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PubMed2002

Consent for prenatal testing: a preliminary examination of the effects of named HIV reporting and mandatory partner notification.

The effect of named reporting and mandatory partner notification in New York State on the rate of consent for prenatal HIV testing was examined by retrospective chart review. In the six months prior to the introduction of mandatory partner notification and named reporting, 318/328 patients (96.95%) accepted HIV testing. In the six months after implementation, 303/305 patients (99.34%) accepted HIV testing. Although limited in power, no significant decline in the rate of consent for testing or the number of patients receiving testing was detected. [RR 1.02 (1.00 < RR < 1.05)].

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed2002

The Washington state "name-to-code" HIV reporting system: a public health perspective.

The advent of highly active anti-retroviral treatment for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the mid-1990s, along with other new developments in HIV understanding, epidemiology, and care, led local and state public health officials to recommend to the Washington State Board of Health in 1996 that asymptomatic HIV infection be added to the list of conditions reportable to public health by name. A controversy over reporting followed that lasted over two years. Although a "name-to-code" compromise had been suggested early on, it gained acceptance only after key stakeholders faced substantial public health, medical, and general community opposition to unique identifier reporting. This article describes the processes of adopting HIV reporting in Washington State, the nature of the reporting system, and how the issues were ultimately resolved.

Decision Making, Organizational↗
PubMedDate not supplied

HIV testing behaviors and attitudes after adoption of name-to-code HIV case surveillance in Washington State.

Controversy over HIV reporting in Washington State raised concerns that name-to-code reporting might reduce HIV testing. We assessed HIV testing and the influence of reporting among people at risk for HIV. An anonymous survey was conducted 9 months after HIV reporting began. Recruitment for men who have sex with men was at bars; high-risk heterosexuals at a sexually transmitted disease clinic; and injection drug users at needle exchange sites. Eighty-nine percent of 267 participants had been tested for HIV at least once but only half reported testing regularly. Injection drug users and men who have sex with men were more likely than HRH to report regular testing. Main reasons for delaying testing were thinking that HIV exposure was unlikely or not wanting to think about being HIV positive; concern about government reporting was cited by only 2%. Over half the respondents hadn't heard about the new name-to-code HIV reporting mechanism, although 69% thought there was some type of HIV reporting. Only 18% correctly identified the mechanism of HIV reporting. HIV prevention programs should focus on the most common reasons for delaying or avoiding HIV testing: believing that one has not been exposed to HIV, and the fear of learning that one is HIV positive.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed2004

Does name-based HIV reporting deter high-risk persons from HIV testing? Results from San Francisco.

OBJECTIVE: Name-based HIV reporting has been recommended as a method to track the HIV epidemic but may deter or delay at-risk persons from HIV testing. Previous studies of a deterrent effect of HIV reporting were not conducted in areas with high HIV infection rates and politically active populations. METHODS: In a cross-sectional survey, men who have sex with men (MSM) recruited from gay bars, heterosexuals recruited from the sexually transmitted disease clinic, and injection drug users (IDUs) recruited from street venues were administered a face-to-face anonymous questionnaire. RESULTS: Ninety-four percent of the 118 MSM, 76% of the 99 heterosexuals, and 97% of 105 IDUs surveyed were tested. Six percent of MSM, 9% of heterosexuals, and none of the IDUs correctly identified California's HIV reporting regulations. Of the 75 (25%) participants who thought California had a name-based HIV reporting system, 2 were never tested and 23 had not been tested in the past 12 months. None of those who had never been tested and 2 of those who had not been tested in the past 12 months cited fear of being reported as a reason for not testing recently. CONCLUSION: Fear of reporting is an infrequently cited reason for deterring or delaying testing.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed2006

Categorical color naming of surface color codes by people with abnormal color vision.

PURPOSE: Past investigations of the ability of people with color vision deficiency (CVD) to name the colors of surface colors have been occupation-specific. This study was undertaken as a more generalized investigation to explore particularly the effects of stimulus size and shape. METHODS: One hundred CVD observers and 20 color vision normal (CVN) subjects named the colors of two sets of surface colors, each set presenting the same 10 colors (red, orange, brown, yellow, green, blue, purple, white, gray, black). One set presented dot stimuli in three sizes (2.4 degrees , 1.0 degrees , 0.27 degrees ) and the other line stimuli with three widths (0.50 degrees , 0.27 degrees , 0.14 degrees ). Color vision was diagnosed using the Ishihara test, the Farnsworth D15 test, the Medmont C100, and the Nagel anomaloscope. RESULTS: All CVN subjects and 37% of CVD subjects made no errors. Type of CVD and stimulus size were significant factors for probability of error and the effect of stimulus size is best described by 1/area. There were significant interactions between CVD type and 1/area and between shape and 1/area. Deuteranomals who passed the Farnsworth D15 test made significantly fewer errors than all other CVD types and 70% made no errors. Their common errors were to confuse red, orange, and brown. Protanomals who passed the Farnsworth D15 test made fewer errors than dichromats. CONCLUSIONS: Mild deuteranomals will make very few errors with a seven-color code that omits orange, brown, and purple and will make very few errors (approximately 0.3%) with a 10-color code when the stimuli are reasonably large (area >20 mm).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

A randomized crossover study to determine bioequivalence of generic and brand name nevirapine, zidovudine, and lamivudine in HIV-negative women in India.

