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At least 1,729 records · Page 96Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

The simulation of aerial movement--III. The determination of the angular momentum of the human body.

A method is presented for determining the angular momentum of the human body about its mass centre for general three-dimensional movements. The body is modelled as an 11 segment link system with 17 rotational degrees of freedom and the angular momentum of the body is derived as a sum of 12 terms, each of which is a vector function of just one angular velocity. This partitioning of the angular momentum vector gives the contribution due to the relative segmental movement at each joint rather than the usual contribution of each segment. A method of normalizing the angular momentum is introduced to enable the comparison of rotational movements which have different flight times and are performed by athletes with differing inertia parameters. Angular momentum estimates were calculated during the flight phases of nine twisting somersaults performed on trampoline. Errors in film digitization made large contributions to the angular momentum error estimates. For individual angular momentum estimates the relative error is estimated to be about 10% whereas for mean angular momentum estimates the relative error is estimated to be about 1%.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1990

The simulation of aerial movement--IV. A computer simulation model.

A computer simulation model of human airborne movement is described. The body is modelled as 11 rigid linked segments with 17 degrees of freedom which are chosen with a view to modelling twisting somersaults. The accuracy of the model is evaluated by comparing the simulation values of the angles describing somersault, tilt and twist with the corresponding values obtained from film data of nine twisting somersaults. The maximum deviations between simulation and film are found to be 0.04 revolutions for somersault, seven degrees for tilt and 0.12 revolutions for twist. It is shown that anthropometric measurement errors, from which segmental inertia parameters are calculated, have a small effect on a simulation, whereas film digitization errors can account for a substantial part of the deviation between simulation and film values.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1994

A prediction of an optimal performance of the handspring 1 1/2 front salto longhorse vault.

The handspring 1 1/2 front salto vault in the tucked position is deemed to be an important high-level vault. It was the compulsory vault of the 1988 Olympics and is a building block for more advanced skills in the handspring family. The purpose of this study was to predict an individual's optimal performance of a handspring 1 1/2 front salto vault. An assessment of the athlete's present performance ability was determined using cinematographical analysis of three trials. These trials were judged as being typical high-level performances of the vault. Secondly, an objective function was identified based on the performance result of points awarded. The objective function was composed of those performance variables that, if maximized, would result in minimal deductions. Postflight height and distance were identified as those variables. Angular momentum was included in a penalty function form to ensure that sufficient angular momentum was present for successful completion of the skill. A Lagrangian approach was used to derive the equations of motion and a Rayleigh-Ritz procedure, using fifth-degree polynomials, was used to represent and discretize the state variables. The predicted optimal performance of the skill displayed greater virtuosity in postflight height, distance and angular momentum when compared to the individual's best trial performance. The results of this study generally fall within the limits observed for elite vaulters.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1994

Reconstruction of the dorsal ligament of the triangular fibrocartilage complex.

The distal radio-ulnar ligaments (DRUL) are key components of the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC). The dorsal DRUL tightens during pronation of the forearm and helps to stabilize this motion. 12 women and three men at our clinic have been treated for DRUJ instability secondary to dorsal DRUL rupture or attenuation. Their chief complaint was pain. The dorsal DRUL was reconstructed using a tendon graft, the ends of which were anchored in the bone of the radius and ulna. This technique has been shown to correct dynamic DRUJ instability in carefully selected patients, decreasing or eliminating pain and restoring normal function.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Type III fracture of the tibial tubercle with avulsion of the tibialis anterior muscle in the adolescent male athlete.

INTRODUCTION: Type III fracture of the tibial tubercle by Watson-Jones, or type IIIa injury according to John Ogden's classification has been well described and its management is now well codified in standard orthopaedic textbooks. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors present a case of type III fracture of the tibial tubercle associated with an avulsion of the tibialis anterior muscle. RESULTS: We demonstrated the effectiveness of bioabsorbable material for fixing the fracture preventing the need for removal of metalware, and that the anterior tibialis muscle had been stripped by the injury. CONCLUSION: A displaced type III fracture of the tibial tubercle may have an associated with avulsion of the tibialis anterior muscle, particularly in adolescent athletes. Prompt recognition and appropriate surgical treatment can give an excellent outcome.

Absorbable Implants↗
PubMed2006

Lower extremity control and dynamics during backward angular impulse generation in forward translating tasks.

Observation of complex whole body movements suggests that the nervous system coordinates multiple operational subsystems using some type of hierarchical control. When comparing two forward translating tasks performed with and without backward angular impulse, we have learned that both trunk-leg coordination and reaction force-time characteristics are significantly different between tasks. This led us to hypothesize that differences in trunk-leg coordination and reaction force generation would induce between-task differences in the control of the lower extremity joints during impulse generation phase of the tasks. Eight highly skilled performers executed a series of forward jumps with and without backward rotation (reverse somersault and reverse timer, respectively). Sagittal plane kinematics, reaction forces, and electromyograms of lower extremity muscles were acquired during the take-off phase of both tasks. Lower extremity joint kinetics were calculated using inverse dynamics. The results demonstrated between-task differences in the relative angles between the lower extremity segments and the net joint forces/reaction force and the joint angular velocity profiles. Significantly less knee extensor net joint moments and net joint moment work and greater hip extensor net joint moments and net joint moment work were observed during the push interval of the reverse somersault as compared to the reverse timer. Between-task differences in lower extremity joint kinetics were regulated by selectively activating the bi-articular muscles crossing the knee and hip. These results indicate that between-task differences in the control of the center of mass relative to the reaction force alters control and dynamics of the multijoint lower extremity subsystem.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Injury in the Australian sport of calisthenics: a prospective study.

