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At least 1,729 records · Page 96Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Attitudes of potential candidates for heart and heart-lung transplantation to xenotransplantation.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVES: Whether the fact that a transplanted organ is non-human would affect acceptance levels among potential recipients of heart and heart-lung xenografts has not been determined. Studies in renal patients have produced contradictory results. Furthermore, no previous studies have examined the attitudes toward xenotransplantation among the chief caregivers of potential transplant recipients. PARTICIPANTS AND MEASURES: Fifty-nine patients and 54 caregivers responded to a questionnaire that requested their views on xenotransplantation, the source and level of their knowledge about xenotransplantation, and the perceived costs and benefits of this intervention. Patients' and caregivers' attitudes to animal experimentation and killing animals for human benefit were also assessed by using a specifically designed attitude questionnaire. RESULTS: Fifty-six percent of patients and 48% of caregivers were unsure about xenotransplantation. Seventy-nine percent of patients and 85% of caregivers indicated that they had received little or no information about xenotransplantation, and what information they had received was from nonmedical sources. Availability of organs was the main perceived benefit (36% of patients and 40% of caregivers) and ethical and moral issues were the main perceived cost (20% of patients and 25% of caregivers). Overall patients and caregivers were in agreement with animal experimentation and killing animals for human benefit. CONCLUSIONS: Potential heart and heart-lung recipients and their caregivers have limited information about xenotransplantation and are currently unsure about the acceptability of this procedure. Although this uncertainty may be due to their lack of information about this intervention, it may also reflect concerns about the morality of breeding animals solely to provide organs for transplantation.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Assessing the psychological status of the vowel shift rule.

Several experiments designed to test the psychological validity of Chomsky and Halle's (1968) Vowel Shift Rule are reviewed, and both positive and negative evidence is evaluated. Moskowitz's (1973) claim that speakers' knowledge of vowel alternations is due to their knowledge of spelling rules is introduced, and an experiment designed to differentiate between behavior based on the Vowel Shift Rule and on spelling rules is presented in detail. It is shown that subjects in this experiment, and in previous experiments that claimed to have obtained positive evidence for the Vowel Shift Rule, are behaving in accord with spelling rules and not the Vowel Shift Rule. It is argued that literacy is a possible source of psychologically real linguistic knowledge.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

The significance of mast cells as a source of histamine in the mouse brain.

Knowledge of the relative contributions of mast cells and neurons to the overall pool of histamine in the brain is a prerequisite to determining the significance and role of this amine in brain function. Consequently, we analyzed the levels of brain histamine in four genotypes (+/+, W/+, Wv/+, and W/Wv) of WBB6F1 mice, whose numbers of brain-associated mast cells vary in a genotypically specific manner. Although mast cell numbers ranged from a total absence of mast cells (W/Wv) to an average of about 500 mast cells/brain (W/+), no significant differences between genotypes were found in the quantities of histamine in whole brains, brain regions, or crude subcellular fractions. Thus, in this strain of mice, mast cells are not a significant source of histamine in the brain. This suggests that most of the histamine is of neuronal origin. Since neuronal histamine levels are maintained only by continued histidine decarboxylase activity, complete inhibition of this enzyme by alpha-fluoromethylhistidine, a "suicide" inhibitor of histidine decarboxylase, would totally deplete W/Wv mice of brain histamine. This was not found to occur in the W/Wv mice, suggesting that neuronal stores of histamine can be maintained in the absence of histidine decarboxylase, or that an additional nonneuronal, non-mast cell source of histamine exists in the W/Wv mouse brain.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Using qualitative and quantitative strategies to evaluate knowledge and perceptions about sickle cell disease and sickle cell trait.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate knowledge, perceptions and the effectiveness of different sources of information about sickle cell trait (SCT) and sickle cell disease (SCD); to determine individual knowledge of SCT status. METHODS: 28 individuals participated in three focus groups (healthcare providers, people affected by SCD or SCT, and community members). Surveyors interviewed 282 respondents within their neighborhoods. RESULTS: Common themes across the focus groups included the limited general awareness of SCD and SCT, the emphasis on the benign nature of SCT rather than on future implications, and the need for public health education campaigns about SCD and SCT involving media strategies. The majority of community survey respondents (n = 243, 86.2%) had correct general knowledge about the genetic basis and severity of SCD, but only 16% (n = 45) knew their own trait status. When respondents had received information about SCD from friends and acquaintances, they were three times more likely to know their SCT status, compared with respondents who had not received information from a personal source (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Despite a screening history in the 1970s fraught with controversy, sickle cell disease management and detection can be a model for the empowerment of communities in making informed decisions about theirs and their families' futures, given the burgeoning of genetic information.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Malignant hyperthermia: new developments in diagnosis and clinical management].

