Concurrent validity of the internalizing and externalizing profile patterns of the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist.
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Child↗
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Periodic health examination, 1994 update: 3. Primary and secondary prevention of neural tube defects. Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination.
OBJECTIVE: To make recommendations on nutritional interventions and screening manoeuvres to prevent the birth of infants with neural tube defects (NTDs). OPTIONS: Folic acid consumption through diet or supplementation in women at low risk and at high risk of having a fetus with an NTD, and maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) screening in low-risk pregnancies. OUTCOMES: A reduction in the incidence rate of NTDs and potentially harmful effects of false-positive results of screening tests (i.e., abortion of a normal fetus). EVIDENCE: A MEDLINE search with the use of medical subject headings "neural tube defects," "prenatal diagnosis" and "prevention and control" identified 103 original articles published between January 1979 and March 1993. Two reviewers extracted the data by applying the rules of evidence developed by the Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination. VALUES: The task force's evidence-based methods and values were used; high value was placed on prevention of NTDs and on limitation of the harmful effects of a pregnancy involving a fetus with an NTD. BENEFITS, HARMS AND COSTS: Evidence suggests that folic acid supplementation can decrease the incidence rate of NTDs in low-risk pregnancies by 40% to 60% with no adverse effects. MSAFP screening between the 16th and 18th weeks of gestation can reach a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 98% when it is used as part of an organized program. The effect of screening on the incidence rate of NTDs depends on whether affected fetuses are aborted. RECOMMENDATIONS: All women of childbearing age should be advised to increase their consumption of folic acid through diet or supplementation to 0.4 mg/d beginning 1 month before pregnancy and ending at the start of the second trimester. MSAFP screening is recommended in low-risk pregnancies only when it is part of a screening program that includes access to all necessary diagnostic services. High-risk women should be referred to genetic counselling before they plan a pregnancy. VALIDATION: These recommendations are comparable to the current recommendations of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada, the Canadian Laboratory Centre for Disease Control and the Canadian College of Medical Geneticists, and they were validated through external review. SPONSOR: These guidelines were developed and endorsed by the Canadian task force, which funded by Health Canada.
Canada↗
Effects of two MMPI-2 validity scales on basic scale relations to external criteria.
Many clinicians have come to rely on the broad array of validity scales available on the MMPI and the MMPI-2. In this study, we evaluated the utility of 2 MMPI-2 validity scales, the K scale and VRIN scale, in a sample of 692 psychiatric inpatients. Specifically, the effects of the K-correction procedure and the exclusion of protocols based on VRIN scale elevations were examined on the relation between MMPI-2 basic clinical scales and external criteria including both self-report and clinician ratings of psychopathology. Results indicated that the K-correction procedure commonly used with the MMPI and MMPI-2 did not result in higher correlations with external criteria in comparison to non-K-corrected scores. In contrast, MMPI-2 protocols that produced VRIN T-score values > or = 80 generally produced lower correlations with patients self-reports and clinician ratings of psychopathology in comparison to protocols judged to be valid based on VRIN scale results.
Adult↗
A three-metabolite microbiota-associated signature for early risk stratification of gestational diabetes mellitus.
BACKGROUND: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and long-term metabolic and cardiovascular risk. However, oral glucose tolerance testing at 24-28 gestational weeks limits early risk stratification. Gut microbiota-associated metabolites may reflect early metabolic abnormalities, including those relevant to cardiometabolic health, but robust early-pregnancy biomarkers remain limited. METHODS: We conducted a multicenter nested case-control and prospective study involving 2,693 pregnant women. Untargeted metabolomics and metagenomics were integrated to identify GDM-associated metabolites and gut microbial alterations. Three consistently dysregulated metabolites, 3-hydroxydecanoic acid, γ-Glu-Leu, and propionic acid, were quantified by targeted LC-MS/MS. Candidate algorithms were compared using repeated 10-fold cross-validation, and a final generalized linear model was externally and prospectively validated. RESULTS: Women who later developed GDM showed an adverse early-pregnancy metabolic profile, including higher BMI, triglycerides, and platelet count. Untargeted metabolomics identified 14 persistently altered metabolites enriched in energy, oxidative stress, and amino acid metabolism pathways. Metagenomics revealed taxonomic restructuring and coordinated microbiota-metabolite associations. The three-metabolite model achieved AUCs of 0.838 (95% CI, 0.791-0.885) in training, 0.840 (95% CI, 0.769-0.911) in internal validation, 0.955 (95% CI, 0.925-0.985) and 0.917 (95% CI, 0.875-0.958) in two external cohorts, and 0.969 (95% CI, 0.937-1.000) in the prospective cohort. CONCLUSION: Early microbiota-associated metabolic dysregulation is detectable before routine GDM diagnosis. This compact three-metabolite panel may support early GDM risk stratification and provides metabolic evidence relevant to broader cardiometabolic risk assessment in pregnancy.
