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PubMed1983

Transductional instability of Tn5-induced mutations: generalized and specialized transduction of Tn5 by bacteriophage P1.

Generalized transduction is commonly used to move transposon-induced mutations among bacterial strains by selecting for inheritance of a transposon-encoded resistance determinant. Although complete cotransduction of the resistance determinant and the chromosomal mutation might be expected, it is often found that when Tn5(Kan) insertion mutations are transduced by bacteriophage P1 most of the nonmutant kanamycin-resistant transductants area due to specialized transduction of Tn5. Such P1::Tn5 specialized transducing phage are not found when a mutant Tn5 element lacking a functional transposase is employed.

Coliphages↗

PubMed1974

Isolation of P22 specialized transducing phage followong F'-episome fusion.

A P22 specialized transducing phage has been constructed which carries the structural gene for aspartate transcarbamylase (ATCase). This gene (pyrB) was first brought close to the P22 attachment site by fusing an F' pyrB(+) episome to an F' prolac episome which carries a P22 prophage attachment site. A prophage was added to these fused F' episomes and the lysogen was UV-induced. The specialized transducing phage was isolated from the resulting lysate. The phage also carries argI, the structure gene for ornithine transcarbamylase.

Aspartate Carbamoyltransferase↗

PubMed1999

Description of a mixed ethnic, elderly population. III. Special diets, food preferences, and medicinal intakes.

BACKGROUND: The objective was to assess the use of physician-prescribed special diets, food preferences, and daily and occasional drug use by elderly participants in a Title III-C Nutrition Program. METHODS: Data were collected by nonrandom interviews of congregate and meals-on-wheels clients. Chi-square was used to assess whether food and drug behaviors were related to six population variables: ethnicity, age, gender, congregate versus meals-on-wheels clients, proportion of noon meal usually eaten, and whether clients lived alone or with others. RESULTS: Special diets and daily and occasional medications showed no significant differences with regard to the six variables. Broccoli was the food disliked most frequently. Suggestions that certain foods be served more frequently were greater among white than black clients (p < .001) and among home delivery than among congregate clients (p < .005). Persons who regularly ate half or less of the noon meal made more suggestions for cooking foods differently (p < .005) and had longer lists of favorite foods (p < .001) than those who usually ate most of or all of the meal. Persons who lived alone had more suggestions for cooking foods differently (p < .005) and serving certain items more often (p < .05) than those who lived with other persons. Favorite foods, changes in cooking methods, and frequency of offering certain foods were not related significantly to age or to gender. CONCLUSIONS: Certain suggested changes in food choices and preparation can be implemented within Title III guidelines and may improve food intakes. While medicinal intakes were similar to those reported previously for the elderly cohort, there is reason for concern with regard to drug-induced illness.

Black or African American↗

PubMed1991

Continuity and change in personality in old age--evidence from five longitudinal studies: introduction to a special issue.

This short essay introduces some of the current problems in developmental personality theory and comments on the five articles that follow, all of which arise from longitudinal studies of aging in Israel, Sweden, and the United States. Although the study of personality has always been of central interest in psychology, personality development in advanced old age is a very new topic. We hope that this Special Issue will stimulate a lively discussion and will provoke further studies of personality in old age, which is indeed a "special issue."

Aged↗

PubMed1990

Impacts associated with special care units in long-term care facilities.

This study is a comprehensive, longitudinal assessment of the characteristics of special care patients. Demented patients in special care units (SCUs) within four nursing homes were compared with their demented counterparts in the same facilities who were not placed in SCUs. Results of this preliminary study suggest that the two groups differ in level of cognitive impairment, in behavior, and in functional and physical status. No deleterious or beneficial effects were associated with SCU residence during a 6-month period.

Cognition Disorders↗

PubMed1992

Predictors of the placement of cognitively impaired residents on special care units.

Nursing homes that have both special care units (SCUs) and traditional units were examined to determine the factors that cause homes to place cognitively impaired residents on the specialized units. Wandering, other problem behaviors, and Medicaid status were not significant predictors of placement. Logistic regression results indicated that functional status was the critical placement factor.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1995

Evaluating Alzheimer's special care units: reviewing the evidence and identifying potential sources of study bias.

