Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Recognition memory”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,729 records · Page 96Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Improvements in neurocognitive function and mood following adjunctive treatment with mifepristone (RU-486) in bipolar disorder.

High cortisol levels are found in severe mood disorders, particularly bipolar disorder. Hypercortisolaemia may cause or exacerbate both neurocognitive impairment and depressive symptoms. We hypothesized that antiglucocorticoid treatments, particularly corticosteroid receptor antagonists, would improve neurocognitive functioning and attenuate depressive symptoms in this disorder. To test this hypothesis, 20 bipolar patients were treated with 600 mg/day of the corticosteroid receptor antagonist mifepristone (RU-486) or placebo for 1 week in a double-blind crossover design. Over the total 6 weeks of the study, neurocognitive and neuroendocrine function were evaluated at baseline, days 21 and 42. Mood symptoms were evaluated weekly. Nineteen subjects completed the protocol; there were no drop-outs due to adverse events. Following treatment with mifepristone, selective improvement in neurocognitive functioning was observed. Spatial working memory performance was significantly improved compared to placebo (19.8% improvement over placebo). Measures of verbal fluency and spatial recognition memory were also improved after mifepristone. Beneficial effects on mood were found; Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores were significantly reduced compared to baseline (mean reduction of 5.1 points) as were Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale scores (mean reduction of 6.05 points). No significant change occurred after placebo. These data require replication but provide preliminary evidence that glucocorticoid receptor antagonists may have useful cognitive-enhancing and possibly antidepressant properties in bipolar disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Configural processing in face recognition in schizophrenia.

INTRODUCTION: There is currently substantial literature to suggest that patients with schizophrenia are impaired on many face-processing tasks. This study investigated the specific effects of configural changes on face recognition in groups of schizophrenia patients. METHODS: In Experiment 1, participants identified facial expressions in upright faces and in faces inverted from their upright orientation. Experiments 2 and 3 examined recognition memory for faces and other non-face objects presented in upright and inverted orientations. Experiment 4 explored recognition of facial identity in composite images where the top half of one face was fused to the bottom half of another face to form a new face configuration. RESULTS: In each experiment, the configural change had the same effect on face recognition for the schizophenia patients as it did for control participants. Recognising inverted faces was more difficult than recognising upright faces, with a disproportionate effect of inversion on faces relative to other objects. Recognition of facial identity in face-halves was interfered with by the formation of a new face configuration. CONCLUSION: Collectively, these results suggest that people with schizophrenia rely on configural information to recognise photographs of faces.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Item and source memory: differential age effects revealed by event-related potentials.

The neural substrates of age-related memory differences were evaluated by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) from young and older adults during a recognition memory paradigm. Subjects studied two temporally distinct lists of sentences (each with two nouns) and were tested for their memory of the nouns and of the list (i.e. temporal source) in which they had occurred. Compared with the young, the old showed a greater source than item memory performance decrement. Both age groups showed equivalent posterior-maximal old/new ERP effects. However, only the young produced a frontal-maximal, late onset old/new effect that differed as a function of subsequent source attribution. Age-related explicit memory differences may be due to a deficit in a prefrontal cortical system that underlies source memory.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

APOE-dependent PET patterns of brain activation in Alzheimer disease.

Using H2(15)O PET, the authors imaged 13 patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) while performing a serial nonverbal recognition memory task. Patterns of brain activation differed as a function of APOE genotype: epsilon4 carriers exhibited lower activation in the left lingual gyrus and higher activation in left cuneus, precuneus, parahippocampal, and right precentral gyrus. The APOE genotype seems to play a role in cerebral physiologic activity even after onset of clinical manifestations of AD.

Age of Onset↗
PubMed1991

Cognitive advantage in sport: the nature of perceptual structures.

To extend and clarify the nature of the perceptual processes used by sport experts to perceive schematic sport information, two experiments used schematic football diagrams that varied in structure (structured vs. unstructured) and complexity (complex vs. easy). The primary objective was to examine and characterize the nature of the perceptual structures (chunks) that are initially encoded, stored, and subsequently retrieved. In Experiment 1, compared with nonexperts, experts recalled larger perceptual structures following the initial stimulus presentation of structured stimuli only, replicating the recall findings of previous research in other skill domains. Experiment 2 used a long-term memory recognition task and a sorting task. Experts had superior recall and recognition of structured stimuli only, along with more discriminating sorting criteria of perceptual structures within long-term memory. This suggests that experts possess a highly refined semantic network or organized, structured schematic information. This research extends and clarifies the similarities between the perceptual processes of experts in sport (i.e., football) and experts in skill domains that require obvious cognitive involvement (i.e., chess). The results are discussed with reference to the perceptual and conceptual chunking hypotheses. It is proposed that sport experts' knowledge of a conceptual category enables them to retrieve elements using a "generate-and-test process."

