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Results for “Vision Tests”

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PubMed2006

Introducing a new computer-based test for the clinical evaluation of color discrimination.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the Portal color sort test (PCST), a new computer-based test of color vision, by comparing it with a series of clinical tests of color vision in normal and color deficient subjects. DESIGN: Prospective clinical laboratory study. METHODS: Fifty-nine subjects with normal trichromatic vision or with congenital color vision defects underwent a series of color vision tests that included the 15-plate Ishihara test, the D-15 Farnsworth-Munsell test (D-15), the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue test (FM 100-Hue), and the PCST under rigorous standardized conditions, as recommended by the respective manufacturers. The PCST generates a numerical discrimination score comparable to the FM 100-Hue. RESULTS: To test validity, discrimination scores generated by the PCST were compared with scores on the FM 100-Hue. The Spearman rank correlation between discrimination scores on the FM 100-Hue and the PCST was 0.8 (P < .001). Reliability was assessed by asking patients to retake the PCST at a later sitting. Patients retaking the PCST achieved similar scores on their second sitting as on the first. The correlation in the score between the two tests was 0.7 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.4-0.9, P < .001). Median (quartiles) time to complete the PCST was 3.1 minutes. This was faster than the FM 100-Hue time (P < .001), but slower than both the Ishihara and the D-15 (both P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that the PCST, a test of color vision deficiency, can be used effectively and reliably as a tool for screening (comparable to the Ishihara plates and the D-15) and grading (comparable to the FM 100-Hue) color discrimination ability.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Five-year incidence of bilateral cause-specific visual impairment in the Melbourne Visual Impairment Project.

PURPOSE: To describe the age-, gender-, and cause-specific 5-year incidence of bilateral visual impairment in participants in the Melbourne Visual Impairment Project, Victoria, Australia. METHODS: Participants aged 40 years and older were recruited from Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, by random cluster sampling. The mean age of the 3271 (83% of the eligible) participants was 59 +/- 12 (SD) years. Of the participants, 54% were female. The initial baseline study (1992-1994) was followed by a 5-year incidence study (1997-1999). At both time points of the study, participants underwent a standardized testing procedure. Distance and near vision was tested using logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) charts, followed by refraction if needed. Visual fields were assessed by the 24-2 Humphrey field test (FastPac, Humphrey Field Analyzer; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA). Also, intraocular pressure, ocular motility, dilated ophthalmoscopy, and photography of the lens and the fundus were conducted. Furthermore, an interview included demographic characteristics, history of eye disease, medical history, and medication use. For classification of visual impairment, both visual acuity (VA) and visual fields (VF) examination results were used. Four levels of bilateral presenting visual impairment were defined: mild (VA, <20/40-20/60, and/or VF, homonymous hemianopia), moderate (VA, <20/60-20/200, and/or VF, constriction <20 degrees to 10 degrees from fixation), severe (VA, <20/200-10/200, and/or VF, constriction <10 degrees to 5 degrees from fixation), and profound (VA, <10/200, and/or VF, constriction <5 degrees from fixation). For all participants found to be visually impaired, the major cause was identified. RESULTS: Of the 3040 people eligible to attend follow-up 2594 (85%) participated. Data were available for 2530 (98%) participants. In 105 participants (4.22%; 95% confidence limit 2.58-5.85) some degree of visual impairment developed. The main causes were undercorrected refractive error (59%), age-related macular degeneration, cataract and neuro-ophthalmic disorders (7% each), glaucoma (3%), and diabetic retinopathy (1%). The main cause of severe and profound visual impairment was age-related macular degeneration (37%). CONCLUSIONS: Undercorrected refractive error was the primary cause of new cases of visual impairment in this population. Further research is needed to understand the origin of this and to develop appropriate prevention measures. Age-related macular degeneration is the primary cause of severe or profound vision loss in Australia. This disease requires further investigation for effective cure and preventive strategies.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Ergophthalmological studies in the electronic industry.