Special Care Units (SCUs) for Alzheimer's disease have been proliferating in long-term care, but their effectiveness remains unproven. This review summarizes the published studies, presents and discusses the many potential sources of bias that pose special problems for SCU research, and proposes strategies for conducting and interpreting future outcome studies in this difficult research setting.

Aged↗

PubMed2000

Specialized dementia programs in residential care settings.

The authors conducted a telephone survey in 7 states to determine the prevalence of residential care specialized dementia programs (RC-SDPs) and to identify a sample of homes (n = 56) for more detailed study. The 56 homes were site visited, and data were gathered on facility administration, therapeutic environment, and characteristics of 259 randomly selected residents. Comparison data from 138 nursing home Special Care Units (NH-SCUs) and 1,340 of their residents were obtained from 4 studies conducted in the same 7 states. RC-SDPs were smaller, provided a more homelike environment, and had a higher proportion of residents paying privately, compared with NH-SCUs. Mean levels of cognitive and physical impairment among residents were higher in NH-SCUs; prevalences of psychotropic medication use and problem behaviors were similar. Among RC facilities, small homes were more homelike, provided fewer structured activities, and charged less than larger facilities. RC-SDPs include 5 types: small, independently operated homes; multiple small homes with joint administration; larger, all-dementia facilities; SDPs operated within larger, exclusively RC facilities; and RC-SDPs in multilevel facilities.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

Ectoplasmic specialization, a testis-specific cell-cell actin-based adherens junction type: is this a potential target for male contraceptive development?

The seminiferous tubule of the mammalian testis is largely composed of Sertoli and germ cells, which coordinate with Leydig cells in the interstitium and perform two major physiological functions, namely spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis respectively. Each tubule is morphologically divided into (i) the seminiferous epithelium composing Sertoli and germ cells, and (ii) the basement membrane (a modified form of extracellular matrix); underneath this lies the collagen fibril network, the myoid cell layer, and the lymphatic vessel, which collectively constitute the tunica propia. In the seminiferous epithelium, of rodent testes each type A1 spermatogonium (diploid, 2n) differentiates into 256 elongated spermatids (haploid, 1n) during spermatogenesis. Additionally, developing germ cells must migrate progressively from the basal to the luminal edge of the adluminal compartment so that fully developed spermatids can be released into the lumen at spermiation. Without this timely event of cell movement, spermatogenesis cannot reach completion and infertility will result. Yet developing round elongating/elongated spermatids must remain attached to the epithelium via a specialized Sertoli-germ cell actin-based adherens junction (AJ) type known as ectoplasmic specialization (ES), which is crucial not only for cell attachment but also for spermatid movement and orientation in the epithelium. However, the biochemical composition and molecular architecture of the protein complexes that constitute the ES have only recently been studied. Furthermore, the signalling pathways that regulate ES dynamics are virtually unknown. This review highlights recent advances in these two areas of research. It is expected that, if adequately expanded, these studies should yield new insights into the development of novel contraceptives targeted to perturb ES function in the testis. The potential to specifically target the ES may also mean that contraceptive action could be achieved without perturbing the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis.

Actins↗

PubMed2005

Human cortical specialization for food: a functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation.

Although specialized cortical pathways that process specific sensory stimuli and/or execute cognitive functions have been identified, the neuro-specificity for food-related stimuli has not been clearly demonstrated. We employed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to compare neural systems associated with the appreciation of foods and nonfoods. Healthy, normal weight, right-handed men and women (n = 12; age 29.8 +/- 1.8 y, BMI 21.8 +/- 0.8 kg/m(2)) were imaged by fMRI while fasting. Real food and nonfood items were presented to subjects both visually and tactilely, during scanning. Subjects were instructed to pay attention to the items. A randomized 2 x 2 block design consisted of 4 conditions: visual food, visual nonfood, tactile food, and tactile nonfood. Brain regions that were significantly activated to a greater extent during the presentation of foods compared with nonfood items included the anterior cingulate, superior temporal gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, and the insula. These findings support the claim that the presence of food (either seen or felt) elicits a unique cortical response that is differentiated from nonfood items. This neural substrate specialized for processing of foods informs models of food-related behavior.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

UTRdb: a specialized database of 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions of eukaryotic mRNAs.

