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PubMed2001

Heavy ion production of single- and double-strand breaks in plasmid DNA in aqueous solution.

Preliminary measurements on the production of single- and double-strand breaks in SV40 and phi X174 plasmid DNA by various heavy ions in radioprotective Tris buffer are presented. The dependence of the recorded yields on the LET of the incoming ions is discussed and shown to be comprehensible within the framework of a model based on the X-ray sensitivity of the exposed DNA and the local dose distribution inside the heavy ion track. The question of the influence of the chemical environment is addressed by comparing the measured cross sections to data recorded previously in more radiosensitive TE buffer. The results indicate that also for systems with high scavenging capacity RBE values larger than unity can be achieved with maximum values in the LET range 100-1000 keV micrometers-1.

Bacteriophage phi X 174↗
PubMed1982

[The aging of the population in Latin America: demographic trends and the socioeconomic situation].

"The paper analyzes the demographic aspects of the aging of the population in Latin America. Aging is still incipient in the great majority of countries of the region, but it will become generalized and will be accentuated especially after the year 2000. The dependency relationship will continue to decrease until higher levels of aging are reached; the proportion of the aged in the potentially dependent population will increase and the relationship between the population from 15 to 59 years of age and over 60 will decrease. "At present, the proportion of single women [over 60] is much higher than that of single men. From the information on participation in the labour force and the access that the aged have to income or pension benefits, the paper also shows that most of the aged that continue to work do so because they require an income for subsistence. "The paper finally includes some conclusions on the causes and consequences of the aging of the population and the actions that would be necessary to broaden knowledge for the formulation of policies." (summary in ENG)

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Ageing in the United States at the end of the century.

"The belief that America is a ¿young' nation is widely held by many individuals in the United States. Historically, individualism, self-reliance, and an orientation towards youth have been cherished values reflecting...our national heritage and tradition dating from the 18th through the mid-20th century. However, America is no longer a ¿young' nation. Rather, we are an ¿aging' population, as we show in our analysis of demographic transitions reviewed in this paper. The phenomenon of ¿cultural (or structural) lag' is discussed in two different contexts: first--the context of the aging family; and second--the context of ethnic/racial minority groups. Finally, some of the relevant public policy responses to aging are described. We look at government programs in four major categories, namely, (1) income; (2) health care; (3) social services; and (4) housing."

Age Distribution↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Uninsured children and adults.

Almost 40 million U.S. residents do not have health insurance. A summary of various government and private agency reports is provided in an effort to increase a practitioner's awareness of the demographic distribution of the uninsured in our communities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Pregnancy-associated mortality at the end of the twentieth century: Massachusetts, 1990-1999.

OBJECTIVES: 1) to report Massachusetts pregnancy-associated mortality ratios (PAMRs) and maternal mortality ratios (MMRs) from 1990 to 1999 and pregnancy-related mortality ratios (PRMRs) from 1995 to 1999; 2) to identify disparities in PAMRs by race and Hispanic ethnicity, payer at delivery, age, and age by medical and injury cause of death; 3) to report distributions of pregnancy-associated deaths by cause, preventability, and timing in relation to pregnancy. METHODS: Pregnancy-associated deaths from 1990 to 1999 were identified using enhanced methods, including linkage of vital records. Preventability and pregnancy relatedness were determined by case review (1995-1999). Trends in ratios and aggregate PAMRs by key characteristics were calculated. RESULTS: The 10-year PAMR and MMR were 27.2 and 3.3 per 100,000 live births, respectively, with no significant changes from 1990 to 1999. The PRMR was 6.1 for 1995 to 1999. The leading cause of pregnancy-associated death was homicide. The PAMRs for black non-Hispanic and Hispanic women were 3.1 and 1.8 times higher than that for white non-Hispanic women. The PAMR was 3.2 times higher for women with public than with private payers and 3.4 times higher among women age 40 to 44 than among women age 25 to 39. The injury PAMR for women younger than 25 was 3 times higher than it was for women age 25 to 39. Injuries caused one-third of pregnancy-associated deaths. Fifty-four percent of deaths from 1995 to 1999 were deemed preventable. CONCLUSIONS: Pregnancy-associated deaths are rare, yet many are preventable. Public health prevention strategies should extend beyond the traditional postpartum period and address disparities for black non-Hispanic and Hispanic women, low-income women, older women for medical causes, and younger women for injury causes.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The fragmentation of incoming Semliki Forest virus nucleocapsids in mosquito (Aedes albopictus) cells might be coupled to virion uncoating.