Attention↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Modality specificity of auditory and visual pattern recognition: implications for the assessment of central auditory processing disorders.

We determined the degree of overlap in required processing resources between simultaneously performed non-verbal auditory and visual pattern-recognition tasks. In experiment 1, concurrent presentation of binary auditory frequency pattern sequences interfered with recognition memory of both binary auditory sound pressure level and binary color sequences, but the amount of interference was greater with auditory-level patterns. In experiment 2, mutual interference was demonstrated between auditory level and visual color pattern sequences. We conclude that dual-task performance using auditory and visual pattern-recognition tasks is limited by modality-specific perceptual factors and by modality-independent cognitive factors not specific to a single sensory modality. It is concluded that poor performance on a single pattern-recognition task cannot be associated in a one-to-one fashion with a single perceptual ability or process.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Visual memory processes in high-functioning individuals with autism.

High-functioning autistic individuals were compared with age-matched normal control subjects on a visual recognition memory task. In order to evaluate the effects of "meaning" and "delay" on the visual memory of autistic individuals, meaningful (pictures) and meaningless (nonsense shapes) stimuli were presented visually in no delay and 1-minute delay intervals to both groups. It was concluded that autistic subjects perform particularly poorly on meaningless material, but they are able to utilize meaning to aid their visual memory. Contrary to expectations, 1-minute delay intervals did not differentially affect the visual memory performance of autistic individuals compared to control subjects. The results do not support the idea of a simple parallel between autism and mediotemporal lobe amnesias. The visual memory performance of the autistic subjects was discussed in the light of the possibility of a subtle involvement of the mediotemporal brain structures and inflexible cognitive strategies poorly suited to encode novel information.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Context utilization in young and old adults.

Two experiments examined adult age differences in the spontaneous use of context to study and retrieve information. Young and old adults were presented with a series of homographs (targets) that were paired with two context words which biased a specific meaning of the target. Recognition memory for targets was then tested by presenting them in the same context or removing or varying the context. In general, recognition decreased in both groups as the retrieval context became more dissimilar to the study context, suggesting that both young and old adults utilize context and that congruent study and retrieval information facilitates retrieval. However, it appeared that older primarily encoded general semantic information relating to the association between target and context, whereas younger adults encoded distinctive information about individual targets. Such encoding differences could account for observed age differences in false recognitions for lures in old contexts and correct recognitions for targets in new contexts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Feature sampling in categorization and recognition of objects.

This article presents an overview of some recent work on the time course of perceptual categorization and recognition memory. First, The EGCM-RT, which is a feature-sampling model of the time course of categorization, is described. It is shown that the model explains a wide range of categorization data. Second, an overview is given of a feature-sampling model of the time course of recognition that is derived from the EGCM-RT. This model explains results that have been interpreted in the past as evidence for dual-process models of recognition, and it provides a single-process alternative to dual-process accounts.

Humans↗
PubMed1996

Relations among memory performance, mental workload and cardiovascular responses.

The levels of processing paradigm has been a powerful research framework in the study of memory for close to a quarter century. However, an objective index of depth of processing is still lacking. Two experiments using lists of words, presented to male subjects, wee performed to compare the effects of depth of processing, rate of presentation, and task incentive on recognition memory performance, self-reported workload, and cardiovascular responding. Memory performance results from the two experiments demonstrated higher recognition levels associated with deeper processing and slower presentation rates. Deeply encoded items were associated with faster recognition latencies. Self-reported workload levels were higher for deeper processing and faster presentation rates. Cardiovascular responses were generally amplified with the addition of a task incentive. Increased blood pressure was associated with faster presentation rates. Increased heart rate and decreased T-wave amplitude (i.e., increased sympathetic activity) were uniquely associated with the deep encoding of information presented at the fastest rate. This particular encoding condition was associated with increased recognition levels. Deeply encoded items were associated with increased suppression of heart rate variability during recognition. This combination of behavioral and cardiovascular measures may provide the basis for an objective index of depth of processing.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Verbal learning and memory in children with fetal alcohol syndrome.