The aims of this study were to determine the rate, anatomical regions, onset, severity, and type of injury in the sport of calisthenics and compare injuries reported by elite and non-elite participants. Prospective reports of injuries were collected over a 12-month period from 550 elite and non-elite calisthenics participants. The participants recorded the number of training sessions, competition, and performances per week, hours of training, and information on any injuries sustained each week during the survey period. Five hundred and fifty participants reported 190 injuries during the survey period, 0.4 injuries per participant year or 0.3 injured participants per participant year. The odds ratio of injury in the elite to the non-elite group was 2.0 (95% CI 1.3 to 2.9). Injuries to the lower back (32.4% of all injuries), hip thigh and groin (25.4% of all injuries) were most common. Activities involving lumbar extension (29.8% of all injuries and 61.0% of lower back injuries) were perceived by participants to have led to injury. In general, injuries were minor and mainly involved soft tissue structures (95.6% of all injuries). Participants had difficulty in identifying why their injuries had occurred. Calisthenics participants did not report high injury rates, but activities that involve lumbar extension are implicated in low back injuries and warrant further attention

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Trampolining injuries of the spine.

Between 1963 and 1978 16 patients were seen as a result of trampolining accidents; 15 had spinal injuries in the lower cervical region, resulting in severe paralysis. Their ages ranged from 10 to 43; 13 were male and the mean age was 21. There were six schoolboys. The factors causing the injuries were analysed. In almost all cases injury was due to failure of supervision and it was not recognized initially that the trampoline is an extremely dangerous piece of equipment that can project people up to 9 m (30 ft) in the air. The accidents occurred as a result of people landing on their heads. The recommendations to make this sport safer are discussed.

Accident Prevention↗
PubMed2001

Modeling and inverse simulation of somersaults on the trampoline.

This paper describes a biomechanical model for numerical simulation of front and back somersaults, without twist, performed on the trampoline. The developed mathematical formulation is used to solve an inverse dynamics problem, in which the moments of muscle forces at the joints that result in a given (measured) motion are determined. The nature of the stunts and the way the human body is maneuvered and controlled can be studied. The calculated torques can then be used as control signals for a dynamic simulation. This provides a way to check the inverse dynamics procedures, and influence of typical control errors on somersault performance can be studied. To achieve these goals, the nonlinear dynamical model of the trampolinist and the interacting trampoline bed has been identified, and a methodology for recording the actual somersault performances was proposed. Some results of numerical simulations are reported.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1982

Anthropometric, body composition, and maturity characteristics of selected school-age athletes.

Young athletes of both sexes grow as well as nonathletes. The experience of athletic training and competition does not harm the physical growth and development of the youngster. The young, trained athlete has generally a lesser percentage of body weight as fat. Maturity relationships are not consistent across sports. Male athletes more often than not tend to be advanced maturationally compared with nonathletes. On the other hand, female athletes tend to be delayed in maturity, except for swimmers. Maturity-associated variation in size and body composition is thus a significant factor in comparing athletes and nonathletes, especially during the circumpuberal years.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Aneurysmal bone cyst of the capitate.

Aneurysmal bone cysts are uncommon in the hand. An aneurysmal bone cyst in the capitate of a 16-year-old girl is presented, and 32 previously recorded cases are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Acute sports-related spinal cord injury: contemporary management principles.

Improvements in helmet and equipment design have led to significant decreases in overall injury incidence, but no available helmet can prevent catastrophic injury to the neck and cervical spine. The most effective strategy for preventing this type of injury appears to be careful instruction, training, and regulations designed to eliminate head-first contact. The incidence of football-related quadriplegia has decreased from a peak of 13 cases per one million players between 1976 and 1980 to 3 per million from 1991 to 1993, mostly as a result of systematic research and an organized effort to eliminate high-risk behavior. An episode of transient quadriparesis does not appear to be a risk factor for catastrophic spinal cord injury. Torg reported that 0 of 117 quadriplegics in the National Football Head and Neck Injuries Registry recalled a prior episode of transient quadriparesis, and 0 of the 45 patients originally studied in his transient quadriparesis cohort have subsequently suffered quadriplegia. The significance of developmental spinal stenosis is unclear. Plain radiographic identification of a narrow spinal canal in a player sustaining cervical cord neurapraxia warrants further evaluation by MRI to rule out functional stenosis. The presence of actual cord deformation or compression on MRI should preclude participation in high-risk contact or collision sports.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2003

Epidemiology of athletic head and neck injuries.

In this article, we review the available data on sporting injuries to the head and neck and discuss sport-specific injury risk and prevention strategies, as well as the costs of head and neck injuries.

Adolescent↗