The fate of Semliki Forest virus (SFV) nucleocapsid, especially the capsid protein (C-protein), was investigated during the early stages of a productive infection in mosquito Aedes albopictus cells. Infection of the cells resulted in a time dependent accumulation of a C-protein derived fragment. This fragmentation of incoming viral nucleocapsid was prevented by NH4Cl, an agent generally used to elevate the pH in acidic intracellular compartments, suggesting that a low intravesicular pH is required for this process. Density gradient analysis of the postnuclear cell lysate demonstrated that the fragmentation was associated with a cellular compartment showing a density of 1.14 +/- 0.02 g/ml. This cellular compartment was devoid from a lysosomal marker enzyme and represented the timely preceding cellular fraction through which SFV passed before encountering a lysosomal fraction. Furthermore, the intracellular distribution of the viral, 3H-uridine-labeled RNA suggested that the same fraction might represent a key cellular compartment in which the separation of the viral RNA from the viral structural proteins is primed. In conclusion, these data lead to the suggestion that the fragmentation of incoming SFV nucleocapsids in Aedes albopictus cells might be the part of the mechanism leading to the release of viral RNA into the cytosol during early stages of productive infection.

Aedes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Income situation in the transition from work to retirement].

It is the principle aim of this analyses to show the individual ratio between income before and after retirement. For this purpose the ratio between preretirement earnings (earnings in the 12 month up to retirement) und old-age pensions was constructed ("individuelles Rentenniveau"). Informations on earnings and pensions were obtained from a Social Security file with a sample of 13 000 persons. The distribution of women ratio-profiles showed a great variation in levels but concentrated on very low values. The empirical results showed for men in nearly a Gaussion-distribution with a small variance in level but ratio-distribution differs with kind of pensions. The difference in the ratios depend firstly on the number of years for which contributions to the Social Insurance had been paid; secondly it was found out that the ratios were influenced by difference between the last and the average earning position.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Patterns of preventive dental behavior.

Preventive dental behavior was examined using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 1971-75 conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics. Most research to date has dealt with the use of all types of dental services, with relatively few studies focusing on utilization of dental services for preventive purposes or on preventive dental behavior. Economic theory on the demand for health services and the Andersen model of health services utilization were applied to examine predisposing, enabling, and need characteristics which may influence use of preventive dental health services and preventive dental behavior. The associations between each of three measures of preventive dental behavior and the three sets of characteristics from Andersen's model were analyzed using multiple regression analysis. The enabling factors (income and a regular source of care) were the most important determinants of use of preventive dental services. Need characteristics, measured by self-evaluated condition of teeth, were also significant determinants of use, while the predisposing variables were the least important of the three types. In contrast, for the home care measure, frequency of brushing, the predisposing variables were the most important, with gender and education ranking highest. Consideration of these results may be useful to health educators and to those who formulate policies affecting the distribution of preventive dental services and dental insurance coverage.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Flexible processing of sensory information induced by axo-axonic synapses on afferent fibers.

Recent experiments indicate that afferent information is processed in the intraspinal arborisation of mammalian group I fibres. During muscle contraction, Ib inputs arising from tendon organs are filtered out by presynaptic inhibition after their entry in the spinal cord. This paper reviews the mechanisms by which GABAergic axo-axonic synapses, i.e., the morphological substrate of presynaptic inhibition, exert this filtering effect. Using confocal microscopy, axo-axonic synapses were demonstrated on segmental Ib collaterals. Most synapses were located on short preterminal and terminal branches. Using a simple compartmental model of myelinated axon, the primary afferent depolarisation (PAD), generated by such synapses, was predicted to reduce the amplitude of incoming action potentials by inactivating the sodium current, and this prediction was experimentally verified. A further theoretical work, relying on cable theory, suggests that the electrotonic structure of collaterals and the distribution of axo-axonic synapses allow large PADs (about 10 mV) to develop on some distal branches, which is likely to result in a substantial presynaptic inhibition. In addition, the electrotonic structure of group I collaterals is likely to prevent PAD from spreading to the whole arborisation. Such a non-uniform diffusion of the PAD accounts for differential presynaptic inhibition in intraspinal branches of the same fibre. Altogether, our experimental and theoretical works suggest that axo-axonic synapses can control the selective funnelling of sensory information toward relevant targets specified according to the motor task.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2005

