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PubMedDate not supplied

Promoting reduced smoking rates in the context of workplace smoking bans.

A randomized study was conducted in 41 workplaces to determine the potential of self-help and group-based programs to encourage reduced smoking in workplaces that have implemented smoking bans. The trial had limited success in recruiting smokers, attrition was an important limitation, and the study outcomes were modest. The authors conclude that more research is needed on effective strategies that help smokers minimize smoking at work.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Implementing a dietary intervention in primary care practice: a process evaluation.

OBJECTIVES: Physicians acknowledge the need to advise their patients about dietary habits, but they may not have the training or tools to do this efficiently. In the context of a randomized trial, we investigated the feasibility of enlisting physicians to implement a dietary intervention in the primary care setting. METHODS: Physicians from 14 primary care practices were assigned via randomization to introduce a self-help booklet to promote dietary change at routine appointments. Delivery of the booklet was recorded by these intervention physicians at the clinic appointment; intervention participants were asked 3 months later in a telephone interview about whether they received and used the booklet. RESULTS: According to physician documentation, 95% of intervention participants who kept an appointment (n = 935) received the booklet; among participants completing a 3-month interview (n = 890), 96% reported the same. However, only about 50% of participants reported receiving the booklet from their physician; the remainder received the booklet from other clinic staff. Overall, 93% reported reading at least part of the booklet. Use of the booklet varied little whether it was delivered by a physician or staff person, but it was more likely to be read as time spent discussing the booklet increased. CONCLUSIONS: Physician cooperation and evidence of intervention effectiveness support the use of primary care for the delivery of interventions to change diet; training the entire health team and repeating dietary advice at subsequent visits may improve the success of such interventions.

Diet Surveys↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Advertising content in physical activity print materials.

Copies of 80 sets of print materials available free of charge to the general public were analyzed to determine the relationship between the developer and advertising-related material. Almost all of the materials had some form of advertising content. Materials from commercial product vendors were most likely to have product logos, references to specific brands, and had the greatest number of logos, and the greatest number of references to specific brands. They were the second most likely to have advertising slogans, and had the second greatest number of advertising slogans.

Advertising↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of a self-determination theory-based mail-mediated intervention on adults' exercise behavior.

PURPOSE: To examine the effect of a mail-mediated intervention, based on self-determination theory, on adults'exercise behavior. METHODS: The study was a randomized control trial conducted over a 2-month period. Of the initial 185 volunteer participants, 126 (68.1%) completed questionnaires at baseline, 1 month, and 2 months. Participants in intervention-only and intervention-plus-booster groups received a mail-delivered packet containing strategies designed to promote perceptions of autonomy, competence, and relatedness regarding exercise. Those in a control group received an American Heart Association physical-activity facts packet. After 1 month, those in the intervention-plus-booster group received a booster postcard, reiterating the main points of the initial intervention packet. Exercise behavior was the primary outcome variable. Perceptions of autonomy, competence, and relatedness were evaluated as mediating variables. RESULTS: Separate 3 (group) x 3 (time) repeated measures analyses of variance conducted for men and women revealed that for women, all three groups significantly increased exercise levels over the 2-month period. No significant interactions were found regarding the influence of the intervention on the mediating variables. A process evaluation indicated a lack of compliance regarding completing intervention-packet worksheets. DISCUSSION: Findings suggested that more intensive interventions and greater fidelity of treatment may be needed to evidence change in exercise behavior.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Efficiency of printed materials in worksite health promotion.

BACKGROUND: Printed health promotion materials are widely believed to be an efficient means of achieving basic health promotion objectives, such as increasing knowledge of risk factors. This study examined the efficiency of cardiovascular health promotion leaflets in reaching employees in a heterogeneous sample of worksites. METHODS: Two types of distribution were used: copies of the leaflets were either made available centrally or distributed to each individual employee. Interviews were conducted with 272 employees in six worksites. Respondents were asked whether they recognized, had read, and had learned something from the leaflets. RESULTS: Only one-quarter of respondents recognized the leaflets and only 14% stated that they had learned something. The efficiency of the leaflets was therefore much lower than expected. Z-tests for proportions showed that recognition, reading, and learning were significantly greater among those employees who had been given individual copies of the material. Among those who had been given individual copies, 45% reported recognizing the leaflet, 36% reading it, and 23% learning something from it. Among those who had only central access, the respective scores were 11%, 7% and 6%. DISCUSSION: These results suggest that the potential cost-effectiveness of printed materials such as leaflets and brochures should be weighed against alternative forms of intervention, given specific program objectives and characteristics of the target population. They also suggest that the cost and effort required in organizing the distribution of individual copies may be recouped in greater penetration.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A large-scale, short-term, media-based weight loss program.