The important role the untranslated regions of eukaryotic mRNAs may play in gene regulation and expression is now widely acknowledged. For this reason we developed UTRdb, a specialized database of 5'- and 3'-untranslated sequences of eukaryotic mRNAs cleaned from redundancy. UTRdb entries are enriched with specialized information not present in the primary databases, including the presence of functional patterns already demonstrated by experimental analysis to have some functional role. A collection of such patterns is being collected in UTRsite database (http://bio-www.ba.cnr.it:8000/srs5/) which can also be used with appropriate computational tools to detect known functional patterns contained in mRNA untranslated regions.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

UTRdb: a specialized database of 5' and 3' untranslated regions of eukaryotic mRNAs.

The 5' and 3' untranslated regions of eukaryotic mRNAs may play a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression controlling mRNA localization, stability and translational efficiency. For this reason we developed UTRdb (http://bigarea.area.ba.cnr.it:8000/BioWWW/#U TRdb), a specialized database of 5' and 3' untranslated sequences of eukaryotic mRNAs cleaned from redundancy. UTRdb entries are enriched with specialized information not present in the primary databases including the presence of nucleotide sequence patterns already demonstrated by experimental analysis to have some functional role. All these patterns have been collected in the UTRsite database so that it is possible to search any input sequence for the presence of annotated functional motifs. Furthermore, UTRdb entries have been annotated for the presence of repetitive elements.

3' Untranslated Regions↗

PubMed1999

The University of Minnesota Biocatalysis/Biodegradation Database: specialized metabolism for functional genomics.

The University of Minnesota Biocatalysis/Biodegradation Database (UM-BBD, http://www.labmed.umn.edu/umbbd/i nde x.html) first became available on the web in 1995 to provide information on microbial biocatalytic reactions of, and biodegradation pathways for, organic chemical compounds, especially those produced by man. Its goal is to become a representative database of biodegradation, spanning the diversity of known microbial metabolic routes, organic functional groups, and environmental conditions under which biodegradation occurs. The database can be used to enhance understanding of basic biochemistry, biocatalysis leading to speciality chemical manufacture, and biodegradation of environmental pollutants. It is also a resource for functional genomics, since it contains information on enzymes and genes involved in specialized metabolism not found in intermediary metabolism databases, and thus can assist in assigning functions to genes homologous to such less common genes. With information on >400 reactions and compounds, it is poised to become a resource for prediction of microbial biodegradation pathways for compounds it does not contain, a process complementary to predicting the functions of new classes of microbial genes.

Bacteria↗

PubMed2000

UTRdb and UTRsite: specialized databases of sequences and functional elements of 5' and 3' untranslated regions of eukaryotic mRNAs.

The 5' and 3' untranslated regions of eukaryotic mRNAs may play a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression controlling mRNA localization, stability and translational efficiency. For this reason we developed UTRdb, a specialized database of 5' and 3' untranslated sequences of eukaryotic mRNAs cleaned from redundancy. UTRdb entries are enriched with specialized information not present in the primary databases including the presence of nucleotide sequence patterns already demonstrated by experimental analysis to have some functional role. All these patterns have been collected in the UTRsite database so that it is possible to search any input sequence for the presence of annotated functional motifs. Furthermore, UTRdb entries have been annotated for the presence of repetitive elements. All internet resources implemented for retrieval and functional analysis of 5' and 3' untranslated regions of eukaryotic mRNAs are accessible at http://bigarea.area.ba.cnr.it:8000/EmbIT/UTRH ome/

3' Untranslated Regions↗

PubMed2002

UTRdb and UTRsite: specialized databases of sequences and functional elements of 5' and 3' untranslated regions of eukaryotic mRNAs. Update 2002.

The 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions (5'- and 3'-UTRs) of eukaryotic mRNAs are known to play a crucial role in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression modulating nucleo-cytoplasmic mRNA transport, translation efficiency, subcellular localization and stability. UTRdb is a specialized database of 5' and 3' untranslated sequences of eukaryotic mRNAs cleaned from redundancy. UTRdb entries are enriched with specialized information not present in the primary databases including the presence of nucleotide sequence patterns already demonstrated by experimental analysis to have some functional role. All these patterns have been collected in the UTRsite database so that it is possible to search any input sequence for the presence of annotated functional motifs. Furthermore, UTRdb entries have been annotated for the presence of repetitive elements. All Internet resources we implemented for retrieval and functional analysis of 5'- and 3'-UTRs of eukaryotic mRNAs are accessible at http://bighost.area.ba.cnr.it/BIG/UTRHome/.