Humans↗
[Evaluation of the quality of life of schizophrenic patients: validation of the brief version of the Quality of Life Interview].
UNLABELLED: The main objective of the study was to determine the psychometric properties (mainly, validity and reliability) of the French language version of the brief Quality of Life Interview (QoLI). That instrument evaluates both the subjective and objective aspects of quality of life. METHODS: 128 patients fulfilling the DSM IV criteria for schizophrenia were included. Quality of life was evaluated using the brief QoLI. Schizophrenic symptoms were evaluated using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). The validity of the internal structure of the QoLI was investigated by means of item analysis, study of the correlations between the items and between the item-dimensions and principal component analysis addressing the subjective fields. The validity of the external structure was mainly investigated through the nomological validity study. The reliability of the scale was evaluated by studying the internal consistency. In addition, the acceptability of the scale was documented. RESULTS: The results of the study of the validity of the internal structure confirmed the pertinence of the pre-defined fields, particularly the subjective fields. Only some of the subjective fields of the QoLI showed significant correlations with the PANSS sub-scales. The acceptability of the scale was satisfactory. CONCLUSIONS: The psychometric properties of the French language version of the brief QoLI appeared satisfactory. The brief QoLi was shown to be an easily used instrument for assessment of the various objective and subjective aspects of the quality of life of schizophrenic patients.
Adult↗
How to find Chinese research participants: use of a phonologically based surname search method.
The frequent use of non-representative, time-consuming and low hit rate sampling methods in the study of minority cultures is of concern. Given the increasing cultural diversity of the Canadian population and the growing Chinese population, a sampling method using phonological rules to distinguish Chinese surnames from non-Chinese ones was developed. Chinese surnames, transcribed according to their pronunciations, follow specific phonological rules. A flowchart was developed using the inclusion and exclusion criteria derived from these rules. Methods to validate Chinese surnames (identified from telephone directory) were external reference source, expert panel, and telephone interview. A total of 266 possible Chinese surnames were selected using the flowchart. External reference source validated 153 surnames, expert panel 53, and telephone interview 23. An overall hit rate of 86.1% (229/266) was achieved, reflecting the validity of the phonological criteria in identifying individuals with a Chinese surname from the general population.
China↗
[Consistency and validity of the evaluation of the clinical chart].
OBJECTIVE: Assess the degree of external consistency and validity of the EXP CLIN instrument has for measuring the quality information contained in medical charts. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a transverse comparative study, two hundred and twelve clinical charts were randomly selected belonging to patients seen at a pediatric hospital. The charts were assessed using the EXP-CLIN for phases: 1) internal assessment: by hospital personnel of the pediatric hospital, and, II) external assessment: by personnel from other hospitals. The results were analyzed using the concordance method. RESULTS: The concordance percentages were found to be 76% for medical charts and medical notes related with the process of diagnosis-treatment, as well as the general characteristics of the clinical chart. The concordance percentages average was 88%, supporting the idea that when the EXP-CLIN instrument is applied twice to the same chart, good concordance is obtained between the two measures. CONCLUSIONS: Given that the application of the instrument documented a good level of external consistency, its use is justified for assessing the quality of the information contained in the charts of the patients seen at our unit.
Cross-Sectional Studies↗
Urine specimen collection with external devices for diagnosis of bacteriuria in elderly incontinent men.