BACKGROUND: This article describes the evaluation of a media-based weight loss and nutrition program. METHODS: Fifteen broadcasts were aired on a Chicago television news program over a three-week period in November of 1986. Some participants (n = 37) received the television program and an accompanying manual, and some (n = 37) received, in addition to the television and media interventions, encouragement to attend self-help groups dealing with obesity. RESULTS: Repeated measures analysis of variance tests were performed, and planned comparisons were conducted only if main effects were significant. At posttesting, those participants attending the self-help groups lost an average of more than nine pounds, whereas those provided only the television program and manual had decreased by less than a pound. Those attending the groups had significantly decreased their percent of dietary fat intake, significantly increased aerobic exercise, and had significantly more hopefulness, motivation, and stimulus control. DISCUSSION: The findings suggest that short-term mass media programs by themselves were probably not very effective, but when supplemented by a self-help manual and support groups may be able to produce significant short-term weight loss.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Discrepancy between older clients' ability to read and comprehend and the reading level of written educational materials used by occupational therapists.

OBJECTIVE: The match between the reading level of occupational therapy education materials and older clients' reading ability and comprehension was determined. The sociodemographic and literacy characteristics that influenced clients' reading ability and comprehension were investigated. METHOD: The reading level of 110 written education materials (handouts, brochures, and information leaflets), distributed to older clients (65 years of age and older) by occupational therapists working in Queensland hospitals, was analyzed using the Flesch formula. The reading ability of 214 older persons (mean age 77 years, 63% female) was assessed using the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine. Participants' comprehension of information of increasing reading difficulty was measured using the Cloze procedure. RESULTS: The written materials required a mean reading level between the ninth and tenth grades. Participants' mean reading ability was seventh to eighth grade. Therefore some materials may have been too difficult for participants to read and understand. Participants with a managerial or professional or clerical background (p= 0.001) and those who perceived they read well (p= 0.001) had a significantly higher reading ability. Older age was significantly related to poorer comprehension (p = 0.018), with participants 75 years of age and over having a mean comprehension score of 25.6 compared to 30.3 for those 65 to 74 years of age. CONCLUSION: Occupational therapists must analyze the reading level of the written education materials they develop for and use with clients by applying readability formulas. There should be a match between the reading level of written materials and clients' reading ability. Clients' reading ability may be assessed informally by discussing years of education and literacy habits or formally using reading assessments. Content and design characteristics should be considered when developing written education materials for clients.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Improving nursing care through mentored research: a paper within a paper.

In 1995 Western Sydney Area Health Service (WSAHS) and University of Western Sydney Nepean (UWSN) entered a strategic alliance to develop a nursing research culture in Western Sydney. As a result, the WSAHS/UWSN Professorial Nursing Unit (PNU) was established in 1996: Its mandate was to develop a variety of strategies to promote a nursing research culture in the area. One of these strategies was to encourage mentored research projects between personnel in the PNU and inexperienced clinical nurses. This paper describes one such project. In addition, it contextualizes the study in relevant literature relating to mentored research and outlines both the issues and the benefits associated with such projects.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1995

Providing eye care education in the clinical setting.

A strategy integrating patient managed learning and nurse directed teaching was developed with the aim of improving eye care education in the clinical setting. The effectiveness of the strategy was assessed in a quasi-experimental study involving 34 older adult patients undergoing cataract surgery. On a measure of eye care knowledge, patients taught using the strategy outperformed patients taught by conventional face-to-face methods. The strategy was found to require substantially less direct teaching time. These results are seen as justifying further clinical application and assessment of the strategy.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Use of antibiotic agents in a large teaching hospital. The impact of Antibiotic Guidelines.

