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The species composition of the most common enterobacteria isolated from the intestine of 825 patients with intestinal dysbacteriosis and 292 small mammals of different species is compared.
Comparative anatomy of structure and function of the M. canalis ani in tetrapode mammals and primates is described for the first time. The muscle itself lies on the sphincter ani internus in the area between the anorectal ("pectinate") and anocutaneal ("white") lines and its circumference is intact around the entire anal canal. The canalis ani muscle orginates from the superior part of the sphincter ani internus and concomitantly receives additional fibers from the longitudinal muscle. Caudally the muscle dips back into the sphincter ani internus and, at the same time, a small portion of the fibers go to the longitudinal muscle and, likewise, a portion also sets itself on the perinaal skin. On the basis of its morphological relationship to the convoluted vessels of the rectal venous plexus, the canalis ani muscle appears to be able to complete the closing of the anus in the continence phase to such an extent that a complete closing of the anal lumen is guaranted.
Four ecological groups of mammal ectoparasites are recognized in urban environment and their medical importance is briefly mentioned.
In June-September of 1975 on the southern slope of the Stanovoy ridge, in the region of construction of the Baikal-Amur main line 2014 small mammals of 14 species were examined, on which 1499 fleas of 13 species were collected. Most species of fleas are widely distributed throughout the territory. Ceratophyllus penicilliger, C. advenarius, Catallagia dacencoi, C. ioffi are mass species, Ceratophyllus calcarifer, C. indages, Leptopsylla ostsibirica, Doratopsylla birulai, Rhadinopsylla pseudodahurica are common species. Ceratophyllus taiganus, Amphipsylla marikovskii, Neopsylla acanthina and Tarsopsylla octodecimdentata are rather rare.
Zooparasitological investigation of small mammals (17 species) was carried out in one of the regions of construction of the Baikal-Amur main line, Charskaya hollow. 8475 gamasid mites belonging to 8 families and represented by 25 species were collected. In addition, in the nests of the northern redbacked vole and root vole there were found gamasid mites belonging to 6 families. The mass species, Haemogamasus ambulans Thorell and Hirstionyssus isabellinus Oud., were recorded from all landscape zones, of the territory under investigation.
Linear regression analysis was carried out on logarithmically transformed heart weight and body weight data in 104 mammalian species. It was shown that heart weight varies as the 0.98 power of body weight over essentially the whole mammalian weight range. The coefficient of correlation between heart weight and body weight is 0.99. Student's test was employed to compare the slopes of the several regression lines as between male and female animals, and as between terrestrial and aquatic mammals. In neither case were the differences in slope found to be statistically significant (df greater than 177, p less than 0.5).
The investigations were made on 150 mammals (11 species) and 28 birds (3 species) from the 3 climate zones. The result gives that the temperature, behaviour and domestication influenced the efficiency of the heart. It is evidenced the connection between the ecological factors and the heart function.
153 small mammals belonging to 22 species were investigated during the year 1975. On this occasion, 29 different species of helminths were found. Parallel-infection of one host by different helminths was common. All age-groups and both sexes of hosts were infested. Pathological symptoms like eosinophile infiltration of the lungs and splenomegalia were generally observed as accompanying phenomena of endoparasitic infestations. Often, there were no distinct symptoms even if the intensity of the infection was comparatively high. Minor infections may pass without clinical phenomena. Amongst the investigated hosts Hymenolepis diminuta, Cyticercus fasciolaris (larva of Hydatigera taeniaeformis), Strongyloides ratti and Hepaticola hepatica were the most widespread species of helminths.
In 1977 and 1978, 696 small mammals of 9 different species were surveyed for protozoal blood parasites. The following parasites were found: Hepatozoon sylvatici in Apodemus flavicollis, H. erhardovae and Trypanosoma evotomys in Clethrionomys glareolus, T. microti and Babesia microti in Microtus agrestis and T. croicidurae in Crocidura russula. H. erhardovae showed regularly high infection-rates (more than 70%) during all the years in 1977 and 1978. H. sylvatici was found only in 5.6% of the yellow-necked mice from March to October. T. microti and T. evotomys were predominately found in the time from July to October. The high infection-rates of the bank vole with B. microti from January to March and July to August indicate a bimodal type of seasonal dynamic. Under natural conditions M. agrestis was the only host for B. microti. Nymphs of the tick Ixodes ricinus were found to be able to transmit B. microti to Syrian golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) in the laboratory.
An essentially new method for the evaluation of the population susceptibility of mammals to Pasteurella pestis without the experimental infection of the animals is proposed. This method consists in using the conjugate result of the mass bacteriological and serological survey of plague carriers (the ratio of the number of infected animals to that of the animals having had the disease). The susceptibility of 12 rodent and Martes species has been studied with the use of this criterion on the basis of the data obtained in the epizootological survey of the plague foci in the vicinity of the Aral Sea in 1950-1979. Among all studied animals, even those belonging to the species universally known as highly susceptible, a considerable prevalence of the animals having had the disease over the infected animals has been established.
In mammals, bisphosphoglycerate-synthase activity, whose assay methods are previously discussed, increases gradually along erythropoiesis, leading to a consequent enhancement of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate formation. Avian erythrocytes, on the other hand, contain inositol-pentaphosphate as major organic phosphate starting from egg eclosion, which substitutes embrionary ATP and 2,3-BPG in the regulatory function. The IHP of phytase and the disappearance of 2,3-BPG synthesis, also inhibitor of enzyme activity, should be considered responsible for IPP accumulation.
