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PubMed1989

Coexistence of free antigens, free antibodies and immune complexes in sera from patients with suspected deep-seated candidosis.

Two commercially available latex agglutination tests: Cand-TEC(TM) from RAMCO Laboratories, Inc., Houston, Texas, USA, for the detection of a heat labile Candida antigen, and LA-Candida Antigen Detection System from Immuno-Mycologics (IMMY), Inc., Norman, Oklahoma, USA, for the detection of Candida mannan antigen, and Own LAT, a self-prepared latex agglutination test for the detection of Candida mannan antigen were tested on 467 sera of patients at risk for deep-seated Candidosis. Separate, parallel investigations were made to demonstrate anti-Candida antibodies (3 methods), circulating immune complexes (not antigen-specific, 2 methods), and rheumatoid factor (2 methods). Specificity and sensitivity of the mannan antigen detection systems were studied. Conditions of specific and non-specific mannan binding to antisera were studied in a defined mannan-antiserum system. The potential and the limitations of the Candida mannan antigen and protein antigen detection systems using latex particle agglutination are evaluated.

Antibodies, Fungal↗
PubMed1979

A model enzymic extracorporeal detoxification system.

Preliminary studies at the University of Oklahoma have incorporated the use of a continuous, seal-less blood centrifuge as an extracorporeal detoxification unit to aid in the removal of foreign chemicals from the blood. Detoxification is performed by immobilized enzymes in conjunction with a cofactor (NADPH) bound to a water-soluble macromolecule. A drug enters the device with the plasma and then passes across a semipermeable membrane which serves to retain the cofactor. At this point, a combination of the drug, the cofactor and the enzyme react to form the drug-oxide. The oxide then passes back through the membrane into the blood and back into the body. Concurrently, the macro-NADP+ is reduced by G-6-P and G-6-PD in the cofactor regeneration portion of the device. To facilitate detoxification, the centrifuge is employed to provide plasma rich in toxins, but void of potentially interfering blood components such as platelets and whole blood cells. These components tend to dilute the toxins or adhere to the interfacing membrane, decreasing the permeability of these toxins into the detoxification unit. It is felt that the centrifuge-detoxification combination will provide a potentially efficient hepatic assist device.

Aniline Compounds↗
PubMed1979

Benefit--cost methodology in the evaluation of therapeutic services for alcoholism.

Benefit--cost analysis as a form of "social profitability analysis" can be a powerful tool in the overall evaluation of alcoholism treatment efforts. Alcoholism treatment potentially leads to a multiplicity of benefits in addition to sobriety. Benefit--cost analysis provides a methodology for converting many of these diverse benefits into a common metric (dollars), thereby allowing the comparison of aggregate benefits and treatment costs. The analysis thus leads to the expression of treatment outcome in terms of the return on investment. A benefit--cost analysis conducted on 3034 clients from the Oklahoma data base indicated a return to society of $1.98 for every $1 invested in alcoholism treatment. Such data may represent a critical portion of the information required for responsible resource allocation decisions.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed2005

The incidence of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-hemolytic uremic syndrome: all patients, idiopathic patients, and patients with severe ADAMTS-13 deficiency.

BACKGROUND: Accurate estimates of the incidence of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) are important to assess the resources required for current treatments as well as to anticipate the need to develop new treatments. Previous estimates have been indirect and have not reported data on patients with ADAMTS-13 deficiency. OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of patients with TTP-hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in three categories: all patients with clinically suspected TTP-HUS, patients with idiopathic TTP-HUS, and patients with severe ADAMTS-13 deficiency. METHODS: Incidence rates were estimated from the Oklahoma TTP-HUS Registry, analyzing all 206 consecutive patients from January 1, 1996 to June 30, 2004 who were treated with plasma exchange for their initial episode of clinically suspected TTP-HUS. ADAMTS-13 activity was measured in 186 (90%) of the 206 patients. RESULTS: The age-sex-race standardized annual incidence rates were 11.29 x 10(6) (95% CI: 9.70-12.88) for all patients with clinically suspected TTP-HUS; 4.46 x 10(6) (95% CI: 3.43-5.50) for patients with idiopathic TTP-HUS; and 1.74 x 10(6) (95% CI: 1.06-2.41) for patients with severe ADAMTS-13 deficiency (<5% activity). In all three categories, the incidence rates were greater for women and for blacks. For patients with severe ADAMTS-13 deficiency, the age-sex standardized incidence rate ratio of blacks to non-blacks was 9.29 (95% CI: 4.33-19.93). CONCLUSIONS: Accurate incidence rate estimates for all patients with clinically suspected TTP-HUS, idiopathic TTP-HUS, and TTP associated with severe ADAMTS-13 deficiency have been determined. The greater incidence among women and blacks is comparable with their increased risk for other autoimmune disorders.

