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PubMed1995

Gender differences on thought disturbance measures among schizophrenic patients.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined gender differences on three measures of thought disturbance among patients with schizophrenia and the relation between thought disturbance and social competency. METHOD: Fifty-three male and 34 female patients diagnosed with schizophrenia according to the DSM-III-R criteria were assessed on measures of thought disturbance: subscales of the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS), subscales of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), and the Ego Impairment Index. Gender differences on the three measures of thought disturbance and the relation of these measures to demographic variables and other variables, such as social competency, were examined. RESULTS: Male and female schizophrenic patients demonstrated similar degrees of thought disturbance on the pertinent subscales of the SAPS and the BPRS, but the male schizophrenic patients had scores showing greater impairment on the Ego Impairment Index. Furthermore, a relationship between thought disturbance and social competency was confirmed. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support other studies in which female patients were found to have a "milder" form of schizophrenia, generally characterized by better social functioning, than their male counterparts. The literature regarding gender-related differences in thought disturbance in schizophrenia has been unclear and complicated by design issues such as obtaining adequate samples of subjects and optimizing measurement selection. The findings of this study suggest that use of a converging-measures strategy allows a better assessment of thought disturbance in severely ill schizophrenic patients and an understanding of the importance of thought disorder with respect to gender-related patterns of clinical characteristics, such as social competency.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Subjective well-being among African-Americans with spinal cord injury: an exploratory study between men and women.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to identify gender differences in subjective well-being among 309 African-American participants with spinal cord injury (SCI). DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: A Southeastern specialty hospital. PARTICIPANTS: There were a total of 309 participants, all of whom were African-Americans. All participants had traumatic SCI, were at least 18 years or older at the time of the study, and a minimum of one year had passed since SCI onset. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Measures of subjective well-being included the Life Situation Questionnaire--Revised, Purpose in Life scale, and the Older Adult Health and Mood Questionnaire. RESULTS: Multiple gender differences were observed, with women reporting higher scores on depressive symptoms and negative affect, but lower scores on purpose in life. Other significant findings were observed related to self-reported problems, with men reporting greater problems with pressure ulcers and sexual issues and women reporting greater problems in several areas related to coping and affect. The only gender difference in life satisfaction indicated greater satisfaction with sex life among women. CONCLUSION: It is clear from the findings that differences do exist among male and female African-Americans with spinal cord injuries. More research is needed to definitively outline differences.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Gender based violence: knowledge and attitudes of health care providers in Nicaragua].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the knowledge and attitudes of health care personnel towards the identification and referral of gender-based violence victims (GBV). Also, to identify barriers to identification and referral of GBV, and to assess the levels of knowledge about Norms and Procedures for Intra-Family Violence Care by the health care personnel of the Nicaraguan's Minister of Health (MINSA, for its initials in Spanish). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among healthcare professionals, including physicians, nurses and nursing technical aides (n=213), in 5 of the 17 Local Systems of Integral Attention (SILAIS) from the Integral Program of Attention for Women, Children and Adolescence (AIMNA) in the primary level of attention in MINSA, from April to June 2003. Attitude was measured with a Likert scale and an awareness index was created for intra-family violence care guidelines. The information was obtained using a self-administered instrument, based on the questionnaire of the study made among the personnel of the Mexican Institute for Social Security (IMSS, for its initials in Spanish), Morelos, Mexico. A logistic regression model was used to evaluate the association between attitude and several factors, as well as with the knowledge of care guidelines. RESULTS: In our population, 76.06% showed an attitude opposing GBV. In the multivariate analysis, the factors associated with opposition to GBV were: medical profession (OR 6.5, 95%CI 2.70-15.82), having a middle (OR 4.3, 95%CI 1.87-10.26) or high level (OR 3.3, 95%CI 1.03-10.75) of knowledge about intra-family violence guidelines and the closeness to relatives or friends who were victims of gender violence (OR 3.2, 95%CI 1.56-6.80). The lack of training on the subject (59.9%), fear of getting involved in legal issues (52.6%), and the concept that violence is a private affair and not a social one (50.7%), constituted the most important barriers to providing medical care. CONCLUSIONS: The health care personnel generally were observed to have high values in regard to an attitude of rejection towards GBV. However, we found barriers that show persisting traditional beliefs, such as considering violence to be a personal issue. Therefore, in order, to ensure a substantial improvement, better training about this subject is needed in medical school curricula with an emphasis on the gender perspective. The finding of the present study will allow improvements in health care reforms at the first level of care in the health sector in Nicaragua.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Vale dictum: an editor's view of the field of pediatric psychology and its journal.

