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PubMed1975

Response of institutionalized geriatric mental patients to a twelve-week program of regular physical activity.

Twenty-three geriatric patients from a mental institution were randomly assigned to three groups-a social group, an exercise group, and a control group. Subjects participated in the study for 12 weeks. Heart rate at rest, exercise and recovery, balancing ability, total daily activity level (diary method), and a self-care inventory were recorded for analysis. Data were collected at the start, the 8th and 12th weeks of the study, and 4 weeks after the termination of treatment. A Groups X Sex X Measurement Period factorial design, using multivariate analysis of variance tested the effect of the three factors. The trials effect was significant, as were several univariate tests for the sex effect and group by sex interaction. Data were discussed in terms of programmed physical activity for geriatrics, its value, and the limitations of evaluating such behavior in geriatric populations.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1977

Interpersonal skill training with institutionalized elderly patients.

A behavioral program to train elderly nursing home patients in interpersonal skills was systematically developed and evaluated. Data obtained from intensive interviews with patients, staff, and professionals were used to construct a training program and self-report and behavioral measures for assessing the program's effectiveness. Twenty-five patients were randomly assigned to the training program or to one of two control condotions. On a behavioral measure of responses to situations that had been included in training, the Skill Training program was superior to the control conditions. However, learning failed to generalize to novel situations. Directions for future skill training research are discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1980

Effects of overlearning and incentive on the acquisition and transfer of interpersonal skills with institutionalized elderly.

Structured Learning Therapy, a skill training program consisting of modeling, role playing, social reinforcement, and transfer of training was used to teach 56 elderly inpatients (mean age = 65.74) the interpersonal skill of "Starting a Conversation." The effects of three levels of overlearning and the addition of concrete (monetary) reinforcement on skill acquisition and transfer were also assessed. All patients acquired the target skill, and there was some evidence of transfer of skill training. Individuals not receiving concrete reinforcement during training showed greater skill transfer compared to those individuals receiving additional incentive. A transfer-enhancing effect of overlearning was found on the Structured Post-test, but no effect was obtained for the other post-test transfer measures.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Depression among institutionalized aged: assessment and prevalence estimation.

Aged nursing home and congregate apartment residents were screened for symptoms of depression and cognitive impairment. Of 708 survey respondents, 12.4% met DSM-IIIR criteria (33) for major depression; about half this group also displayed significant cognitive deficits. Another 30.5% of the total sample reported less severe but nonetheless marked depressive symptoms. Such "minor" depressive syndromes were much more common among congregate housing than nursing home residents. Possible major depression was more prevalent among newly admitted residents of both housing components. Comparison of cognitively impaired vs intact respondents revealed that the two groups' self-reports of depression were equally internally consistent, and bore equivalent correlations with observer ratings made by interviewers and direct care staff. Checks of medical records of a group of survey nonrespondents (n = 203) indicated that, excepting the extremely demented, the active sample of 708 accurately represents institution residents as a whole. Finally, comparison with clinical diagnoses made by facility psychology and psychiatry department staff indicated good concurrent validity of research screening measures and methods.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Depression and mortality among institutionalized aged.

This study examined the association between depression and mortality among a group of nursing home and congregate apartment residents (initial n = 898) over a 30-month period. Baseline [Time 1 (T1)] and 1-year follow-up [Time 2 (T2)] assessments yielded research-based diagnoses of possible major, minor, or no depression, along with measures of functional disability, cognitive status, and physician-rated health. Event history analyses were used to assess differential mortality as a function of level of depression after T1 and of change in depressive status from T1 to T2. Significant effects for T1 depression at 6, 12, and 18 months after the interview reflected an increased death rate among possible major depressives as compared with other respondents. An effect of change in depressive status from T1 to T2 appeared to be caused by long-term negative effects of T1 depression. Finally, none of the observed associations remained significant when controlled for effects of physical health, functional disability, and cognitive status. Thus, the effects of depression on mortality among this sample appeared to be attributable strictly to the correlation of depression with ill health. However, cautious interpretation is recommended inasmuch as causal paths between depression, ill health, and death remain unclear.

Activities of Daily Living↗