162 employees, the majority women, in an electronic industry were examined in a joint study involving several ergonomic aspects. Some results concerning visual skills are here extracted from a more comprehensive report. No natural selection of fitted workers could be demonstrated. The visual function was found to be only one component of a multifactorial system, which determines the psychological and physical well-being and productivity of industrial workers. The lack of a sufficient number of abnormal persons and comparable working conditions made it difficult to define limiting visual standards for job performance. Ordinary tests for visual acuity, near vision, heterophoria and stereopsis revealed few facts of importance. More intersting results were obtained when spectacles were evaluated as suitable for the job. 43% of the spectacles were considered insufficient. The use of bifocals did not seem to be related to the need of head movements, and 68% of all the spectacles had tinted glasses, in spite of the fact that the majority of persons wearing them considered the working illumination inadequate. An analysis of the working posture and the visual capacity of the worker should precede the prescription of spectacles for industrial workers.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Seeing beyond retinopathy in diabetes: electrophysiological and psychophysical abnormalities and alterations in vision.

Contrast sensitivity testing, in common with color vision (another test of psychophysical function), demonstrates significant changes in diabetic subjects compared with nondiabetic controls, and there is some evidence for a relationship with grade of retinopathy. Changes in contrast sensitivity have been demonstrated in children and adults with diabetes of short duration, and some evidence exists for a correlation with poor glycemic control, although prospective studies are required to assess this relationship over a longer time period. Although both color vision and contrast sensitivity demonstrate similar patterns, studies that directly compare the two tests suggest that measurement of contrast sensitivity is the more sensitive and specific.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Glare test and bright light vision in cataract patients].

Cataract patients and healthy subjects have been examined with the Miller-Nadler Glare-Tester to prove if the results of the glare test show any correlation between the glare disability score and the outdoor visual acuity facing sun. The outdoor vision of cataract patients with a high glare disability score was clearly impaired compared with their indoor vision. Healthy eyes with a normal glare disability score did not show any impairment of visual acuity facing sun. The results of the glare disability examination can therefore be used as a reference for the decision of a cataract operation.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Reliability and consistency of visual acuity and contrast sensitivity measures in advanced eye disease.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this article is to establish reliability of standard visual function measures in patients with severe vision loss. METHODS: Legally blind subjects were enrolled in a repeated-measures study to determine the reproducibility of a battery of psychophysical vision measures. Tests reported here include ETDRS visual acuity (VA) under regular and dim illumination and Pelli-Robson letter contrast sensitivity (CS) under regular, dim, and glare conditions. Two to five test repetitions were performed at monthly intervals. Subject groups included retinitis pigmentosa (RP) (n = 29), macular disease (MD) (n = 17), optic nerve disease (ON) (n = 4), diabetic retinopathy (DR) (n = 5), and other retinal diseases (OR) (n = 10). RESULTS: For most subject groups, VA measures had mean 95% coefficient of repeatability (CR.95) of 0.20 (group means between 0.13 and 0.36) log units, and CS measures had mean CR.95 of 0.35 (group means between 0.19 and 0.48) log units. CONCLUSIONS: The established reliability of VA and CS tests in subjects with severe visual impairments will allow investigators to determine whether a significant change in vision has occurred during future clinical trials to reverse, halt, or slow vision loss. The criterion for change needs to be larger than for normally sighted controls, i.e., approximately two to three lines for VA and between eight to 11 letters for CS.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Head-only rotational testing: influence of volition and vision.

Head-only rotational testing has been suggested as a method of assessing the vestibuloocular reflex in patients with reduced vestibular function as a result of ototoxicity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of vision and volition on horizontal vestibuloocular reflex responses during head-only rotation in normal subjects to better define the test parameters for future clinical application. Ten asymptomatic, healthy subjects were tested using various combinations of volitional and visual conditions during head-only rotation. Results indicated that visual fixation enhanced responses slightly and that response dynamics were altered somewhat by volition. These findings provide motivation for future studies to further define head-only rotation test parameters for patients with suspected vestibular abnormalities.

Adult↗
PubMed1963

[HAPLOSCOPY TEST].

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