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the current knowledge concerning anaesthetic malignant hyperthermia. DATA SOURCES: References were obtained from computerized bibliographic research (Medline), recent review articles, the library of the service and personal files. DATA SYNTHESIS: Knowledge to possess, about the diagnosis and treatment of the acute hyperthermia crises and about "safe-anaesthesia" for malignant hyperthermia susceptible patients, are explained. The pathophysiology chapter give information about the calcium's transport and the defect existing in MH. Molecular genetics of MH find linkage to the region encoding the RyR1. The profile of hyperthermia episodes has changed over time due to the endtidal carbon dioxide-monitoring. Clinical aspects of MH are exposed. The treatment of the acute hyperthermia crises consist mainly to stop all triggering agents instantly and infuse dantrolene sodium. The gold standard for the diagnosis of malignant hyperthermia susceptibility relies on the in vitro contracture test (halothane and caffeine). Associated to genetic studies, it could lead to an non-invasive screening of the MH susceptibility. A protocol for "safe-anaesthesia" is proposed. Some syndromes with features similar to those of MH should be known (central core disease and exertionnal rhabdomyolysis).

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1988

Markers of exposure to diesel exhaust and cigarette smoke in railroad workers.

Diesel exhaust is a complex mixture of combustion gases, vapors and particles, and personal exposure can be estimated indirectly only. Quantitative estimates of exposure were developed for thirteen job groups in a large epidemiologic study of mortality among railroad workers. Three possible markers of exhaust exposure were developed. The first index was the concentration of respirable particles because this was simple and inexpensive to measure precisely. Major positive interference, however, was found from environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and inorganic respirable particles from other emission sources. Composited job group samples were analyzed for particulate nicotine so the ETS component could be subtracted from the respirable particle concentration. This produced a second exposure index, the adjusted respirable particle concentrations. Since there are nondiesel sources of particles in some work areas, a third marker was sought. Diesel exhaust particles have a relatively high content of dichloromethane extractable matter, but inorganic particles have a low extractable content. Therefore, the air concentration of extractable mass was used as a third marker of diesel exposures. The extractable matter also was corrected for the contribution of ETS. The advantages and limitations of these three markers are of interest. In general, considerable caution should be used in the development and application of markers; their use requires detailed knowledge of the nature and sources of exposure in a given setting.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed2004

Cleaning fetal MEG using a beamformer search for the optimal forward model.

We present a new method for improving the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of event-related fetal MEG signals based upon the SAM minimum-variance beamformer. SAM could separate the evoked response source activity from the remaining fMEG signal and interference if the evoked response source coordinates and forward model were know. However, this requires knowledge of both the coordinate of the evoked response source and its forward model. In late gestation, the vernix caseosa effectively insulates the fetus from the amniotic fluid. Hence, the forward model could be approximated by an equivalent current dipole in a homogeneously conducting sphere with its origin at the center of the fetal head. In the absence of accurate anatomical data, a beamformer could be used to evaluate all feasible source-origin combinations--selecting the combination giving the best SNR for the evoked response. Application of this approach to measured fMEG data reveals that the optimal model sphere location is described not by a single local sphere origin, but rather by all origins lying within an extended region. This result is explained by model predictions showing the same region of ambiguity [Vrba, 2004]. Although the model search does not localize the sources of the fetal evoked response, it does significantly improve SNR. This was demonstrated by analysis of fetal auditory evoked response data.