Low-cost generic antiretroviral drugs are available in resource-limited settings for treatment of HIV infections. However, few bioequivalence data in specific populations in which these generics are likely to be used are available. We conducted a randomized crossover bioequivalence study of generic and brand name formulations of nevirapine, zidovudine, and lamivudine in HIV-negative Indian women using US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) criteria. Subjects took single doses of all formulations separated by a 14-day washout period. Plasma concentrations were measured over 96 hours during each study period. Average bioequivalence was determined using natural log-transformed maximum concentration (C(max)) and area-under-the-concentration-time curve (AUC) mean ratio data. Fifteen Indian women were enrolled. The 90% confidence intervals for nevirapine (14 subjects) and lamivudine (15 subjects) C(max), AUC from 0 to the last measurable time point (AUC(0-t)), and AUC from 0 to infinity (AUC(0-infinity)) mean ratios and zidovudine (15 subjects) AUC(0-t) and AUC(0-infinity) mean ratios were all within 0.80 to 1.25. However, the 90% confidence interval for zidovudine C(max) mean ratio was 0.70 to 1.46. Generic and brand name nevirapine and lamivudine met FDA average bioequivalence criteria. Lack of average bioequivalence for zidovudine was found for C(max) but is not expected to be clinically significant, because the total AUC values were similar between formulations.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2004

Stability or stasis in the names of organisms: the evolving codes of nomenclature.

Nomenclature, far from being a dry dusty subject, is today more relevant than ever before. Researchers into genomics are discovering again the need for systems of nomenclature-names are what we use to communicate about organisms, and by extension the rest of their biology. Here, we briefly outline the history of the published international codes of nomenclature, tracing them from the time of Linnaeus in the eighteenth century to the present day. We then outline some of what we feel are the major challenges that face the codes in the twenty-first century; focusing primarily on publication, priority, typification and the role of science in the naming of organisms. We conclude that the codes are essential for taxonomists in the pursuance of their science, and that the democratic nature of decision-making in the regulation of the rules of nomenclature, though sometimes perceived as a potential weakness, is in fact one of its great strengths.

Classification↗
PubMed1991

Codes and abbreviations for approved of effectively published names of genera of bacteria published from January 1980 to December 1990.

Lists of abbreviations for genus names of bacteria are expanded to accommodate 103 new entries which are names that have been validity published since the publication of an updated list by Rogosa et al. in 1986 (Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 36:464-472). These abbreviations are provided to serve the need for appropriate codified abbreviations for use in processing or indexing of information on computers.

Abbreviations as Topic↗
PubMed2002

Correction of the connecting vowel and gender of the specific epithet in the name Sphingomonas macrogoltabidus Takeuchi et al. 1993 to Sphingomonas macrogolitabida.

In accordance with the Bacteriological Code (1990 Revision), the connecting vowel and gender of the specific epithet macrogoltabidus in combination with the generic name Sphingomonas must be -i- and the ending must be changed to -a to agree with the gender of the generic name, respectively. Thus Sphingomonas macroboltabidus Takeuchi et al. 1993 should be Sphingomonas macrogolitabida corrig. Takeuchi et al. 1993.

Species Specificity↗
PubMed2003

The genus name Ensifer Casida 1982 takes priority over Sinorhizobium Chen et al. 1988, and Sinorhizobium morelense Wang et al. 2002 is a later synonym of Ensifer adhaerens Casida 1982. Is the combination "Sinorhizobium adhaerens" (Casida 1982) Willems et al. 2003 legitimate? Request for an Opinion.

The synonymy of the genera Ensifer and Sinorhizobium was recently reported, but it was proposed that the later-named genus, Sinorhizobium, take priority in nomenclature. There is no justification in the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (Prokaryotes) for this step; Ensifer is the correct name of the genus, with Ensifer adhaerens as the type species. Species previously allocated to Sinorhizobium are here proposed as the new combinations Ensifer arboris, Ensifer fredii, Ensifer kostiensis, Ensifer kummerowiae, Ensifer medicae, Ensifer meliloti, Ensifer saheli, Ensifer terangae and Ensifer xinjiangensis. Sinorhizobium morelense was proposed in 2002 [Wang, E. T., Tan, Z. Y., Willems, A., Fernández-López, M., Reinhold-Hurek, B. & Martínez-Romero, E., Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 52, 1687-1693, 2002], but a consideration of all published data indicate that it is a nitrogen-fixing genomovar and later heterotypic synonym of Ensifer adhaerens. A Request for an Opinion is made as to whether or not the combination "Sinorhizobium adhaerens" (Casida 1982) Willems et al. 2003 is legitimate.

Phylogeny↗
PubMed2005

Pontibacter actiniarum gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the phylum 'Bacteroidetes', and proposal of Reichenbachiella gen. nov. as a replacement for the illegitimate prokaryotic generic name Reichenbachia Nedashkovskaya et al. 2003.