ADAM Proteins↗
PubMed2006

Risks of mortality and morbidity from worldwide terrorism: 1968-2004.

Worldwide data on terrorist incidents between 1968 and 2004 gathered by the RAND Corporation and the Oklahoma City National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism (MIPT) were assessed for patterns and trends in morbidity/mortality. Adjusted data analyzed involve a total of 19,828 events, 7,401 "adverse" events (each causing >or= 1 victim), and 86,568 "casualties" (injuries), of which 25,408 were fatal. Most terror-related adverse events, casualties, and deaths involved bombs and guns. Weapon-specific patterns and terror-related risk levels in Israel (IS) have differed markedly from those of all other regions combined (OR). IS had a fatal fraction of casualties about half that of OR, but has experienced relatively constant lifetime terror-related casualty risks on the order of 0.5%--a level 2 to 3 orders of magnitude more than those experienced in OR that increased approximately 100-fold over the same period. Individual event fatality has increased steadily, the median increasing from 14% to 50%. Lorenz curves obtained indicate substantial dispersion among victim/event rates: about half of all victims were caused by the top 2.5% (or 10%) of harm-ranked events in OR (or IS). Extreme values of victim/event rates were approximated fairly well by generalized Pareto models (typically used to fit to data on forest fires, sea levels, earthquakes, etc.). These results were in turn used to forecast maximum OR- and IS-specific victims/event rates through 2080, illustrating empirically-based methods that could be applied to improve strategies to assess, prevent, and manage terror-related risks and consequences.

Databases, Factual↗
PubMed2006

Direct estimation of the cost effectiveness of tornado shelters.

This article estimates the cost effectiveness of tornado shelters using the annual probability of a tornado and new data on fatalities per building struck by a tornado. This approach differs from recent estimates of the cost effectiveness of tornado shelters in Reference 1 that use historical casualties. Historical casualties combine both tornado risk and resident action. If residents of tornado-prone states take greater precautions, observed fatalities might not be much higher than in states with lower risk. Estimation using the tornado probability avoids this potential bias. Despite the very different method used, the estimates are 68 million US dollars in permanent homes and 6.0 million US dollars in mobile homes in Oklahoma using a 3% real discount rate, within about 10% of estimates based on historical fatalities. The findings suggest that shelters provide cost-effective protection for mobile homes in the most tornado-prone states but not for permanent homes.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

Papillomatous melanocytic nevi: an estrogen related phenomenon.

A prospective two-month epidemiologic and histologic study of all melanocytic nevi biopsied (n = 434) at the University of Oklahoma Health Center was undertaken. Melanocytic nevi with papillomatous features (PAP) (n = 50) were found to occur predominantly in females (females = 44, males = 6; p < 0.01 adjusted for sex distribution of all melanocytic nevi). Immunohistochemical analysis of melanocytic nevi revealed concordance between PAP and intracytoplasmic nevocellular staining for estrogen-inducible pS2 protein. Melanocytic nevi without papillomatous features failed to stain for pS2 protein. These results suggest a hormone responsiveness exclusive of patient sex which may influence the pathogenesis of these distinctive melanocytic nevi.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Prevalence and trends in smoking: a national rural study.