Cardiotocography↗
PubMed1994

A study on menstrual hygiene among rural adolescent girls.

Menstruation is a phenomenon unique to the females. It is clear from the study findings that majority of the girls were having correct knowledge about menstruation. Regarding the practices, only 10 girls were using boiled, and dried cloth as menstrual absorbent. Though almost all 64 girls received advice regarding menstrual hygiene from different sources, some of their practices were unhygienic. This shows that the mothers of these girls were lacking of right knowledge and the same thing was transferred to their off springs. Before bringing any change in menstrual practices they should be educated about the facts of menstruation and its physiological implications. The girls should be educated about the significance of menstruation and development of secondary sexual characteristics, selection of a sanitary menstrual absorbent and its proper disposal. This can be achieved through educational television programmes, school nurses/Health personnel, compulsory sex education in school curriculum and knowledgeable parents, so that she does not develop psychological upset and the received education would indirectly wipe away the age old wrong ideas and make her to feel free to discuss menstrual matters without any inhibitions.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2003

Cystic echinococcosis in Jordan: socioeconomic evaluation and risk factors.

The costs of illness and surgical intervention for human cystic echinococcosis (CE) cases in Jordan was economically evaluated by 77 surgeons and 77 CE patients. The cost of diagnosis for each CE case was 111.30 US Dollars and 146.20 US Dollars as estimated by surgeons and patients, respectively. The cost of surgical extraction of hydatid cysts for each case was 590.20 US Dollars and 638.50 US Dollars as estimated by both groups, respectively. Knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of 77 CE patients as well as several Jordanian groups with different occupations including 144 shepherds, 119 settled livestock owners, 25 slaughter house workers, 400 university students and 80 inhabitants of a CE focus in southern Jordan were analyzed through a set of questionnaires. All of these groups had poor knowledge of CE, especially the source and causes of infection. All practices and attitudes of each group favored continuous transmission of the parasite and indicate the need for the implementation of a proper control program in the country.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Standardizing evaluation of on-line continuing medical education: physician knowledge, attitudes, and reflection on practice.

INTRODUCTION: Physicians increasingly earn continuing medical education (CME) credits through on-line courses, but there have been few rigorous evaluations to determine their effects. The present study explores the feasibility of implementing standardized evaluation templates and tests them to evaluate 30 on-line CME courses. METHODS: A time series design was used to compare the knowledge, attitudes, and reported changes in practice of physician participants who completed any of 30 on-line CME courses that were hosted on an academic CME Web site and a CME Web portal during the period from August 1, 2002, through March 31, 2003. Data were collected at baseline, at course completion, and 4 weeks later Paired t tests were used to compare the means of responses across time. RESULTS: U.S. physicians completed 720 post-tests. Quality of content was the characteristic of most importance to participants; too little interaction was the largest source of dissatisfaction. Overall mean knowledge scores increased from 58.1% to 75.6% at post-test and then decreased to 68.2% at 4 weeks following the course. Effect sizes of increased knowledge immediately following the course were larger for case-based than for text-based courses. Nearly all physicians reported making changes in practice following course completion, although reported changes differed from expected changes. CONCLUSIONS: Increases in physician knowledge and knowledge retention were demonstrated following participation in on-line CME courses. The implementation of standardized evaluation tests proved to be feasible and allowed longitudinal evaluation analyses across CME providers and content areas.

Curriculum↗
PubMed2001

Forgetting our facts: the role of inhibitory processes in the loss of propositional knowledge.

