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PubMed1977

Synthesis of auxins from tryptophan and tryptophan-precursors by fungi isolated from mycorrhizae of pine (Pinus silvestris L.).

Fungi isolated from mycorrhizae of pine required tryptophan for auxin synthesis. More auxins were found in culture grown with pyrogallol than in those without this compound. The fungi studied produced also auxins from other than tryptophan compounds. Indole employed with serine was more suitable for the production of auxins than indole or anthranilic acid used separately. The active compounds showing auxin activity were located on the chromatograms at Rf 0.2--0.4 and 0.3--0.5 with the solvent system isopropanol, ammonia, water (10:1:1 v/v).

Culture Media↗
PubMed1981

A survey of fungi and some indicator bacteria in chlorinated water of indoor public swimming pools.

Fifty-four water samples, of volume 500 ml, originating from six public indoor fresh water swimming pools were examined for the presence of fungi and some indicator bacteria by a membrane-filter method. Sabouraud-dextrose agar and selective Candida albicans-medium were used for isolation and identification of fungi. In all but one of the samples the free chlorine content was above 0.40 mg/l. No Candida albicans were detected. Molds and unidentified yeasts were isolated from 29 of the samples. The following species were recorded: Acremonium spp., ALternaria sp., Aspergillus spp., Candida guilliermondii, Chaetomium sp., Cladosporium spp., Clasterosporium sp., Fusarium spp., Geotrichium sp., Penicillium spp., Petriellidium boydii and Phoma spp. Their occurrence was sporadic, each species mostly appearing as single colonies only, with a maximum of 5 colonies. Bacterial growth was noticed in 15 samples, but only in the sample of low free chlorine content did this reach significant proportions. The study indicates that the standard of chlorination is, at least in general, an adequate measure against fungal contamination of swimming pool water. However, the spectrum of mold species encountered encourages a further search for possible indicator species among these organisms.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1980

Fungi from interior organs of free-living small mammals in Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.

A total of 308 fungi was isolated from interior organs (lungs, spleen, liver) of 529 small mammals belonging to 21 species, 7 families and 3 orders (Insectivora, Chiroptera, Rodentia), some of these being potentially pathogenic to vertebrates (e.g. Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, Geotrichum candidum, Mucor pusillus, Rhizopus arrhizus). In one vole (Microtus arvalis) captured in South Moravia, adiaspiromycosis (Emmonsia crescens) was demonstrated. Comparison of mycoflora of hair and that of interior organs of wild small mammals revealed that out of the total number of isolates the following fungi were represented in a higher proportion from visceral organs than from the hair: Aspergillus (A. amstelodami, A. flavus, A. repens), Aureobasidium (A. pullulans), Candida, Cladosporium (C. herbarum), Cryptococcus, Fusarium, Gliocladium (G. deliquescens), Helminthosporium, Kloeckera, Mucor (M. fragilis, M. hiemalis, M. pusillus), Paecilomyces marquandii, Penicillium (P. purpurogenum), Phoma, Rhizopus arrhizus, Scopulariopsis (S. candida, S. koningii) and Torulopsis.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[The influence of diesel fuel oil on the number of bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and soil microbial biomass].

In laboratory conditions the influence of Diesel fuel oil on the total number bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and content of microbial biomass in soil was studied. The fuel oil was applied at dosage of 1, 2 and 5 g/100 g of soil. Samples of soil were analysed 1, 7, 14, 21 and 150 days after oil applied. Microbiological analyses involved determinations of the total number of bacteria and actinomycetes (on Bunta-Roviry medium) and fungi (on Martin's agar) by the plate method. The content of microbial biomass in soil was determined using the physiological method of Anderson and Domsch. Diesel fuel oil application caused the changes of total number of investigated groups of soil microorganisms. These results were confirmed by the investigated groups of soil microorganisms. These results were confirmed by the investigation on microbial biomass in soil. In the most of cases the fuel oil was the most stimulated for the number of bacteria and the most inhibited for actinomycetes in comparison with soil without oil (control). From soil with Diesel fuel oil addition Pseudomonas, Arhtrobacter, Bacillus and Penicillium, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Trichoderma strains were isolated. The possibility of the fuel oil as source of carbon utilization by these strains will be investigate.

Actinomycetales↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cellulase activity, degradation of cellulose and lignin and humus formation by cellulolytic fungi.

Cellulase activity and degradation of cellulose and lignin in wheat straw and formation of humus during degradation by Botryotrichum sp., Masoniella sp., Paecilomyces fusisporus, Sclerotium sp. and Trichurus spiralis was studied. All the cultures exhibited carboxy-methyl-cellulase activity, but cellulase activity on cellulose powder, filter paper and cotton was shown only by Masoniella sp., P. fusisporus and Sclerotium sp. when grown on cellulose powder in submerged culture conditions. However, when grown on wheat straw in solid culture all fungi exhibited FPD activity. All except Masoniella sp. degraded both cellulose and lignin efficiently as compared to cellulose. There was formation of humus like substances during growth of fungi on wheat straw.

Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium↗
PubMed1978

Cis-and trans-octa-1,5-dien-3-ol, new attractants to the cheese mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Acarina, Acaridae) idintified in Trichothecium roseum (Fungi Imperfecti).

The volatile materials emitted by Trichothecium roseum (Fungi Imperfecti) at a very low concentration are strong attractants for Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank, 1781) (Acarina, Acardae). The identification of cis- and trans-octa-1,5-dien-3-ol, the main attractant constituents of these volatile materials, was performed by spectroscopic methods (GC/MS and NMR) on a microsample (less than 100 micrograms) isolated by a new pre-concentration method. Although this unsaturated alcohol has only been found in Trichothecium roseum and in a Rhodophyta, it may be present in other microfungi and in fungi and may be implicated in the ecological process.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Production of gibberellin-like substances by bacteria and fungi isolated from the roots of pine seedlings (Pinus silvestris L.).

The production of gibberellin-like substances by bacteria and fungi was investigated. A considerable number of the microorganisms studied produced these substances (55 and 86% of bacterial and fungal isolates respectively). Most of the organisms tested synthesized biologically active substances located on the chromatograms with the solvent system benzene, acetic acid (10:3 v/v) at Rf 0.05--0.3. The ammount of gibberellin-like substances produced varied in the range 0.00007--0.00065 GA3 equivalents mug/ml in bacteria and 0.00014--0.00118 mug/ml in fungi.

Actinomycetales↗
PubMed1993

Survey of airborne culturable and non-culturable fungi at different sites in Delhi metropolis.

A two year aerobiological survey for culturable and non-culturable fungi was conducted at human height at five different sites in Delhi metropolis. Burkard Personal Volumetric Sampler for petriplates and slide exposures were used for sampling the air. With simultaneous petriplate and slide exposure a total of 98 fungal forms were recorded. Cladosporium contributed for 25-40% of total airborne fungi followed by Ustilago (smuts) (24%) Aspergillus flavus (10-13%), Alternaria (11%) and A. niger (8%). Basidiomycetes contributed 7-13% at different sites. The frequency of occurrence of these types varied from 50-98%. In general fungal concentration was high from July to April with low counts in winter (January) and dry and hot summer (May-June). Quantitative variations in the spore counts were found to be statistically significant within the same urban locality.

Aerobiosis↗
PubMed1993

Storage of stock cultures of filamentous fungi at -80 degrees C: effects of different freezing-thawing methods.

Freezing and storage at -80 degrees C has been applied to the preservation of nonsporulated filamentous fungi Phytophthora, Pythium, Sclerotinia and Rhizoctonia, and the results are presented. We had tested different methods of freezing and thawing, finding that the best results were obtained pre-cooling at 4 degrees C during 1 hour followed by freezing at -80 degrees C. The best thawing method was achieved at 37 degrees C. The technique was found to be simple and reliable for the culture collections labours of fungi maintenance.

Ascomycota↗
PubMed1996

Role of IL-12 in peripheral blood mononuclear cell responses to fungi in persons with and without HIV infection.

Clinical trials of IL-12 in persons infected with HIV have been proposed based on recent evidence suggesting IL-12 plays a critical role in the development of protective immune responses, and the HIV infection is associated with a deficiency of IL-12. As fungal infections are among the most common opportunistic infections associated with AIDS, we examined whether IL-12 p40 gene expression and p70 release in response to Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans were deficient in monocyte-enriched PBMC from HIV-seropositive donors and whether rIL-12 could augment the proliferation of PBMC from HIV-seropositive donors in response to these fungi and to Pneumocystis carinii. PBMC from HIV-seronegative donors expressed IL-12 p40 mRNA in response to C. neoformans, C. albicans, and the positive control Staphylococcus aureus Cowan strain 1 (SAC), although the induction of IL-12 p40 mRNA was later and more prolonged with C. neoformans as the stimulus. Expression of IL-12 p40 mRNA in response to the three stimuli was similar in cells from HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative donors. However, when stimulated with SAC, cells from HIV-seropositive donors released significantly less IL-12, suggesting HIV infection induces a post-transcriptional defect in IL-12 release in response to SAC. While PBMC from HIV-seropositive donors had impaired proliferative responses to the three fungi tested, addition of rIL-12 did not enhance proliferation. These studies do not lend further support for the therapeutic use of IL-12 to prevent or treat fungal infections in persons infected with HIV.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1995

Antimycotic susceptibility testing of mould-fungi with allylamines by disk diffusion.