We determined the validity of using external devices for urine specimen collection from 24 elderly incontinent men residing in a nursing home by collecting three sequential specimens, two with external devices and then one by catheterization. The positive predictive value of organisms isolated in quantitative counts of greater than or equal to 10(5) CFU/ml in external devices for bladder bacteriuria was 86% for either sterile or clean collecting devices and 93% for the same organism in two consecutive specimens. The negative predictive value for organisms present in quantitative counts of less than 10(5) CFU/ml was 90% for both sterile and clean devices and 86% when the organism was present in both specimens. Contamination in external collection devices was not influenced by whether the device was clean or sterile, circumcision of the resident, or duration of time between device application and specimen collection. These data suggest that urine specimens collected by ward nursing staff with external devices are reliable for the diagnosis of bacteriuria in this patient population.
Aged↗
Development and initial validation of the peer-report measure of internalizing and externalizing behavior.
This study describes the development and initial validation of the Peer-report Measure of Internalizing and Externalizing Behavior (PMIEB), a peer-nomination inventory that assesses internalizing (anxiety, depression, somatic complaints) and externalizing (aggression, delinquency, hyperactivity/attentional problems) psychopathology in school-aged children. Peer nomination inventories such as the PMIEB can provide an important perspective on children's behavioral and emotional functioning, for purposes ranging from descriptive psychopathology to outcome assessments of school-based treatment programs. However, although there currently are peer-nomination inventories for several specific domains of behavioral and emotional problems, the PMIEB represents the first broadband peer-nomination assessment instrument that can efficiently provide peer-report information across a wide range of child emotional and behavioral problems. Results of this study provide support for the reliability and validity of both broadband PMIEB subscales, as well as 5 of the 6 narrowband PMIEB subscales.
Adolescent↗
Sensitivity to change of the functional index for hand osteoarthritis.
BACKGROUND: The functional index for hand osteoarthritis (FIHOA), a 10-item investigator-administered questionnaire, was validated in 1995. It is relevant, reliable and has good external and internal validities. OBJECTIVE: To assess the sensitivity to change over time of the FIHOA. PATIENTS/METHODS PATIENTS: symptomatic [visual analog scale (VAS) > or = 30 mm, FIHOA > or = 5] hand OA patients [American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria, > or = 2 radiologically affected joints] were included in a 6-month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Recorded parameters: Pain on VAS, FIHOA score, morning stiffness duration, grip strength. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: mean standardized response (MSR = delta DO-M6/S.D. of delta) was calculated for each parameter in an intention-to-treat (ITT) population before breaking the randomization code. RESULTS: 239 women, 22 men, mean age 61 +/- 7.5 years were recruited. Characteristics of HOA: 88% of patients were right-handed, 48% had a family history of hand OA. The location of OA was the first trapezo-metacarpal (TMC) joint (62%), proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint (47.5%), distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint (67.6%). The mean number of painful flares (previous 12 months) was 4.4, that of painful joints was 3.7, that of nodal joints in the right hand 3.1, and that of radiologically affected joints was 4.4. Baseline symptomatic severity assessment gave pain on VAS=54.4 +/- 14 mm, FIHOA score=10.4 +/- 3.7, morning stiffness duration=20 +/- 27.6 min and grip strength=59.3 +/- 21.2 mm Hg. The MSR value was 0.58 for the FIHOA and 0.87 for pain on VAS. CONCLUSION: The sensitivity to change of the FIHOA over 6 months is high, but inferior to that of pain on VAS in this trial.