Seven experiments are reported that show that retrieving facts from long-term memory is accomplished, in part, by inhibitory processes that suppress interfering facts. When asked to repeatedly retrieve a recently learned proposition (e.g., recalling The actor is looking at the tulip, given cues such as Actor looking t__), subjects experienced a recall deficit for related facts (e.g., The actor is looking at the violin) on a recall test administered 15 min later. Importantly, this retrieval-induced forgetting was shown to generalize to other facts in which the inhibited concepts took part (e.g., The teacher is lifting the violin), replicating a finding observed by M. C. Anderson and B. A. Spellman (1995) with categorical stimuli. These findings suggest a critical role for suppression in models of propositional retrieval and implicate the mere retrieval of what we know as a source of forgetting of factual knowledge.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Knowledge on drug dosages of ward physicians.

OBJECTIVE: Dosing errors are a common source for preventable adverse drug events. This study evaluated the knowledge of German hospital physicians with respect to the daily dosage of frequently used drugs. METHODS: A questionnaire survey was carried out among 168 ward physicians from three university and four municipal hospital departments of internal medicine asking for the daily dosage of 17 frequently used drugs. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-seven of 168 physicians returned a completed questionnaire, a response rate of 75.6%. Only 50% of the dose estimates were within the therapeutic range. Even in cases of frequent prescription 7% of the stated doses were overdosed and 15% were underdosed. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this survey suggest that adverse drug events and the lack of therapeutic effect due to dosing errors could be prevented by an improved knowledge of daily dosages.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed2006

[Attitudes to estrogen replacement therapy among Norwegian women].

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to investigate women's attitudes towards hormone treatment (HT), their judgment of the various sources of information, and their knowledge of indications for HT. METHODS: We posted questionnaires to 1000 Norwegian women between 45 and 60 years of age, randomly selected from the National Register. We received replies from 386 women (38.6%). RESULTS: Of those who replied, 28% reported that they were currently using HT, 22% were previous users, 24% were considering starting, whereas 26% refused ever to use HT. One half of current and previous users had obtained their prescriptions from a gynaecologist, the other half from their general practitioner. Mean age at start of HT was 47 years. 65% of the women started the medication before menopause. The women thought HT to be useful for treatment of hot flushes, prevention of osteoporosis, well-being, improved mood and sex life. The women were also asked about the rating of importance that they would give to the various sources of information. The highest ratings were given to their gynaecologist or general practitioner. Also reading about HT and the opinion of other health personnel obtained high ratings. CONCLUSIONS: The indications for HT given by the women correspond well with the prevailing guidelines. The recent observation about a possible negative effect of HT on cardiovascular disease seems to have reached the respondents. Many women begin to use HT several years before menopause.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The effect of dust lead control on blood lead in toddlers: a randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: Contaminated household dust is believed to be a major source of exposure for most children with elevated blood lead levels. To determine if a vigorous dust clean-up effort would reduce this exposure we conducted a randomized controlled field trial. METHODS: We randomized 113 urban children between the ages of 6 and 36 months: 56 children to a lead dust intervention composed of maternal education and biweekly assistance with household cleaning and 57 children to a control group. Household cleaning was done by two trained lay workers who focused their efforts on wet mopping of floors, damp-sponging of walls and horizontal surfaces, and vacuuming with a high-efficiency particle accumulating vacuum. Household dust lead levels, child blood lead levels, and maternal knowledge of lead poisoning and sources of exposure were measured before and after the intervention. RESULTS: Ninety-nine children were successfully followed for 12 +/- 3 months: 46 children in the lead group and 53 children in the control group. Age and blood lead were similar in the two groups at baseline and averaged 20 months and 12.0 micrograms/dL, respectively. Blood lead fell 17% in the intervention group and did not change among controls. Household dust and dust lead measures also fell significantly in the intervention group. Children in homes cleaned 20 or more times throughout the year had an average blood lead reduction of 34%. CONCLUSIONS: Regular home cleaning, accompanied by maternal education, is a safe and partially effective intervention that should be recommended for the large majority of lead-exposed children for whom, unfortunately, removal to lead-safe housing is not an option.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed2001

In vitro maturation of neonatal porcine islets: a novel model for the study of islet development and xenotransplantation.