The taxonomic position of a marine, gliding, pink-pigmented, aerobic, heterotrophic and Gram-negative bacterium was established using a polyphasic approach. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that the strain was a member of the phylum 'Bacteroidetes' in which it occupied a separate lineage. The predominant cellular fatty acids were C15 : 0 iso, C17 : 0 iso 3-OH, summed feature 3 and summed feature 4. The DNA G+C content was 48.7 mol%. Phylogenetic evidence and the results of phenotypic, genotypic and chemotaxonomic analyses strongly support the assignment of the newly isolated bacterium as a member of a novel genus and species, for which the name Pontibacter actiniarum gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KMM 6156T (=KCTC 12367T=LMG 23027T). It is also proposed that the illegitimate names Reichenbachia and Reichenbachia agariperforans are replaced with Reichenbachiella and Reichenbachiella agariperforans, respectively.

Bacteroidetes↗
PubMed2006

Lysobacter enzymogenes subsp. enzymogenes Christensen and Cook 1978, L. enzymogenes subsp. cookii Christensen 1978 and Streptococcus casseliflavus (Mundt and Graham 1968) Vaughan et al. 1978 should have been cited in the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names. Request for an opinion.

Lysobacter enzymogenes subsp. enzymogenes Christensen and Cook 1978, L. enzymogenes subsp. cookii Christensen 1978 and Streptococcus casseliflavus (Mundt and Graham 1968) Vaughan et al. 1978 were inadvertently omitted from the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names. According to Rule 24a, Note 1, the authors request that these names be considered as included in these Lists.

Lysobacter↗
PubMed2004

AZuRE, a scalable system for automated term disambiguation of gene and protein names.

Researchers, hindered by a lack of standard gene and protein-naming conventions, endure long, sometimes fruitless, literature searches. A system is described which is able to automatically assign gene names to their LocusLink ID (LLID) in previously unseen MEDLINE abstracts. The system is based on supervised learning and builds a model for each LLID. The training sets for all LLIDs are extracted automatically from MEDLINE references in the LocusLink and SwissProt databases. A validation was done of the performance for all 20,546 human genes with LLIDs. Of these, 7,344 produced good quality models (F-measure > 0.7, nearly 60% of which were > 0.9) and 13,202 did not, mainly due to insufficient numbers of known document references. A hand validation of MEDLINE documents for a set of 66 genes agreed well with the system's internal accuracy assessment. It is concluded that it is possible to achieve high quality gene disambiguation using scaleable automated techniques.

Databases, Protein↗
PubMed2005

Color naming, lens aging, and grue: what the optics of the aging eye can teach us about color language.

Many languages without separate terms for green and blue are or were spoken in locations receiving above-average exposure to ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation. It has been proposed that this correlation is caused by premature lens aging. This conclusion was supported by an experiment in which younger observers used the term "blue" less often when they described simulated paint chips filtered through the equivalent of an older observer's lens-removing much short-wavelength light-than when they described the unfiltered versions of the same paint chips. Some stimuli that were called "blue" without simulated aging were called "green" when filtered. However, in the experiment reported here, we found that the proportion of "blue" color-name responses did not differ between younger subjects and older observers with known ocular media optical densities. Color naming for stimuli that were nominally green, blue-green, or blue was virtually identical for older and younger observers who viewed the same (unfiltered) stimuli. Our results are inconsistent with the lens-brunescence hypothesis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Erythromelia, or Mitchell's syndrome--new names for unexplained signs of inflammation in distal symmetrical neuropathy in diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Two cases are described in which distal symmetrical sensorimotor neuropathy complicating diabetes was associated with episodes of subacute vasodilation of one or other lower limb, and which were otherwise unexplained. The vasodilation was associated with swelling and stiffness, but was painless and self-limiting. INTERPRETATION: It is suggested that this phenomenon results from disordered vasoregulation in diabetic neuropathy, and is linked to the processes which underlie diabetic neuropathic osteoarthropathy (Charcot foot), as well as disorders such as complex regional pain syndrome-1 (CRPS-1, reflex sympathetic dystrophy) and erythromelalgia. CONCLUSIONS: As self-limiting vasodilation may be not uncommon in distal symmetrical neuropathies, but unrecognized because the phenomenon has not been named, the terms 'neuropathic erythromelia' or 'Mitchell's syndrome' are proposed. The adoption of either of these names may lead to earlier diagnosis and prevent inappropriate investigation and treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Conditions under which function information attenuates name extension via shape.

Children often extend names to novel artifacts on the basis of overall shape rather than core properties (e.g., function). This bias is claimed to reflect the fact that nonrandom structure is a reliable cue to an object having a specific designed function. In this article, we show that information about an object's design (i.e., about its creator's intentions) is neither necessary nor sufficient for children to override the shape bias. Children extend names on the basis of any information specifying the artifact's function (e.g., information about design, current use, or possible use), especially when this information is made salient when candidate objects for extension are introduced. Possible mechanisms via which children come to rely less on easily observable cues (e.g., shape) and more on core properties (e.g., function) are discussed.

Child↗