Examines activities of Editor of the Journal of Pediatric Psychology for issues published 1988-1992. Articles published during term are analyzed in terms of senior author gender, affiliation, academic rank, grant support, theoretical orientation, population type, population age, article type, and research purpose. Comparisons are made to earlier analysis of article trends in Journal by Elkins and Roberts (1988). A summary is provided of what the Journal reflects about pediatric psychology in terms of clinical practice, scientific research, and professional issues.

Child↗
PubMed2000

Reproductive genetics, gender and the body: 'please doctor, may I have a normal baby?'.

This paper's purpose is to highlight key sociological issues, that come to light when 'the body' becomes a theoretical site in reproductive genetics. By positioning the body as a central feature in this analysis, the paper: (1) describes how a mechanistic view of the body continues to be privileged in this discourse and the effects of this view; (2) examines how reproductive limits are practised on the gendered body through a feminised regime of reproductive asceticism and the discourse on shame; and (3) explores the social effects and limitations of reproductive genetics in relation to disability as a cultural representation of impaired bodies. The central assumption concerning reproductive genetics are that it appears within surveillance medicine as a part of a disciplinary process in society's creation of a genetic moral order, that it is mobilised by experts for the management of reproductive bodies and that it constructs a limited view of the body. Thus, the way reproductive genetics operatives tends to hide the fact that what may appear as 'defective genes' is a result of a body's interaction not only with the environment but also gendered social practices valorised by difference as well as rigid definitions of health and illness. The research is from a 1995-96 European study of experts interviewed in four countries.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1982

Narcissism and female gender identity: a reformulation.

The theory of narcissism and the study of the psychological development of the female child have both been subjects of considerable controversy within psychoanalysis. Some issues central to these controversies have been discussed and evaluated with attention to the contributions made by advances in each area upon the other. From a historical perspective, Freud's illuminating introduction of the concept of narcissism opened the door toward explaining a variety of puzzling clinical phenomena. Deutsch then elaborated upon Freud's contribution as well as upon his specific bias in her description of the psychology of women. Later, Jacobson addressed herself to a reformulation of then existing views of female psychological development. Kohut's innovative clinical observations and Stolorow's functional definition of narcissism provided a unique vantage point from which to offer a critical restatement of narcissistic factors in the development of the female child. Specifically, narcissism was freed from its singular relationship to female development (the emphasis on castration shock and penis envy as rock bottom factors in female character formation) and related to structuralization of the representational world--self- and object-representations. Sexual differences can then be understood as most relevant for the content of these structures. In this context, the work of Stoller was cited. Finally, three topics that grew out of these considerations and elaborations were considered: the role of the little girl's attachment to and separation from her mother, the role of the psychosexual phases and an evaluation of penis envy, and the role of the father as an ideal. The reciprocal relationship between psychosexual development and the differentiation, integration and consolidation of self and object images has specific relevance for the manner in which femininity as the content of the self-representation of the developing girl enhances and is enhanced by the structuralization of the representations. The unfolding of the psychosexual phases with their associated imagery can be viewed as the gradual unfolding of more complex, differentiated and articulated self and object representations. Conversely, the gradual separation, integration and consolidation of self- and object-representations makes possible the development of increasingly more advanced forms of psychosexual experiences. Thus, the original question of the relationship between narcissism and female development has led to much broader issues. Narcissism concerns the structuralization and maintenance of the self. However, while narcissistic activities may promote structuralization, they may also serve to shore up a precarious sense of gender identity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Visions realized and dreams dashed: Helen Penhale and the first basic integrated baccalaureate program in nursing in the west, at the University of Alberta 1952-1956.

The first basic degree program in nursing in Canada was established at the University of British Columbia in 1919. This program and those that followed elsewhere were of the non-integrated form, wherein a diploma program offered by a hospital was supplemented by university courses in the arts, humanities, and sciences. In 1942 an innovative basic baccalaureate program in nursing was established at the University of Toronto; courses in nursing, given by the university, were offered in conjunction with university courses in other subjects. Only two other attempts were made to set up integrated programs in Canada prior to release of the Report of the Royal Commission on Health Services of 1964; McMaster University established a program in 1946, and, in an attempt that was ultimately unsuccessful, a program was established at the University of Alberta in 1952. The purpose of this study was to examine the conditions surrounding the initiation and termination of a basic degree program in the 1950s at the University of Alberta, in order to understand the key issues in the movement to establish basic university degree programs for nurses, and the gender discrimination relative to nurses and nursing students that has prevailed in health and education. Although the conflict at the University of Alberta was a very difficult one for the nurses involved, and although the Director who had the temerity to establish the program relinquished her position when the program was summarily terminated, this episode in Canadian nursing history provides insight into the climate in which baccalaureate nursing education existed and into some of the issues relative to its development.

Alberta↗
PubMed2001

Power and gender influences on responsibility attributions: the case of disagreements in relationships.

