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Scorpion venoms: taking the sting out of lung disease.

Scorpion venoms contain specific toxins which block large conductance calcium-activated potassium (BKCa) channels. Use of these toxins has shown that a significant proportion of the action of bronchodilators such as beta-agonists, theophylline, and nitric oxide occurs as a result of the opening of BKCa channels. Similarly, these toxins have shown that inhibitors of airway neurotransmission also operate via BKCa channels. Drugs that open BKCa channels may be alternative bronchodilators (possibly "airway selective" and with fewer side effects) as well as inhibitors of pathophysiological neurogenic influences in asthma, chronic coughing and sneezing, and chronic bronchitis.

Bronchodilator Agents↗

Novel tools for the study of development, migration and turnover of nematocytes (cnidarian stinging cells).

The rhodamine derivatives tetramethyl-rhodamine-5/6-maleimide (TROMI) and tetramethyl-rhodamine-6-isothiocyanate (TRITC) were allowed to react with living Hydra vulgaris. The two fluorescent dyes stain the polyps to different degrees, apparently without impairing their viability and behaviour. Concerning nematocytes, TROMI preferentially couples to cytoskeletal elements only of mounted nematocytes whereas TRITC selectively reacts with structural components of cysts of late nematoblasts, which thereafter develop apparently normally into mature nematocytes. Hence TROMI-labelling indicates that nematocytes are mounted and ready for discharge; TRITC-labelling can be used as a tool to investigate the final maturation, migration and installation of nematocytes in Hydra. Together with a new non-fixative method to dissociate Hydra polyps into single, identifiable cells, the two labelling methods allow direct quantitative dynamic studies of nematocyte turnover and open new possibilities of investigating the regulation and the mechanisms of nematocyte supply and migration.

Animals↗

[Retrospective study on Latrodectus stings in Bahia, Brazil].

This work is a retrospective study of latrodectism in the State of Bahia, Brazil, from August 1980 to July 1990. The data concerning the accidents were obtained from file cards at the Antivenom Information Center of Bahia (AVICB). Latrodectus curacavienis was the ethiologic agent identified in 28% of the arachnid accidents. The major incidence was registered in urban area (57%) affecting men (70%) more than women, with 10 to 29 year-old age group (58%). Local pain (56%), erythematous papula (29%) and light oedema (17%) were the principal local symptoms. Pain in the limbs (29%), tremor and rigidities (29%), sweating (28%), limbs and arms paresthesia (21%) and abdominal pain (17%) were systemic ones. The treatment was mainly symptomatic (67%) and antivenin serum was used in 21% of the cases. After serotherapy, 64% of the patients left the hospital within less than 24 hours.

Adolescent↗