Children with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) were administered the California Verbal Learning Test-Children's Version, a word list learning task that assesses immediate and delayed recall and recognition memory. When compared with matched control children, the children with FAS had difficulty learning and recalling the words after a delay period and tended to make an increased number of intrusion and perseverative errors. In addition, they had difficulty discriminating target words from distracter words and made more false-positive errors on recognition testing. Some of these deficits persisted even when mental age was controlled. The results suggest that children with FAS have profound verbal learning and memory deficits, and that some of these deficits cannot be accounted for even when mental age is considered. Furthermore, the results are consistent with deficits in encoding verbal information and impairment in response inhibition capabilities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Neural correlates of actual and predicted memory formation.

We aimed to discover the neural correlates of subjective judgments of learning-whereby participants judge whether current experiences will be subsequently remembered or forgotten-and to compare these correlates to the neural correlates of actual memory formation. During event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging, participants viewed 350 scenes and predicted whether they would remember each scene in a later recognition-memory test. Activations in the medial temporal lobe were associated with actual encoding success (greater activation for objectively remembered than forgotten scenes), but not with predicted encoding success (activations did not differ for scenes predicted to be remembered versus forgotten). Conversely, activations in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex were associated with predicted but not actual encoding success, and correlated with individual differences in the accuracy of judgments of learning. Activations in the lateral and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex were associated with both actual and predicted encoding success. These findings indicate specific dissociations and associations between the neural systems that mediate actual and predicted memory formation.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Differential cognitive effects of Ginkgo biloba after acute and chronic treatment in healthy young volunteers.

RATIONALE: Acute doses of Ginkgo biloba have been shown to improve attention and memory in young, healthy participants, but there has been a lack of investigation into possible effects on executive function. In addition, only one study has investigated the effects of chronic treatment in young volunteers. OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to compare the effects of ginkgo after acute and chronic treatment on tests of attention, memory and executive function in healthy university students. METHODS: Using a placebo-controlled double-blind design, in experiment 1, 52 students were randomly allocated to receive a single dose of ginkgo (120 mg, n=26) or placebo (n=26), and were tested 4 h later. In experiment 2, 40 students were randomly allocated to receive ginkgo (120 mg/day; n=20) or placebo (n=20) for a 6-week period and were tested at baseline and after 6 weeks of treatment. In both experiments, participants underwent tests of sustained attention, episodic and working memory, mental flexibility and planning, and completed mood rating scales. RESULTS: The acute dose of ginkgo significantly improved performance on the sustained-attention task and pattern-recognition memory task; however, there were no effects on working memory, planning, mental flexibility or mood. After 6 weeks of treatment, there were no significant effects of ginkgo on mood or any of the cognitive tests. CONCLUSIONS: In line with the literature, after acute administration ginkgo improved performance in tests of attention and memory. However, there were no effects after 6 weeks, suggesting that tolerance develops to the effects in young, healthy participants.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Characteristic neurocognitive profile associated with adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

BACKGROUND: It is now accepted that attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often persists into adulthood. However, relative to the considerable literature concerning the profile of neurocognitive deficits associated with this disorder in childhood, equivalent investigations in adult populations have been less common. The current study examined cognitive function in adults diagnosed with ADHD employing well-validated neuropsychological tasks. METHOD: Nineteen adult patients who satisfied DSM-IV criteria for ADHD and 19 matched (gender, age and verbal IQ), non-clinical control subjects were recruited. Patients were either unmedicated or had abstained from a psychostimulant medication regime for at least 24 h prior to neurocognitive assessment. A functionally wide-ranging test battery was administered. RESULTS: Relative to controls, ADHD adults performed significantly worse on spatial working memory, planning, and attentional-set shifting tests and were significantly slower to respond to target stimuli on the go/no-go task. In contrast, the two subject groups performed equivalently on decision-making and pattern/spatial recognition memory assessments. CONCLUSIONS: The demonstration of neuropsychological dysfunction in the adult ADHD cohort provides some support for the validity of this diagnosis in adulthood. In particular, there is broad consistency between the cognitive profile revealed in the current investigation and that previously demonstrated in a study of medication-naïve ADHD children. There is evidence that frontostriatal function is especially disrupted.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Human medial temporal lobe potentials evoked in memory and language tasks.