Rising rates, changing relationships: caesarean section and its correlates in South Korea, 1988-2000.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the trends in the relationship between caesarean section rates in South Korea and its correlates. DESIGN: Five rounds (1988, 1991, 1994, 1997 and 2000) of population-based National Fertility and Family Health Survey of South Korea. SETTING: South Korea. Sample Mothers (N= 9184) aged 15-44 years. METHODS: Caesarean rates were calculated according to correlates and then directly adjusted to five-year age and parity groups. Distribution of all samples (9184 mothers) was standard, producing age- and parity-adjusted caesarean rates. Linear trends of correlates with caesarean rates were examined for ordinal variables such as education, income, urbanisation level (area of residence) and level of prenatal visits. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Age- and parity-adjusted caesarean section rates. RESULTS: As caesarean rates rose by year, the relationship of caesarean section with education, occupation and area of residence has been reversed. Associations between caesarean rates, income level, place of delivery and level of prenatal visit were found in 1988 but disappeared by 2000. In 2000, relatively low caesarean rates were found in variables that will be more prevalent in the future, such as higher maternal education, higher maternal occupation and residence in big cities. CONCLUSION: Caesarean rates may have reached a plateau in South Korea. No maternal or health service factors were detected to further increase the proportion of caesarean deliveries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

NIDDM in Mexican-American families. Heterogeneity by age of onset.

OBJECTIVE: Heredity has long been known as a risk factor for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), but the mode of inheritance of NIDDM remains unclear. We examined the distribution of diabetes in 29 Mexican-American families ascertained on a diabetic proband. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Probands represented a random sample of diabetic Mexican Americans residing in low-income neighborhoods from San Antonio, TX. A total of 375 family members of these diabetic probands were examined, and diabetes was diagnosed according to the World Health Organization plasma glucose criteria. RESULTS: The prevalence of diabetes decreased from 28.2% in first-degree relatives of the probands to 13.3% in second-degree relatives to 11.1% in third-degree relatives. When compared with Mexican Americans with no parental history of diabetes, this represents an excess of diabetes of 2.0-, 1.3-, and 1.1-fold in first-, second-, and third-degree relatives, respectively. Five of the 29 probands (17%) had an age of diabetes onset < 40 years. In the first-degree relatives of these early-onset probands, diabetes prevalence was 47.0% (16 of 34) compared with only 24.1% (34 of 141) in the first-degree relatives of the 24 late-onset probands. After adjustment for age, this excess represented a fivefold increase in the odds of diabetes among relatives of the early-onset probands compared with relatives of the late-onset probands (P < 0.001). Moreover, the 16 affected family members of the early-onset probands had a mean age of diabetes onset of 42.7 years compared with 49.9 years for the 34 affected members of the late-onset probands, although this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.13). CONCLUSIONS: NIDDM may be genetically heterogeneous in this Mexican-American population, with family members of early-onset diabetes patients being at higher risk for NIDDM than family members of late-onset diabetes patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Contraceptive habits in women between thirty and fifty years of age. A comparison of two periods, 1967--69 and 1972--74.

The use of contraception by women 30--50 years of age is presented. The material was composed of participants in the prophylactic investigations for cancer colli uteri in the southern part of Storstøms County, which was first performed in the period 1967--69 and secondly in 1972--74. A total of 17 028 women were examined, of whom 8 234 participated in both surveys. A comparision of the two periods of investigation revealed a significant increase (p<0.01) in the utilization of contraception and in shifting to more effective methods. This improvement was attributed to the increased amount of information about contraceptive methods which was made available in the country. It was observed that a remarkably large percentage of the women did not use contraception, 24.9 per cent among those 30--34 years of age, 26.9 per cent among those 35--39 years of age, 40.7 per cent among those 40--44 years of age and 57.2 per cent among those 45--49 years of age. Analysis of the influence of socioeconomic conditions showed that women of the lowest social stratum, with slight education and low income, made up a large proportion of those who abstained from contraception. The number of pregnancies was found to play a role in the use of contraception. An expansion of the distribution of information about contraception to the public is recommended, as well as a possible economic subsidy to the socially disadvantaged for procurement of contraceptives.

Adult↗