The effects of chromosomal rearrangements on gene function and mutation are poorly understood. Although the extensive conservation of autosomal linkage among diverse mammals may indicate physiological significance for some gene arrangements, the majority of linkages have probably been conserved by chance. The establishment of a Chinese hamster gene map has provided further evidence for the conservation of mammalian autosomal linkage and the study of gene rearrangements in cultured Chinese hamster cell lines is beginning to provide information on the genetic consequences of chromosomal rearrangements.
The ventral abdominal walls of 116 specimens (41 human and 75 from nine mammalian families) of various ages and both sexes were studied anatomically and histologically. In man, each abdominal aponeurosis was bilaminar, and each wall of the rectus sheath was trilaminar (plywood-like). The two layers of the internal oblique emerged, in part of its extent, superficial to the external oblique and also passed deep to the transversus abdominis. All the six aponeurotic layers were oblique and crossed the mid-line, forming the following digastric muscles: the two external obliques together, the two transversus abdominis muscles together, one internal oblique (anterior layer) with the opposite external oblique (posterior layer) and one internal oblique (posterior layer) with the opposite transversus abdominis (anterior layer). The linea alba might be considered less the insertion of the abdominal muscles, but rather the common area of decussation of their intermediate aponeuroses. In all mammals, the internal oblique aponeurosis passed either superficial to that of the external oblique or deep to that of the transversus. The transversus aponeurosis was always oblique and in all eutheria it split into two layers. All abdominal aponeuroses crossed the middle line forming digastric muscles between the two sides. The functional significance and surgical application of these findings are discussed.
18 068 small mammals belonging to 15 species were examined, 25 059 lice of 7 species (Hoplopleura acanthopus, H. edentula, H. affinis, H. longula, Polyplax serrata, P. borealis, Neohaematopinus laeviusculus) were collected from 2355 animals of 14 species. Information is given on the species composition, occurrence and abundance for lice on shrews and rodents. 50 per cent of collected animals belong to Clethrionomys glareolus and about 85 per cent of lice--to Hoplopleura edentula. Frequent cases were recorded of the occurrence of lice on non-typical hosts as a result of interspecific contacts of animals. H. edentula was more often than other species found on non-typical hosts. No specific lice were reported from shrews and some rodents, only vole lice were found. Seasonal and age changes in lice infection rate of mass rodents as well as infection rate in years of greater and lesser abundance of C. glareolus have been studied.
In order to record the stepping activity in little size mammals, it was planned a set able to transform the stepping activity of the animals in electrical signals displayed on a polygraph. The set is formed by a complex transmitter-receiver, and transformer-recorder, that allow to record also high frequency stepping activity and its time variations.
New data are presented on the homology between winter hibernation and hypobiosis in poikilotherms, as well as one of the resting forms of the primary sleep in vertebrates. Different stages of formation of a cycle "awakefulness-sleep" in evolution of vertebrates are discussed. On the basis of universal behavioural, somato-vegetative, neurophysiological, neurochemical correlates of resting forms, hypobiosis and winter hibernation, a discussion is made of the problem of genetic fixation in the genotype and phenotype of heterothermic mammals (hibernating ones) of those characters which are typical of the sleep in homoiothermic and poikilothermic vertebrates.
The theory of Reichert- Gaupp is refuted by A) new embryological, B) some teratological and C) a new morphological and functional interpretation of palaeontological findings: A) Before the formation of the chondrocranium the still fibrous anlagen of the Meckel's cartilage and of the hyoidal (!) malleus-incus-complex are still sharply outlined each against other. The hyomandibular boundary between them is yet distinctly visible. B) In the malformations being reconducted to an arrest of development the malleus-incus-complex regularly shares the fate of the outer ear (II. visceral arch) but never the destiny of the face (I. visceral arch). The ossicle-chain is not only a functional but also an ontogenetic unit and consequently also a phylogenetic unit. C) The phylogenetic changes of the temporomandibulary joint (tmj) of the Therapsida result by steps out of autochthon (!) structures. The functional background is discussed. We see the articulare as homologue to the processus condylaris and the quadratum to the articular disk. The phylogenetic older quadrato -articular hinge-joint is preserved in the inferior part and the phylogenetic younger quadrato - squamosal slide-joint, which in the human embryo also develops 2 weeks later than the first, is situated superior to the ginglymus . Thus the Mammals have 2 tmj on each side but no squamoso -dental joint.
Previous research indicates that many primate species are more likely to give birth at night than during the day. This study attempted to determine whether temporal patterns of birth are discernible in a number of non-primate mammals. In addition, it sought to relate time of birth to the sleep/wake cycle and to the level of predation on the species. Data were collected and analyzed on birth hours in 26 mammalian species from two Chicago area zoos . Although temporal patterns of parturition were discernible for many species, the hypothesis that most birth would occur during the restive phase was not supported. However, a significant positive correlation between level of predation and the likelihood that birth would occur during the restive phase was found (n = 0.40). These findings are discussed in terms of predator/prey interaction and the protection (or lack of protection) that restive birthing might afford the mother and offspring at this vulnerable time.