3' Untranslated Regions↗

PubMed2001

The classification, genetics and neuropathology of frontotemporal dementia. Introduction to the special topic papers: Part I.

Interest in the neuropsychology and neuropsychiatry of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) has escalated in the past decade, as evidenced by the accompanying 10 special topic papers from research groups in the UK, France, North America and Australia addressing a wide range of theoretical and clinical issues. The first part of this review deals with the confusing terminologies that have been used in the area and argues for the retention of the term FTD as the general clinical label, with further subcategorization into the three principal clinical syndromes seen at presentation: frontal variant FTD (often called dementia of frontal type), semantic dementia and progressive non-fluent aphasia. Each of these syndromes has a characteristic profile of presenting clinical features, but may be accompanied by any one of five types of non-Alzheimer pathological change. There have also been significant advances in the genetics of FTD with the identification of tau gene mutations on chromosome 17 in some familial cases. The remarkable story of the discovery of these, the tau gene mutations, is briefly described. Part II of this review (Hodges and Miller, 2001) sets the special issue papers within the context of advances in the neuropsychology of frontal variant FTD and semantic dementia.

Dementia↗

PubMed1986

Incidence of congenital rubella syndrome in Japan (1965-1985). A nationwide survey of the number of deaf children with history of maternal rubella attending special schools for the deaf in Japan.

Accurate congenital rubella syndrome surveillance in Japan is of great interest because of the hypothesis that the Japanese rubella virus was less virulent than the strains prevalent in Europe and the Americas 20 years ago. A nationwide survey of deaf children with a history of maternal rubella in special schools for the deaf in Japan yielded a total of 365 deaf school children with congenital rubella syndrome born between 1963 and 1982. The overall average prevalence was 0.31 case per 100,000 population, and the incidence was 0.1-6.1 cases per 100,000 annual live births in Japan. If one considers the decrease in the number of deaf children attending special schools for the deaf because of the recent adoption of the policy of integrating deaf children into ordinary schools, the number of cases of congenital rubella syndrome might actually be much greater than that revealed by this survey and much greater than the 88 cases previously reported in Japan. Among the 365 cases who had deafness, 8.2% were found to have cataract (with and without congenital heart disease), and 11.0% were found to be complicated by congenital heart disease (but without cataract).

Cataract↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Variations in state-level definitions: children with special health care needs.

UNLABELLED: Multiple agencies at the federal and state level provide for children with special health care needs (CSHCN), with variation in eligibility criteria. Epidemiological studies show that 3.8%-32% of children could be classified as children with special health care needs, depending on the definition and method of determination used. OBJECTIVES: To determine the extent of variation between definitions used and funding by Supplemental Security Income (SSI), Title V, and Medicaid for CSHCN. METHODS: Statistics on children receiving SSI and the amount of funding were obtained from the SSI website. This was compared to information on Title V children from the Maternal and Child Health Bureau (MCHB) website and eligibility definitions published by the Institute of Child Health Policy in Gainesville, Florida. Medicaid definitions were obtained through interviews with state Medicaid agencies and confirmed with state regulations. RESULTS: The population enrolled in SSI has varied with alterations in eligibility criteria. The number of children enrolled in SSI and the amount of funding per child in each state correlate with the state poverty rate (r=0.56, p<0.0001; r=0.44, p<0.001). Enrollment in Title V does not correlate with state poverty rates (r=0.16, p=0.25). Title V definitions vary widely among states, but there was no correlation between the number of children served or amount of funding per child and the type of definition used (Z=-0.12, p=0.91; Z=-0.59, p=0.55). State Medicaid agencies rarely define CSHCN. CONCLUSIONS: There is significant variation in definitions used by agencies serving CSHCN. Agencies need to be more explicit with eligibility criteria so the definitions are logical to those making referrals for services.

Activities of Daily Living↗