The mechanisms involved in islet neogenesis have remained largely unexplored due to lack of an appropriate model. Furthermore, with the recent advances in islet transplantation, the need for alternative islet tissue sources is greater than ever. Therefore, the authors have refined a neonatal porcine islet (NPI) maturation model that offers an ideal tool to gain insight into islet growth as well as an alternative source of transplantable tissue. Recent knowledge in islet growth has resulted in endocrine tissue being derived from human pancreatic precursor tissue in vitro. The potential for large scale production of endocrine tissue in vitro has been indicated, however, more investigation must be done on the various signals and pathways involved in pancreatic development to optimize this technique. The authors believe that their NPI in vitro maturation model provides an ideal tool to study islet growth and maturation. Transduction of the NPI to overexpress genes of interest (i.e., PDX-1) or exposure of the NPI to various culture conditions will allow us to determine the effects on islet maturation. An understanding of NPI development gained will not only allow us to mature this unlimited tissue source for optimal xenotransplantation, but also elude to how human pancreatic endocrine precursor cells may be used to solve the current islet tissue supply problem.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Impact of a school-based dating violence prevention program among Latino teens: randomized controlled effectiveness trial.

PURPOSE: Given the high rate of dating violence between teens and associated deleterious outcomes, the need for effective prevention and early intervention programs is clear. Break the Cycle's Ending Violence curriculum, a three-class-session prevention program focused on legal issues, is evaluated here for its impact on Latino/a youth. METHODS: Tracks within large urban high schools that had at least 80% Latino/a students were randomized to immediate or delayed curriculum. Classrooms were randomly selected within tracks and individual student outcomes were assessed pre- and postintervention and six months later. RESULTS: Students in intervention classrooms showed improved knowledge, less acceptance of female-on-male aggression, and enhanced perception of the helpfulness and likelihood of seeking assistance from a number of sources immediately after the program. Improved knowledge and perceived helpfulness of an attorney were maintained six months later. There were no differences in recent abusive/fearful dating experiences or violence victimization or perpetration. CONCLUSIONS: The Ending Violence curriculum has an impact on teen norms, knowledge, and help-seeking proclivities that may aid in early intervention for dating violence among Latino/a students.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Enumerating lepidopteran species associated with maize as a first step in risk assessment in the USA.

Pest management can have substantial impacts on non-target species both within and outside the units being managed. Assessment of these impacts is hampered by the lack of even the most basic checklist of the species present in most systems. The maize agroecosytem is of particular interest because of the large area covered and the intensity of widely varying forms of pest management. In this study a database of lepidopteran species that occur within the maize agroecosystem in the United States was compiled. The process was initiated by developing a list of plants present in maize using published sources and the first-hand knowledge of "weed" experts. This list of plant species associated with maize was then cross-listed with lepidopteran host feeding records using published sources. Finally, phenological profiles and conservation rankings were added. Although our list is not exhaustive, we found 132 plant species in 33 families associated with maize, and 229 lepidopteran species in 21 families that feed on these plants. The database of plants and lepidopteran species can be a starting point for assessment of risk to non-target Lepidoptera in maize from chemical control, biological control, and the use of transgenic Bt maize. The lepidopteran species associated with maize were found to be significantly less imperiled, as measured by their conservation rankings, than lepidopteran species as a whole in all habitats. This finding suggests that rare or endangered lepidopteran species are unlikely to be impacted by pest management in maize. Based on the likely lack of impact of pest management in maize on individual species, future studies should focus on potential impacts on the ecological services that lepidopteran species provide.

Agriculture↗