CONTEXT: Cigarette smoking is the leading preventable cause of death in the United States. PURPOSE: To estimate the prevalence of and recent trends in smoking among adults by type of rural location and by state. METHODS: Random-digit telephone survey of adults aged 18 years or older who participated in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System in 1994-1996 (n = 342,055) and 2000-2001 (n = 385,384). The main outcome measure was current cigarette smoking, defined as persons who smoke every day or some days, while nonsmokers were those who smoke not at all or reported never having smoked as many as 100 cigarettes. FINDINGS: The prevalence of smoking changed little from the mid-1990s; in 2000-2001, it was 22.0% in urban areas, 24.9% in rural adjacent areas, 24.0% in large rural nonadjacent areas, and 24.9% in small rural nonadjacent areas. For rural locations combined, smoking prevalence was not below the 12% goal of Healthy People 2010 for any state, although the 12.5% prevalence in rural Utah approached this target. Prevalence was > or = 28% for rural residents of Kentucky, Ohio, and Indiana. Since the mid-1990s, the prevalence of smoking for rural respondents decreased by more than 2 percentage points in 6 states: California, Connecticut, Maryland, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Utah. However, it increased by 2 percentage points or more in 10 states: Alabama, Delaware, Georgia, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, New Hampshire, Oklahoma, South Carolina, and Texas. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking remains a refractory public health problem. Better ways to curb smoking in rural America are needed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

American canine hepatozoonosis. An emerging disease in the New World.

Hepatozoon canis was first described from dogs in 1905 in India and Rhipicephalus sanguineus was identified as the vector. Dogs on the Texas Gulf Coast were recognized in 1978 to have hepatozoonosis, and it was thought that H. canis had entered the New World. Later, it was realized that American canine hepatozoonosis (ACH) is more debilitating than its Old World counterpart, often resulting in death. When the malady and parasite were characterized, a new species, H. americanum, was described, in 1997. Phylogenetic analysis, based on 18S rRNA gene sequence and classical taxonomic features, revealed that the two dog parasites are closely related. Amblyomma maculatum, the Gulf Coast tick (GCT), has been demonstrated to be an excellent vector; nymphal ticks were readily infected and oocysts from newly molted adults were uniformly infectious for dogs. The merogonic cycle of H. americanum in dogs and the sporogonic development in the invertebrate host have been described. ACH is diagnosed primarily by histologic examination of skeletal muscle. Curative therapy is not available, but anti-protozoal and anti-inflammatory drugs may prolong life. Naturally infected coyotes have been found in Oklahoma and Texas, and experimental infections have been produced in this canid. Additional effort is needed to determine the vertebrate host range of H. americanum and to define the enzootic cycle of which dogs have become a part; likewise, more work is required to determine whether larval GCTs can acquire infection and transmit it as nymphs.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences of Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma platys, and Wolbachia species from canine blood in Japan.

In the present study, three canine blood samples from Japan, that were suspected to be ehrlichia positive were examined. After sequencing the 16S rRNA genes, each dog was found to be infected either with Ehrlichia canis (Kagoshima 1), Anaplasma platys (Okinawa 1), or Wolbachia sp. (Okinawa 2). Phylogenic analysis was performed on these sequences. The nearly entire 16S rRNA sequence of Kagoshima 1 was found to be most similar to the sequences from Oklahoma and Venezuela E. canis strains (1 base pair difference out of 1,387, 99.9% sequence identity). The 16S rRNA gene sequence of Okinawa 1 showed the closest DNA identity to the French strain of A. platys (1 base deletion out of 1,385 bp, 99.6% sequence identity). The 16S rRNA gene sequence of Okinawa 2 illustrated the closest DNA identity to that of a Wolbachia sp. from Dirofilaria immitis (98.9% sequence similarity). These data imply a low diversity within E. canis strains and within A. platys strains, including those strains reported in this study. This is also the first demonstration of Wolbachia DNA in dog blood, suggesting the involvement of Wolbachia sp. in canine febrile illnesses.

Anaplasma↗
PubMed1982

Effect of family structure on the dental caries experience of children.

It was the purpose of this study to investigate several variables in family structure which might influence the caries experience in 3-12-year-old children for Central Oklahoma. These variables, which included parental age at marriage and at birth of the child for both mother and father, birth rank, family size, and age span differences between the siblings, were investigated in an attempt to identify those children at greatest risk to dental caries formation. It was suggested that differences in the caries experience for children from various family structures might be the result of the families' socioeconomic status and its influence upon the child's dietary habits. Because dental caries is a multifactorial disease complex governed by so many factors, single correlations between variables in family structure and a child's caries prevalence are not necessarily sufficient by themselves to form a basis for selection of high risk children. It should not be overlooked that subtle differences in family structure, however, may have significant consequences for a particular individual.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Babesia gibsoni infection in a dog from indiana.