Activities of Daily Living↗
Validation of a finite element model of the Kirschner-Ehmer external skeletal fixation system.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the validity of finite element analysis (FEA) as a means of examining biomechanical properties of the Kirschner-Ehmer external skeletal fixation system. SAMPLE POPULATION: 10 paired tibiae harvested from skeletally mature dogs weighing between 30 and 38 kg immediately following euthanasia for reasons unrelated to musculoskeletal disease. PROCEDURE: A gap fracture was created in each bone; fragments were stabilized with 3 frame configurations (type I, type II, and type III), using enhanced-profile threaded pins. Each bone-frame construct was tested, using a materials testing machine in 3 modes of testing: axial compression (AC), mediolateral (ML) bending, and craniocaudal (CC) bending, for a total of 9 tests/bone. The elastic limit of the constructs was not exceeded during testing. Mean stiffness values were determined from load-displacement curves. A finite element model of each construct was created, using three-dimensional elastic beam elements, and stiffness values were calculated, using FEA. Correlations between experimental and FEA data then were determined. RESULTS: Significant differences in stiffness were seen among all 3 constructs in CC bending and AC, with stiffness increasing with construct complexity. No significant difference in ML bending stiffness was seen between type-II and type-III constructs; however, both were significantly stiffer than the type-I constructs. The experimental and FEA stiffness data were strongly correlated (AC, r = 0.994; ML bending, r = 0.998; CC bending, r = 0.985). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Strong correlations among experimental and FEA data indicate that FEA is a valid method of comparing stiffness of Kirschner-Ehmer external skeletal fixation constructs.
Animals↗
The application of topology optimization on the quantitative description of the external shape of bone structure.
The aim of this paper was to introduce the idea of topology optimization in engineering to the simulation of bone morphology. The external shape of bone structure was predicted with the quantitative bone functional adaptation theory. The high-order nonlinear equation of bone remodeling proposed by Zhu et al. (J. Biomech. 35(7)(2002)951) combining with the finite element method was adopted to a rectangular design domain, which occupies a larger space than the external shape of bone structure. It was at this point we imported the idea of topology optimization in engineering. The proximal femur was used here as an example, whose external shape and internal density distribution were simultaneously simulated quantitatively to validate that the external shape of bone structure could be successfully predicted in this way. Then the growth of vertebral body from young to old was simulated numerically in its coronal section to discuss the significance of the prediction of external shape. The study in this paper provides computational basis for further studies on osteophyte formation, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, bone growth and even bone evolution, etc.
Aging↗
An external criterion study of the MMPI validity indices.
Two hundred and twenty-eight veterans who requested either inpatient or outpatient treatment at a VA Hospital were administered an MMPI and a structured mental status examination (the CAPPS) to determine whether MMPI validity indicators would be useful in the prediction of dissimulation during a structured interview. Statistically significant relationships were found between both F and F-K and ratings of "fake bad" interview behavior. However, the authors point out that the rather small correlations discovered are of little practical utility in the prediction of dissimulation during structured interviews, especially when consideration is given to the amount of time and effort expended to administer and score the MMPI.
Adult↗
Continuous measurement of left ventricular volume in the dog. I. Description and validation of a method employing direct external dimensions.
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Animals↗
Noninvasive determination of aortic input impedance and external left ventricular power output: a validation and repeatability study of a new technique.
OBJECTIVE: The study was designed to test whether aortic input impedance and left ventricular power output can be accurately assessed noninvasively. BACKGROUND: Aortic input impedance describes both the pulsatile and nonpulsatile artery load encountered by the left ventricle. Until now, this measure of afterload has only been determined by invasive techniques. METHODS: The aortic pressure wave was estimated by recording the calibrated carotid artery pressure wave noninvasively with use of a micromanometer-tipped probe by the technique of applanation tonometry. Flow was determined with pulsed wave Doppler measurement of ascending aortic velocity profile and aortic diameter. In 18 subjects undergoing cardiac catheterization, invasive measurements were taken to assess the accuracy of noninvasive data. In 17 other subjects noninvasive measurements were taken on different days to assess the reproducibility of results. RESULTS: Noninvasive pressure measurements correlated well with invasive data: systolic pressure (mm Hg), noninvasive 126 +/- 28 versus invasive 127 +/- 28, r = 0.96, p less than 0.001; diastolic pressure (mm Hg), noninvasive 71 +/- 10 versus invasive 66 +/- 7, r = 0.60, p less than 0.02; augmentation index (%), noninvasive 23.9 +/- 9.3 versus invasive 30.7 +/- 11.9, r = 0.87, p less than 0.001. Doppler-measured cardiac output was closely correlated with invasively measured flow (liters/min): Doppler, 5.3 +/- 1.2 versus invasive, 5.5 +/- 1.3, r = 0.98, p less than 0.001. Impedance and left ventricular power variables calculated from noninvasive and invasive techniques were also closely related: systemic vascular resistance (dynes.s.cm-5), noninvasive 1,479 +/- 488 versus invasive 1,502 +/- 498, r = 0.91, p less than 0.001; characteristic impedance (dynes.s.cm-5), noninvasive 137 +/- 52 versus invasive 136 +/- 79, r = 0.92, p less than 0.001; pulsatile power (mW), noninvasive 249 +/- 94 versus invasive 291 +/- 103, r = 0.91, p less than 0.001; mean power (mW), noninvasive 1,107 +/- 319 versus invasive 1,144 +/- 266, r = 0.93, p less than 0.001. Repeated measures of impedance variables and power output showed coefficients of variation of less than 9%. CONCLUSIONS: Measurement of noninvasive impedance by this technique provides an accurate and repeatable assessment of mean and pulsatile cardiac load.