In a sample of 156 college students (74 men and 82 women), the authors examined the influences of power status and gender on responsibility attributions and resolution choices during disagreements in personal relationships. The participants read vignettes in which relationship partners disagreed; then the participants placed themselves in the situations depicted and reported their perceived responsibility and resolution choices. The participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 power-status conditions (you have/your partner has greater power in the situation). Power status was based on resource power (i.e., a monetary inheritance) or on perceived power (i.e., financial knowledge). The authors tested 2 alternative power-status hypotheses (justified benefits/rights and ability/accountability) and 1 gender hypothesis. The results supported both power-status hypotheses. In addition, the men's and the women's responsibility attributions and resolution choices (i.e., adhering to their own wishes or deferring to their partner's wishes) revealed differential dependence on the type of power held by the person with greater situational power. The authors suggest issues further research concerning how situational differences in socially based expectations (e.g., power status and gender) may affect conflicts within relationships.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Feminist issues in e-mail group discussion among cancer patients.

From a feminist perspective, issues in using e-mail group discussion among cancer patients are explored and discussed by analyzing a study on gender and ethnic differences in cancer pain experiences among cancer patients. First, the study is concisely described. Then, while considering the essential components of research from a feminist perspective, issues identified throughout the research process (intersubjectivity, lack of women's voices, reflexivity and contextuality, dependability, and adequacy and credibility) are discussed. Based on the discussion, implications for future feminist research using e-mail group discussion are proposed.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The processing of free and bound gender-marked morphemes in speech production: evidence from Dutch.

In many languages, the production of noun phrases requires the selection of gender-marked elements like determiners or inflectional suffixes. There is a recent debate as to whether the selection of freestanding gender-marked elements, such as determiners, follows the same processing mechanisms as the selection of bound gender-marked morphemes, such as adjective suffixes. Most of the evidence on which this debate is based relates to the gender-congruency effect in picture-word interference experiments. In the present article, the authors address this issue with a pure picture-naming task, extending previous work in German (H. Schriefers, J. D. Jescheniak, & A. Hantsch, 2005). The results of the present study on noun phrase production in Dutch show that both types of gender-marked morphemes are selected via the same basic processing mechanisms.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gender differences in psychotropic medications.

During the past decade pharmacological research has greatly enhanced the understanding of several variables affecting the prescription of psychotropic medication. One variable of increasingly recognized importance is the gender of the patient. Significant gender differences have been described for psychiatric disease prevalence, symptom presentation, treatment-seeking behavior, and receipt of psychotropic medication. Despite these findings little has been investigated in the potential gender differences in efficacy, dosage, and side effects influenced by pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic properties of psychotropic medications. This leaves an important gap in information of potential clinical importance. This relatively young field of study has a number of variables to consider including the impact of psychosocial issues, environmental components, and genetic and hormonal influences. We will review literature on the impact of gender on psychotropic medications and make recommendations for further research.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Accuracy of judging time to arrival: effects of modality, trajectory, and gender.

Observers' accuracy in using time-to-arrival (Ta) information was examined in 4 experiments. The issues included use of visual vs. acoustic Ta information, use of acoustic Ta information by blind Ss, use of Ta information controlling for velocity, and effects of angle of approach and arrival time on judgment accuracy. Visual information was used more efficiently than audiovisual and auditory information. Blind Ss used acoustical approach information as accurately as sighted Ss used visual information. Radial, oblique, and transverse orientations were used to examine effects of approach trajectory. Radial events were underestimated, whereas the more accurate transverse approach was likely to be overestimated. Oblique angle events yielded intermediate accuracies implying a spatiotemporal anisotropy. Women underestimated Ta more than did men. Possible reasons for Ss' judgment accuracy, including linear vs. nonlinear optical changes and relation to spatial skills and experience, were discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Evidence for a gender-specific decline in the rate of schizophrenia in rural Ireland over a 50-year period.

The issue of whether the incidence rate of schizophrenia may have declined over recent decades has generated considerable controversy. This study sought to ascertain and interview all patients who satisfied contemporary diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia within a defined and unusually homogeneous region of rural Ireland having a total population of 25,178 people; morbid risk for schizophrenia was then examined by quinquennia of birth from 1920-24 to 1965-69. Morbid risk appeared essentially constant for persons born between 1920 and 1939 but fell by 37% for those born between 1940 and 1969, the fall being considerably more prominent in females (-56%) than in males (-19%). Attention is focused on sexual dimorphism in cerebral development and on temporal changes in endogenous or exogenous factors that influence the rate of occurrence of schizophrenia in females.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Gender politics and secure services for women: reflections on a study of staff understandings of challenging behaviour.