A 10-year-old spayed female mixed-breed dog was presented to the Purdue University Veterinary Teaching Hospital (PUVTH) with complaints of persistent anemia with occasional exacerbations, anorexia, and lethargy. The dog had been presented to the referring veterinarian 2 months prior with multiple bite wounds received during a fight with 3 Pit Bull Terriers. The dog was discharged after the wounds were cleaned and surgically closed. Upon admission to the PUVTH, blood was collected for a complete blood count and biochemical analysis. Microscopic examination of peripheral blood smears revealed intraerythrocytic protozoal parasites consistent with Babesia gibsoni. Molecular analysis confirmed that the organism was B. gibsoni and that its 18S ribosomal RNA sequence was identical to that of other B. gibsoni isolates from Oklahoma, North Carolina, and Okinawa, Japan. Hematologic changes included moderately severe, regenerative, macrocytic, normochromic anemia, with poikilocytosis, polychromasia, anisocytosis, and a marked increase in nucleated RBCs. Biochemical changes included increased serum alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase activities. The dog was treated with imidocarb, but despite initial clinical improvement, the dog died 2 weeks after the first dose. A necropsy was not performed. The infection in this dog is the first reported case of B. gibsoni infection in Indiana. Because of the widespread geographical distribution of the organism, veterinarians and veterinary clinical pathologists throughout the United States should carefully examine Romanowsky-stained blood smears from patients with acute hemolytic anemia for small intraerythrocytic babesial parasites.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

More than meets the eye: subretinal aspirate from an acutely blind dog.

A 14-year-old, spayed female Cocker Spaniel was presented to the Boren Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital at Oklahoma State University with acute loss of vision in the right eye and a history of intermittent bloody diarrhea of unknown duration. Small, white, plaque-like lesions in the retina and subretina were visualized by direct ophthalmic examination, and aspirated with ultrasound-guidance. A direct smear of the subretinal fluid was highly cellular and contained large numbers of pleomorphic organisms consistent with Prototheca sp. The structures were round, oval, or elongated, 4-6 microm width and 8-16 microm in length and surrounded by a thin, clear cell wall. Small, central, pink to purple nuclei were observed in some organisms, but in most, the nuclei were obscured by a deeply basophilic, granular cytoplasm. Some organisms contained endospores. Negatively-stained structures of similar size and shape were considered to be empty casings (theca) of ruptured sporulating and nonsporulating forms of the organism. Protothecosis usually is a disseminated, fatal disease in dogs. The Prototheca organisms observed in this case showed characteristic morphology, illustrating the ability to diagnose protothecosis in cytologic samples.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2006

Cytologic identification of immature endospores in a dog with rhinosporidiosis.

An 8-year-old, intact, male Labrador Retriever was presented to the Boren Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital at Oklahoma State University with a 2-month history of severe sneezing episodes that resulted in epistaxis and bilateral sanguineous discharge. Rhinoscopy revealed a small polypoid mass, and specimens were obtained for histopathology. Microscopic examination of formalin-fixed tissue specimens revealed organisms consistent with Rhinosporidium seeberi. The mass was surgically excised and impression smears were made for cytology examination. Smears revealed high numbers of endospores, typical of those previously described for R seeberi. In addition, numerous smaller structures, presumed to be immature endospores, were noted. The immature endospores were morphologically distinct from mature endospores and have not been described previously. Recognition of immature forms of Rhinosporidium may help prevent misidentification of the organism or misdiagnosis of a dual infection.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Epidemiology of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis in North America based on histologically confirmed cases. A report.

Following a workshop on equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) convened at the Veterinary Medical Forum of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine in 1988, this survey of EPM in North America was developed. It is based upon 364 histologically confirmed case records from California, Florida, Illinois, Kentucky, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ontario, Pennsylvania, and Texas up to 1988. The highest rate of infection was found in young Thoroughbred, Standardbred, and quarter horses. Differences in geographic location, sex, and month (season) of infection were not discernible. This report, the first comprehensive survey of EPM in North America, is intended to serve as a basis for evaluating future changes in prevalence and spread of EPM.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Survival of Pseudomonas pseudomallei strains at 5 degrees C.