Susceptibility testing of 17 clinical isolates of mould-fungi, which included Aspergillus spp., (8) Penicillium spp., (2) Paecilomyces spp., (1) Cladosporium spp., (1) Pyrenochaeta romeroi (1) Rhizopus spp., 2. Syncephalastrum spp., (1) and Mortierella spp., (1) were carried out against allylamines-naftifine and terbinafine-(Sandoz Forchungsinstitut) by agar dilution and disk diffusion techniques. Terbinafine was more active than naftifine inhibiting 50 and 90% of the fungi other than zygomycetes at a concentration of 0.5 and 1 microgram/ml whereas the values for naftifine were 2.5 and 10 micrograms/ml. The MIC range for zygomycetes for terbinafine and naftifine were 1-->100 and 100-->100 respectively. The MICs and the sizes of zones of inhibition around the disks correlated well and the degree of correlation was measured by regression analysis. The correlation coefficients for naftifine and terbinafine were-0.9597 and -0.9174 (P < 0.007) respectively.

Allylamine↗
PubMed1996

A preliminary study on the occurrence of keratinolytic fungi in the street sweepings from Chorzów.

The street sweepings from the city of Chorzów were surveyed for keratinolytic fungi. Out of 106 Petri dishes examined, 98 (92.4%) were positive for these micro-organisms. Altogether, 185 fungal appearances belonging to 15 species were observed. Chrysosporium keratinophilum, Malbranchea flava, Ch. europae, Sporothrix schenckii, ch. anamorphs of Aphanoascus reticulisporus/fulvescens, Ch. an. Arthroderma curreyi, and M. an. Uncinocarpus reessi predominated in the sweepings. The occurrence of Ch. keratinophilum, Ch. europae, Ch. an. A. curreyi, and S. schenckii could depend on the content of heavy metals and the individual fractions in the sweepings. The epidemiological aspect of the presence of pathogenic fungi in the street dust was briefly discussed.

Cluster Analysis↗
PubMed1996

The interactive effect of some molluscicides on the inermediate host of human bilharziasis and their associated zoosporic fungi in the river Nile, Egypt.

Biomphalaria alexandrina and Bulinus truncatus are the main vectors of human Bilharziasis in Egypt. The mycotic inhabitants of both control and treated snails were surveyed at 7 and 15 days intervals. The two molluscicides affected more on the mortality of Biomphalaria alexandrina than Bulinus truncatus. The highest population of zoosporic fungi was collected from Biomphalaria alexandrina, the lowest from Bulinus truncatus. Copper sulphate was more effective than Bayluscide on the fungal species of both snails. Achlya, Dictyuchus and Saprolegnia were the common genera while Leptolegnia caudata and Pythium ultimum completely missed from treated snails. The total colonies of zoosporic fungi were lowered after. 15 days of treatment. The two molluscicides inhibited the cell division of both tested snails.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Laboratory evaluation of sensitivity of three keratinophilic fungi to some vicolides.

Four vicolides (sesquiterpenoides) isolated from Vicoa indica were evaluated against three keratinophilic fungi, viz., Microsporum gypseum, Chrysosporium tropicum, and Trichophyton terrestris. All the test fungi were found to be sensitive to vicolides. Vicolides A and C showed the maximum efficacy while B and D exhibited moderate activity. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was observed in the range of 15.62-125 micrograms. The most sensitive fungus tested was C. tropicum followed by T. terrestris and M. gypseum.

Cell Division↗
PubMed1996

[Comparative analysis of metabolites of Candida albicans and other clinically important fungi using gas chromatography].

Qualitative and quantitative compositions of metabolites of the fungi belonging to the genera Candida, Cryptococcus, Geotrichum, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarlum, Actinomyces, Sporotrichum and Alternaria were studied. It was shown that the composition of carbohydrates, alcohols, volatile and nonvolatile fatty acids and amines after the fungi cultivation was specific of every genus. The in vitro investigation of the entire spectra of the metabolites such as monosugars, alcohols, volatile and nonvolatile acids and amines for the determination of the markers specific of the genus Candida demonstrated that for the indication of C. albicans the informative components were arabinitole (sugar alcohol), ethyl and isoamyl alcohols and nonvolatile fatty acids (fumaric, amber, oxalacetic and pyruvic). For the diagnosis of candidiasis it is advisable to determine D-arabinitole in biological fluids as a marker of Candida infection.

Acids↗
PubMed1996

[Changes in the taxonomy and nomenclature of pathogenic microscopic fungi].

The authors present a survey of medically important microscopic fungi whose classification were critically revised and correctly named in the last few years. The list was adopted from a paper of American mycologists trying to make the nomenclature of mycotic agents more precise and stable. The authors divided the adopted list according to diseases the individual fungi produce and explained less known terms describing mostly non-european mycoses. Notes giving reasons for nomenclature changes supplement the list of names.

Classification↗
PubMed1998

[The role of imperfect fungi in etiopathogenesis of allergic rhinitis].

In this paper the role of imperfect fungi in etiopathogenesis of perennial rhinitis was examined. In a group of 26 patients the concentration of total IgE and IgE specific of Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Alternaria alternata, Mucor racemosus and Cladosporum herbarum was signified. Oversensibility to imperfect fungi was confirmed in 30.8% of patients: to Candida albicans in 3.8%, to Aspergillus fumigatus in 11.5%, to Alternaria alternata in 3.8%, to Mucor racemosus in 7.6% and to Cladosporum herbarum in 3.8%.

Alternaria↗