Lesion evidence indicates that the human medial temporal lobe (MTL) makes an important contribution to Recent Memory formation and retrieval very soon after a stimulus item is encountered. For verbal materials, this contribution is lateralized to the language dominant hemisphere. Evoked potentials recorded from the MTL during verbal recognition memory display two late endogenous components. Both show differences between repeated target words and non-repeated distractor words. The first component is usually negative and has an average latency of 460 msec. It is also observed in lexical decision and picture naming tasks. This component is similar in latency, morphology, and task correlates to the scalp-recorded N4 potential. This 'MTL-N4' is smaller in amplitude to words recognized as repeats and is largest in amplitude in the left MTL. The second component is usually positive and has an average latency of 620 msec. It is similar in morphology and MTL topography to the P3-like component evoked at 360 msec to rare tones in auditory discrimination tasks. This 'MTL-P3' is larger in amplitude to words recognized as repeats. Both components are of very large amplitude and invert polarity over short distances within the MTL. Hence, they appear to be locally generated in the MTL. The extent to which volume conduction of these MTL potentials contribute to scalp-recorded EPs is unclear. The MTL-N4 might be involved with memory formation and retrieval processes, and the MTL-P3 might index completion of the detection-recognition cycle.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Electrophysiological correlates of memory encoding are task-dependent.

Event-related potentials (ERPs) were used to investigate whether the neural correlates of successful episodic encoding differ according to the nature of the study task. At study, 16 subjects were cued to make either animacy or alphabetic decisions about visually presented words. A recognition memory test with confidence judgements followed after a delay of 30 min. For the animacy task, words that were subsequently confidently recognised were associated with a positive-going ERP modulation. By contrast, for the alphabetic task, confident recognition was associated with a negative-going ERP modulation. Both types of subsequent memory effects started shortly after word onset. These findings suggest that the neural correlates of memory encoding differ qualitatively, rather than quantitatively, according to the nature of the study task. Episodic encoding thus seems to be supported by multiple, task-specific, neural systems. The early onset of these memory effects suggests that episodic encoding can be facilitated by processes that start before the onset of the to-be-encoded item.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Retrograde and anterograde object recognition in rats with hippocampal lesions.

Retrograde and anterograde object-recognition memory was assessed in rats with cytotoxic lesions of the hippocampal formation (HPC), using a paradigm based on the natural tendency of rats to spend more time exploring novel objects than familiar objects. The rats were allowed to explore a sample object for 5 min/day on 5 consecutive days, either 5 weeks or 1 week before surgery. After surgery, retrograde recognition was assessed by comparing the amount of time spent exploring the sample versus a novel object in a free-choice situation. Control rats spent more time exploring the novel object than the sample objects from both presurgery time periods, whereas rats with HPC lesions did not discriminate between the novel objects and sample objects from either presurgery time period. Despite their deficits on the retrograde recognition test, the rats with HPC lesions performed like control rats on anterograde recognition tests, displaying a strong exploratory preference for novel objects over sample objects, with retention delays of either 15 min or 24 h. The findings suggest that extrahippocampal circuitry is capable of supporting object recognition, but only if the HPC does not participate in encoding the original encounter with the object.

Amnesia, Anterograde↗
PubMed2005

Transient N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blockade in early development causes lasting cognitive deficits relevant to schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: Aberrant N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated glutamatergic transmission has been implicated in schizophrenia. We studied whether transient inhibition of NMDA receptor activity during early postnatal development would produce a behavioral phenotype resembling that of individuals who are susceptible to develop schizophrenia. METHODS: Rat pups were given injections of the NMDA channel blocker MK801 on postnatal days 7 through 10. This period is akin to the prenatal second trimester of primate development. Cognitive function was tested in adulthood. RESULTS: Treatment with MK801 impaired cognitive flexibility and working memory. The impairment in cognitive flexibility was due to increased perseverative behavior. Treatment did not affect locomotor activity or recognition memory. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that a brief disruption of NMDA receptors during a sensitive period of cortical development is sufficient to produce selective cognitive deficits that are relevant to schizophrenia.

Age Factors↗