The ability of 15 Pseudomonas pseudomallei strains of different origin to survive at 5 degrees C was tested, in comparison with the type strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas cepacia. Viable cells of each strain were suspended in tryptic soy broth (diluted 1:10) at a concentration of about 10(6) CFU/ml. The suspensions were kept at 5 degrees C, and the number of viable cells was determined by counting colonies every 10 days. Four strains of P. pseudomallei, including the type strain for the species, died within 90-100 days at 5 degrees C. Ten other P. pseudomallei strains together with the type strain of P. cepacia survived 160 days or more, although viable counts of these strains decreased to 10(1-2) CFU/ml. The Oklahoma strain of P. pseudomallei and the type strain of P. aeruginosa maintained 10(5) CFU/ml after 170-190 days. It was concluded that resistance of P. pseudomallei to low temperature differs from strain to strain. From the results of our experiments and those reported in the literature of nation-wide soil contamination by P. pseudomallei in France, prejudice regarding the organism as a tropical inhabitant must be corrected.

Burkholderia cepacia↗
PubMed2006

Microbial population dynamics associated with crude-oil biodegradation in diverse soils.

Soil bacterial population dynamics were examined in several crude-oil-contaminated soils to identify those organisms associated with alkane degradation and to assess patterns in microbial response across disparate soils. Seven soil types obtained from six geographically distinct areas of the United States (Arizona, Oregon, Indiana, Virginia, Oklahoma, and Montana) were used in controlled contamination experiments containing 2% (wt/wt) crude oil spiked with [1-(14)C]hexadecane. Microbial populations present during hydrocarbon degradation were analyzed using both 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and by traditional methods for cultivating hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacteria. After a 50-day incubation, all seven soils showed comparable hydrocarbon depletion, where >80% of added crude oil was depleted and approximately 40 to 70% of added [(14)C]hexadecane was converted to (14)CO(2). However, the initial rates of hydrocarbon depletion differed up to 10-fold, and preferential utilization of shorter-chain-length n-alkanes relative to longer-chain-length n-alkanes was observed in some soils. Distinct microbial populations developed, concomitant with crude-oil depletion. Phylogenetically diverse bacterial populations were selected across different soils, many of which were identical to hydrocarbon-degrading isolates obtained from the same systems (e.g., Nocardioides albus, Collimonas sp., and Rhodococcus coprophilus). In several cases, soil type was shown to be an important determinant, defining specific microorganisms responding to hydrocarbon contamination. However, similar Rhodococcus erythropolis-like populations were observed in four of the seven soils and were the most common hydrocarbon-degrading organisms identified via cultivation.

Alkanes↗
PubMed1985

Effect of cleaning, milling, and baking on deoxynivalenol in wheat.

Samples of wheat naturally infected by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe were obtained from mills in Oklahoma, Missouri, Kansas, and Minnesota and fields in Nebraska and Kansas in 1982; they were analyzed for deoxynivalenol (DON). The wheat was milled, and DON was found throughout all the milling fractions (bran, shorts, reduction flour, and break flour). The DON recoveries for each mill run ranged from 90 to 98%. These samples, regardless of DON concentration, also gave similar fractional distributions of DON. The greatest (21 ppm [21 micrograms/g]) concentration of DON was found in the bran, and the smallest (1 ppm) was found in the break flour. Cleaning and milling were not effective in removing DON; DON was not destroyed in the bread baked from the naturally contaminated whole wheat flour, but the effect on its concentration in the samples analyzed varied, the reduction ranging from 19 to 69%. The percent reduction found in the cleaned wheat ranged from 6 to 19%. DON concentrations in the following commercially made breads, caraway rye, seedless rye, and pumpernickel, were 45 ppb (ng/g), 39 ppb, and 0 ppb, respectively. The limits of detection by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-pressure liquid chromatography for DON were 0.5 and 10 ng, respectively.

Food Contamination↗