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PubMed2005

School-based iron and folic acid supplementation for adolescent girls: findings from Manica Province, Mozambique.

BACKGROUND: The 1997 Demographic and Health Survey in Mozambique shows that 47% of girls 15 to 19 years old living in Manica province (west-central Mozambique) are pregnant or have already had a child. A recent survey also shows that 45% of girls 10 to 18 years old attending school are anemic. Strategies are needed to build iron stores before pregnancy and to control seasonal and chronic iron deficiency and anemia in school-aged girls. OBJECTIVE: To assess the program effectiveness of two school-based weekly iron and folic acid (IFA) supplementation regimes (5-month supplementation vs. 8-month supplementation) in girls 10 to 18 years old attending school in Manica province. METHODS: Twelve schools were included in the study. Schools were ordered by descending mean hemoglobin concentration, and assigned alternately to study group 5 (six schools; 5-month supplementation) or study group 8 (six schools; 8-month supplementation). In both study groups, the weekly supplement contained 60 mg of elemental iron and 400 microg of folic acid. All girls received a single dose of mebendazol (500 mg) twice--once at the beginning of the study (T0) and once six months later (T6). Supplementation was implemented and supervised by the teachers of the schools included in the study. Between T0 and T3, girls in study group 8 received IFA supplements weekly whereas girls in study group 5 did not. Between T3 and T8, all girls in both groups received weekly IFA supplements. RESULTS: At T0, mean hemoglobin concentration and anemia prevalence were comparable in study groups 8 and 5 (125.3 +/- 12.6 g/L vs. 123.8 +/- 12.8 g/L; 28% vs. 29%, respectively). At T3, the mean hemoglobin concentration in study group 8 was significantly higher (126.3 +/- 14.3 g/L vs. 121.5 g/dL +/- 11.9 g/L, p < .001) and the prevalence of anemia was lower (28% vs. 35%, p = .076) than in study group 5. At T8, after an additional 5-month supplementation period in both study groups, mean hemoglobin concentration and anemia prevalence in study groups 8 and 5 were not significantly different (126.5 +/- 12.6 g/L vs. 124.9 +/- 12.3 g/L; 23% vs. 27%, respectively). CONCLUSION: In Manica Province, school-based weekly IFA supplementation is a feasible and effective intervention to prevent seasonal drops in hemoglobin concentration and increases in anemia prevalence. Short supplementation periods can have an important impact on girls' hematological status. However, the size of girls' hematological response in this study was significantly lower that that observed in studies with similar population groups, initial anemia prevalence, supplement dosing, and/or supplementation regime.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[The determination of the folic acid content of foods of animal origin using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)].

The folic acid content of food of animal origin was determined by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Free folate (monoglutamate forms) and total folate (monoglutamate + polyglutamate forms) were differentiated. Liver (bovine 963, hog 136 micrograms/100 g) and kidney (bovine 410, hog 93 micrograms/100 g) contained the highest content of total folate, followed by egg (67 micrograms/100 g), soft cheese (44-62 micrograms/100 g), milk and other dairy products (3-28 micrograms/100 g). Chicken, fish, beef and pork contained only a low content of total folate (1-12 micrograms/100 g). The free folate portion ranged from 14.7 to 100% (mean 69.2%). The main folate derivatives tetrahydrofolic acid (THF), 5-methyl-THF and 5-formyl-THF showed the following distribution. In milk and milk products the mean was 70% for 5-formyl-THF, 20% for 5-methyl-THF and 10% for THF; in the other products the three derivatives were distributed about equally but the range of variation was high.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Kinetic modeling of triamterene intestinal absorption and its inhibition by folic acid and methotrexate.

The aim of this work was to study the intestinal absorption process of triamterene in situ in rats in order to gain insight on its absorption mechanism. The study shows an example of application of a pharmacokinetic model for drug disappearance from a compartment by simultaneous first order and Michaelis-Menten processes to the intestinal drug disappearance by absorption in a non-steady state system. The parameter used to quantify absorption was the absorption rate constant, determined in situ by means of a loop perfusion technique, performed in colon and in whole small intestine of rat at three pHs (5.00, 7.00 and 8.00) and in the presence of folic acid and methotrexate. Different concentrations of the drug were perfused in each condition. The concentrations versus time data were modeled with different kinetic absorption and inhibition differential equations to obtain the passive and active transport components and to elucidate the inhibition mechanisms. The results obtained confirm that triamterene is absorbed by means of passive diffusion and by a transporter or transporters related to folates. Folic acid and methotrexate are able to inhibit triamterene absorption. The results do not allow the selection of a competitive or non-competitive model for inhibition and this fact could be due to the presence of different carriers. The possibility of the existence of a secretion process sensitive to verapamil is also discussed.

Animals↗