Aorta↗
Two promising shame and guilt scales: a construct validity comparison.
This study compared the validity of two promising measures of shame and guilt proneness: revisions of the Harder Personal Feelings Questionnaire (PFQ2; Harder & Lewis, 1987) and the Hoblitzelle Adapted Shame and Guilt Scale (ASGS; Hoblitzelle, 1982). Internal consistency, test-retest stability, factor structure, and construct validity with convergent and discriminant personality dimensions were examined for both scales. In addition to the shame and guilt measures, 63 (37 male, 26 female) mostly freshman college students completed a randomly ordered battery of personality scales theoretically relevant to shame and guilt proneness. Results support the reliability and shame/guilt factor structure of each scale. ASGS Shame correlations appeared marginally more valid with 11 external construct variables than PFQ2 Shame, whereas PFQ2 Guilt was clearly more valid than its corresponding ASGS subscale. New, potentially improved scales were constructed from the factor analyses and from item analyses. However, the resulting scales did not show improved validity.
Adolescent↗
Validation of multigenerational interconnectedness scale among Arab adolescents.
This study intends to validate the Multigenerational Interconnectedness Scale among Arab adolescents. The Arabic version of the scale was administered to 224 male and 294 female Arab students in Grades 10 and 12. Principal factor analysis with a priori three factors and varimax rotation was conducted. This showed good convergence of the items into three subscales: Emotional, Financial, and Functional. Coefficient alpha was .80, indicating good internal consistency. Adolescent girls scored significantly higher on Connectedness to their families than the boys. Given the restricted age range, the effect of age was not significant. Further validation studies are needed with an external criterion for construct validity and a larger sample to cover the older age range of adolescence.
Adolescent↗
[Validation of French translation of the "Tinnitus Reaction Questionnaire", Wilson et al. 1991].
The present study proposes a validation of a french translation of the TRQ initially published by Wilson et al., for evaluating the psychological distress of tinnitus sufferers. The 26 items translated into french were used on a sample of 173 tinnitus sufferers, who also filled out the Mini-Mult, a short version of the MMPI proposed by Kincannon. Internal validity was demonstrated by strong correlations (i) between each item (except items 5 and 20) and total TRQ score (0.33 < or = r < or = 0.87, p < or = 0.0001), (ii) between each internal TRQ factor (0.58 < r < 0.81, p < 0.0001) and the others. Cronbach's alpha test also showed the questionnaire to have a good internal validity (alpha = 0.94). The external factors used for testing concurrent validity were the scores on depression, psychaesthenia and anxiety Mini-Mult scales. The strong correlations (one factor ANOVA and simple linear regression tests) between scores on depression and psychaesthenia scales and (1) each TRQ item, (2) each TRQ factor, (3) total TRQ scores, confirmed concurrent validity. Scores obtained on anxiety index showed high correlations only with TRQ score, factor 3 score and some TRQ items (most of them included in factor 3). The internal and concurrent validities of the French version of the TRQ justify the use of this questionnaire, with the reserve that items 5 and 20 appeared irrelevant for the measuring of tinnitus distress in French-speaking countries. Such a questionnaire should improve our knowledge of tinnitus' life-impact and enable detection of patients whose psychological distress necessitates rapid intervention.
Adaptation, Psychological↗