This paper discusses the findings of a Q methodological study that investigated the complexity of professional understandings of (attitudes towards) residents in a secure unit for women with learning disabilities and challenging behaviours. Particular attention is afforded to the critical debate regarding women in psychiatric and secure care, including the significant contribution made to this literature by feminist perspectives. A multiprofessional group of staff (n = 38) participated in the study and nine distinct accounts of women's challenging behaviour are described. Despite a considerable amount of recent policy concern with the position of women in psychiatric services, the findings of this research suggest that many front line staff are reluctant to highlight gender in their explanations of women's behaviour. This supports the assertion by Williams et al. (2001), who were involved in the National Gender Training Initiative (NGTI), that most critical theorizing about women's mental health has had minimal impact at the level of individuals' understandings of these important issues. This state of affairs suggests a powerful case for the expansion of staff training as provided in the NGTI, which makes gender central to understanding and emphasizes feminist perspectives.

Female↗
PubMed2005

'Nobody likes damaged goods': the experience of adult visible acne.

OBJECTIVES: While mild to severe acne is a common problem in the teenage years, many adults also suffer from the condition. Although there is an appreciable body of dermatological literature on this issue, the psychosocial concomitants of severe, visible adult acne are little elaborated. The aim of this research is to detail the salient experiences of adults with severe visible acne, and to set out the implications of these experiences. DESIGN: A phenomenological qualitative approach was adopted to elicit detailed accounts of the impact of visible acne upon the lives of a small sample of sufferers. METHOD: 11 adults suffering from severe visible acne took part in semi-structured interviews via e-mail, over an extended period of time. Transcripts of these interviews served as the data for an interpretative phenomenological analysis. RESULTS: Five themes emerged, detailing different aspects of respondents' personal and social lives in the context of their acne. These were: powerlessness and the variable nature of acne; comparisons, self-image and identity; the experience of general social interaction; relationships with family and friends; and gender, sexuality, and romantic relationships. CONCLUSIONS: These themes allowed a deeper understanding of issues reported in previous quantitative research in the area, as well as revealing findings that had not been previously reported in relation to the experience of adult acne and its impact upon personal and social relationships. With an acknowledgement of these experiences, personal and professional acquaintances have the potential to improve their interpersonal relationship with the person concerned, and encourage positive changes in their psychological health and social interaction.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed2005

Adolescent reproductive health and gender role attitudes in Oman.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to investigate the attitudes of Omani adolescents towards the different gender roles and women empowerment with regard to taking household decisions, and to study how they influenced the adolescents' knowledge and attitudes towards some reproductive health issues in a national representative secondary schools-based sample of 1670 boys and 1675 girls. METHODS: In 2001, through a self administrated questionnaire the adolescents answered 2 indices; adolescents Attitudes Toward Gender Roles (ATGR) and adolescents Attitudes Toward Women Empowerment (ATWE) in addition to answering questions on demographic data, environmental factors, and questions assessing their knowledge and attitudes towards reproductive health issues. RESULTS: High scores of ATGR or ATWE were found to significantly predict sound adolescents' reproductive health knowledge or positive attitudes in almost all the logistic regression models. CONCLUSION: The study highlighted the scope of interventions to be initiated for adolescents reproductive health. Changes in attitudes towards gender role have to accompany our endeavors to set up the stage for our future generation's reproductive health.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

The measurement of femininity.

Preliminary empiric research with The Femininity Study identifies 10 factorially derived factors that indicate the general dimmensions of femininity with particular reference to female self-concept, feelings of inadequacy related to sexual characteristics, and deficiencies of female role-playing. Pilot studies indicate that wide differences occur across time both individually and in different demographic groups so that it is necessary to study the development of sex attitudes across time. Further cross-sectional and longitudinal studies are necessary to discover whether the derived factors are specific to females or distributed in differing degrees among humans in general. No assumptions were made as to whether the obtained factors are unipolar or bipolar, and the present data do not resolve this issue.

Attitude↗
PubMed1997

The impact of political violence on moral reasoning in children.

OBJECTIVE: The moral development of three groups of children, who had been subjected to varying degrees of political violence and economic advantage, was examined in an attempt to determine if group membership or gender influenced the level of moral reasoning or orientation. METHOD: Ninety-three 8- to 13-year-old Israeli Jewish and Bedouin school children, and Palestinian West Bank school children were asked various moral reasoning questions based on an animal fable involving a moral dilemma under three (hypothetical, role-taking, political) conditions. RESULTS: Results indicate that mutuality solutions to moral dilemmas were given more frequently by Israeli Jewish children than Israeli Bedouin or Palestinian children as the questions shifted from abstract to real-life situations. No significant gender differences were found between Jewish children and Bedouin children in hypothetical issues; however, violence and limited resources were found to affect moral judgment in real-life situations for boys, but not for girls. CONCLUSIONS: These findings supported the hypothesis that moral reasoning in children is significantly linked to real-life situations and resources. The results were discussed in terms of their relevance to future researchers and the manner in which children interpret moral questions.

Adolescent↗