the concept of behavioural phenotypes has been developed in an attempt to deal with the complex relations between genes and behaviour. The model is not linear but rather each type of behaviour is determined by the interaction of different genes and modulated by environmental factors. DEVELOPMENT AND CONCLUSIONS: The aim of this review is to provide a global view concerning the concept of 'behavioural phenotypes' based on the description of the molecular mechanisms and clinical observations of some syndromes. There is clearly a need for geneticists, who work in a laboratory, and clinicians, who can offer qualitative and quantitative data about behaviour in certain genetic syndromes, to work in collaboration. For this reason this study describes the clinical instruments that make it possible to evaluate the core aspects of behaviour and hence undertake their scientific study in situations in which their genetic dysfunction is already known.

Behavior↗
PubMed2006

[Prevalence of behavioural problems in a group of demented nursing home patients].

Behavioural problems in dementia are a burden for patients and caregivers and are often the main reason for admission to a nursing home. Research on the prevalence of behavioural problems is scarce. In this study the prevalence of behavioural problems was estimated in nursing home patients with dementia. In 59 demented patients the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI-NH) and the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory were used to measure behavioural problems over the last two weeks. Behavioural problems were present in about 85% of the study group. Using the NPI-NH aggression/agitation and apathy were present in almost 40% of the patients. Delusions, hallucinations, depression and anxiety were present in 10-15% of the patients. Using the CMAI cursing/verbal aggression, restlessness, complaining, negativism, and mannerisms were prevalent in 30%-50% of the patients. Larger studies on the prevalence of problem behaviour and possibly influencing factors are necessary.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Approach to managing behavioural disturbances in dementia.

OBJECTIVE: To review practical evidence-based treatment of behavioural symptoms in dementia. SOURCES OF INFORMATION MEDLINE: Was searched from January 1966 to December 2004 and PsycINFO from January 1967 to December 2004 using the key words "BPSD" (behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia) and "behavioral disturbances dementia." I also reviewed the bibliographies of recent review papers and original articles. MAIN MESSAGE: Family physicians who manage hospital inpatients and care for people in nursing homes are asked to prescribe medications for demented patients. This review discusses alternatives to drugs, indications for appropriate use of drugs, frequently encountered side effects of drugs, and considerations for those with neuroleptic sensitivity. I suggest an approach that employs a combination of behavioural, environmental, and pharmacologic interventions to address disruptive behaviour in patients with dementia. CONCLUSION: Optimal treatment of behavioural disturbances in patients with dementia involves nonpharmacologic approaches and using medications with demonstrated efficacy. Pharmacologic treatment should target only those symptoms or behaviours that respond to medication. This approach minimizes unnecessary medication use and reduces adverse outcomes.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Effects of the trematode Maritrema novaezealandensis on the behaviour of its amphipod host: adaptive or not?

There are many recorded cases of parasites that are capable of altering the behaviour of their host to enhance their transmission efficiency. However, not all of these cases are necessarily the results of the parasites actively manipulating host behaviour; they may rather be the 'by-products' of pathology caused by the parasite's presence. This study investigates the effect of the microphallid trematode Maritrema novaezealandensis on the behaviour of one of its crustacean intermediate hosts, the amphipod Paracalliope novizealandiae. Uninfected amphipods were experimentally infected by exposure to M. novaezealandensis cercariae. The activity level and vertical position of experimentally infected amphipods were compared with uninfected amphipods at 2 weeks and 6 weeks post-infection, i.e. both before and after the parasite achieved infectivity to its definitive host. Infected amphipods were found to exhibit significantly lower levels of activity and to occur significantly lower in the water column than uninfected controls during both periods. Based on the timing of the change in behaviour exhibited by infected amphipods, the results suggest that the altered behaviour exhibited by P. novizealandiae infected with M. novaezealandensis is most likely due to pathology caused by the parasite rather than a case of active, and adaptive, behavioural manipulation.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2006

An assessment of high risk sexual behaviour and HIV transmission among migrant oil workers in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: A cross--sectional behavioural survey undertaken amongst migrant oil-workers of an oil exploration outfit operating in the Niger-Delta of Nigeria with the aim of assessing the interplay of migrancy, high-risk sexual behaviour and HIV transmission. METHOD: A total of 300 randomly selected migrant oil workers were assessed using structured questionnaires to evaluate key high - risk sexual behavioral parameters such as multiplicity of sexual partners, bisexuality (closet homosexuality), high grade sexual behaviour and lesbianism. Sampling period was two months with a control cohort of 200. RESULT: The prevalence of high risk sexual behaviour (HRSB) amongst the migrant oil workers was found to be 7.7% while low-risk sexual behaviour (LRSB) was 92.3%. There was no record of HRSB in the control group. We did not also encounter any lesbian sexual orientation in this study. The distribution of HRSB amongst the migrant oil workers showed that the commonest variety was bisexuality (closet homosexuality) with 10(43.5%) followed by high-risk sexual behaviour 7(30.4%), while the least common was multiplicity of sexual partners with 6 (26.1%). Furthermore, majority of these individuals 19 (82.6%) were above the age of 35 years. The index of condom-use and acceptance was high. Here 14 (60.9%) found condom-use convenient while 13 (56.5%) regularly used the condom. CONCLUSION: This study confirms the existence of HRSB among migrant oil workers in the Niger delta. It is therefore advisable to focus interventionist and prevention programmes on this group which appear to be pivotal in the transmission and spread of HIV/AIDS in this environment.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2007

Empathy-related responding and prosocial behaviour.

In this paper I differentiate among empathy, sympathy and personal distress and discuss the central role of empathy-related responding in positive (including moral) development. Empathy-related responding, especially sympathy, is likely an important source of prosocial, other-oriented motivation. In fact, empathy-related responding, especially sympathy, has been associated with prosocial behaviour (voluntary behaviour intended to benefit another, e.g. helping, sharing); this relation has been obtained for both specific instances of empathy-related responding and for dispositional sympathy. In addition, sympathy (or sometimes empathy) has been linked to relatively high levels of moral reasoning and social competence, and to low levels of aggression and antisocial behaviour. In my talk, I will review research on the relation of empathy-related responding to prosocial behaviour, the consistency of costly prosocial behaviour over time and the possible role of sympathy in its consistency, and the relation of empathy-related responding to moral reasoning, antisocial behaviour and social competence. Examples of research, including longitudinal research in our laboratory, are provided to illustrate these relations. Because of its close relations to social and prosocial responding, an understanding of empathy-related responding contributes to efforts to promote children's moral development.

Emotions↗