Three surveys of antibiotic use have been conducted at The Royal Melbourne Hospital. The first was conducted in 1978, before the introduction of the booklet, Antibiotic Guidelines; the second was conducted eight months after, and the most recent, four years after, its distribution. In 1978, 30% of 563 patients surveyed were receiving antibiotic therapy; this proportion declined to 28% of 967 patients studied in 1982. At the beginning of 1978, 52% of all treatments audited were judged appropriate when compared with those recommended in the Guidelines; this proportion rose to 72% in the second survey and was maintained at 70% in 1982. Certain inappropriate prescribing patterns persisted, such as the use of amoxycillin for the treatment of primary pneumonia, surgical antibiotic prophylaxis which was started too late, and the failure to simplify therapy when the results of microbiological investigations became available. Antibiotic guidelines facilitate the auditing of antibiotic usage and aid rational prescribing. Nevertheless, additional measures appear necessary if specific patterns of misuse of antibiotic agents are to be corrected.

Amoxicillin↗
PubMed1986

Effects of intervention on medication compliance in children with asthma.

We have assessed the effects of intervention on medication compliance in asthmatic children. The intervention comprised both written information about the medications and behavioural strategies effected by the physician. Children were assigned at random to either control (received no intervention) or test (received the intervention) groups. Compliance was assessed by questionnaire. The mean compliance for the test (78.0%; n = 93) and for the control (54.5%; n = 103) groups differed significantly (P less than 0.001; Mann-Whitney U-test). The test group had a better knowledge of asthma and of the medications, and was more satisfied with the physician and with the regimen than was the control group. These variables were also related to good compliance. This study demonstrates that a programme of intervention can significantly improve medication compliance and can be accompanied by increases in the knowledge of, and satisfaction with, treatment.

Asthma↗
PubMed1989

Reducing blood cholesterol levels in patients with peripheral vascular disease: dietitian or diet fact sheet?

A randomized trial was performed to test the hypothesis that, among patients with peripheral vascular disease, no difference is achieved in the magnitude of the reduction in blood cholesterol levels as a result of advice which is provided by a dietitian and that which is provided by a diet fact sheet. Fifty-nine patients were allocated at random either to a "dietitian" group (n = 31) or to a "diet fact sheet" group (n = 28). Dietary advice which was provided by a dietitian involved two personal interviews; the diet fact sheet was prepared by the NSW Department of Health. Twenty-two and 23 members of each group, respectively, returned for follow-up at three months. The mean cholesterol level fell by 8.5% among the "dietitian" group but only by 1.9% among the "diet fact sheet" group. The difference of 0.47 mmol/L in the total cholesterol level reduction between the two groups was statistically significant (P = 0.02; 95% confidence interval, -0.88 to -0.07 mmol/L). It appears that individual advice which is provided by a dietitian is more successful in leading to a reduction in blood cholesterol levels than is the administration of a diet fact sheet, even though this particular diet fact sheet appears to be excellent and is used widely. In view of the large numbers of patients and of persons in the population as a whole who would benefit from a reduction in blood cholesterol levels, and the expense of individual advice to be provided by a dietitian, explorations of cost-effective methods of providing dietary advice are needed.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

AIDS in Thailand.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

"Bread: it's a great way to go". Increasing bread consumption decreases laxative sales in an elderly community.

OBJECTIVE: To test the effects on laxative sales of two methods of promoting increased consumption of wholemeal/wholegrain bread by the elderly. DESIGN: Community intervention trials were carried out in two test communities and one control community on the mid-north coast of New South Wales. PARTICIPANTS: Small retirement communities with a high proportion of the population aged over 55 years. INTERVENTIONS: A community organisation strategy (COS) involving the media, community activities and social marketing principles using the theme "Bread: It's a Great Way to Go" was compared with a patient education strategy (PES) through local doctors and a control community (CON). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Wholemeal/wholegrain bread sales and laxative sales. RESULTS: There was a 49% decrease in laxative sales corresponding to a 58% increase in sales of wholemeal/wholegrain bread in the COS community but no significant changes in either the PES or CON communities. CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests a positive, cost effective approach for increasing fibre intake and improving gastrointestinal problems in the elderly.

Aged↗