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PubMed2002

Social distance and trait attribution among four Southeast Asian ethnic groups in the United States.

This study explored social distance and trait attribution and the relationship between the two variables in persons of four Southeast Asian ethnic groups. 100 Cambodians, 102 Hmong, 102 Laotians, and 101 Vietnamese in the United States were administered a modified Bogardus Social Distance Scale with respect to seven different ethnic groups (the other three Southeast Asian groups, African American, Hispanic, and White), and rated these other groups on 10 traits: friendly and likable, in good health, unattractive, law abiding, hardworking, loyal, peaceful, unfair and dishonest, unintelligent, and have good morals. Cambodians expressed willingness to have the closest social distance with Whites and Laotians and their trait attributions were more favorable for these two groups. Theoretical and practical implications were suggested.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

"Friendships are a big part of it": social relationships, social distance, and HIV risks.

Social distance, or how close or distant individuals consider others, is an important influence on drug injectors' HIV risk behavior. Qualitative in-depth interviews with a vignette were employed with a sample of drug injectors in England to explore the influence of social distance on HIV risk behavior. Analysis of these data distinguish between close and distant relationships in sexual behavior in the community and in drug-injecting behavior inside prison. These findings help to expose the constituents of social distance in relation to drug injectors' perceptions of HIV risk, which are discussed throughout this paper.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Distance perception across spatial discontinuities.

We investigated the use of nested contact relations in perceiving the relative distance of locations on discontinuous surfaces. Observers viewed computer-generated displays under monocular static conditions and adjusted a marker to match the perceived distance of a cube. The marker and cube were raised above the ground by two different platforms separated by a gap. The relative heights and distances of the platforms were varied. We found the following: (1) When spatially discontinuous surfaces are coplanar, locations of objects resting on these surfaces appear to be compared directly, bypassing relations with the underlying ground plane. (2) Spatial displacement between the platforms produces a bias, in the direction of the displacement, in the perceived relative locations of objects resting on the platforms. This suggests that local spatial relations between objects and their platforms are only partially integrated with more global spatial relations between the discontinuous surfaces of the platforms.

Distance Perception↗
PubMed2002

Perception of vocal effort and distance from the speaker on the basis of vowel utterances.

The sound pressure level of vowels reflects several nonlinguistic and linguistic factors: distance from the speaker, vocal effort, and vowel quality. Increased vocal effort also involves the emphasis of higher frequency components and increases in F0 and F1. This should allow listeners to distinguish it from decreased distance, which does not have these additional effects. It is shown that listeners succeed in doing so on the basis of single vowels if phonated, but not if whispered, and that they compensate for most of the between-vowel variation in level. The results obtained when listeners had to estimate vocal effort as well as distance suggest that an analysis of an utterance takes place at an early stage in auditory processing, before memories of episodes are stored.

Distance Perception↗
PubMed1989

Figure-ground organization in real and subjective contours: a new ambiguous figure, some novel measures of ambiguity, and apparent distance across regions of figure and ground.

This study was designed to assess the effects of organization, luminance contrast, sector angle, and orientation on a new, highly ambiguous Cs-keyhole figure. Organization and contrast were the most important factors, and sector angle also influenced figure-ground relationships. There was no significant effect of orientation, nor was there any significant interaction between any of the factors. Several new measures of figure-ground organization were developed, such as ambiguity ratios based on reaction times and on ratings of the strength of perceived organizations, providing new quantitative measures of figure-ground relationships. Distances measured across figural regions appeared smaller than equal distances across the ground in the new reversible figure, and also in Rubin's classic vase-face figure presented in real and subjective contours. Inducing a perceptual set to see a particular organization in a reversible figure influenced the apparent distance across that organization. Several possible explanations of the observed effects are considered: (1) an instance of Emmert's law, based on the difference in apparent depth of figure and ground; (2) an aspect of the Müller-Lyer illusion; (3) a feature-detector model of contour attraction; (4) a natural set or predisposition to see a figure as smaller; and (5) framing effects. The first two explanations appear the most promising.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Differential use of distance and location information for spatial localization.

Five experiments are reported in which subjects judged the movement or spatial location of a visible object that underwent a combination of real and induced (illusory) motion. When subjects attempted to reproduce the distance that the object moved by moving their unseen hands, they were more affected by the illusion than when they pointed to the object's perceived final location. Furthermore, pointing to the final location was more affected by the illusion when the hand movement began from the same position as that at which the object initially appeared, as compared with responses that began from other positions. The results suggest that people may separately encode two distinct types of spatial information: (1) information about the distance moved by an object and (2) information about the absolute spatial location of the object. Information about distance is more susceptible to the influence of an induced motion illusion, and people appear to rely differentially on the different types of spatial information, depending on features of the pointing response. The results have important implications for the mechanisms that underlie spatially oriented behavior in general.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Calibration of retinal image size with distance in the Mongolian gerbil: rapid adjustment of calibrations in different contexts.

Mongolian gerbils were trained to jump from one platform to another across a gap whose size varied randomly from trial to trial. In test sessions, probe landing platforms differing in width from those used in training were used, and the distance that the animals jumped was measured. The first experiment demonstrated that the gerbils learned to calibrate the retinal image size of the landing platform with its distance and that they could learn more than one calibration at a time. The second experiment provided evidence that such calibrations are rapidly adjusted to environmental contingencies. These findings suggest that retinal image size might be a useful distance cue for gerbils in a variety of ecological contexts.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

POTS, PANS, and PEARLs: the nursing profession's rich history with distance education for a new century of nursing.

BACKGROUND: Continuing education via distance education is expanding. A review of the media used to deliver classes in the past as well as future possibilities are presented. METHOD: The personal experience of the authors using these methods to present continuing nursing education is the basis for this article. RESULTS: There is evidence that people learn via distance education as well as they do with traditional formats such as conferences and seminars. Although learners are enrolling in these types of courses for convenience, they enjoy the classes more when there is active involvement and participation. CONCLUSIONS: Continuing education using distance education strategies will expand, especially because computers are available in the homes of learners. A larger number of offerings will be available, and more learners will use these media to remain current professionally.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A strategy for involving on-campus and distance students in a nursing research course.

BACKGROUND: Teaching research at the undergraduate level can be a challenge. This is particularly true for distance education courses, in which students often feel isolated from each other and from faculty. Faculty teaching on-campus and distance education research courses designed a student research project and a method for bringing distance and on-campus students together to present their research findings. METHOD: By actively engaging students in the research process and providing an on-campus research day for the presentation of student posters (Year 1) and research papers (Year 2), course faculty were able to achieve their two goals of directly involving students in the nursing research process and creating a greater student sense of belonging within the college learning community. RESULTS: Statistical analysis of an evaluation survey among on-site and off-site registered nurse to bachelor of science in nursing students indicated both groups ranked the Year 1 poster research day as good to very good. Students attending the Year 2 research day, where they presented papers, ranked the day as good. Statistical analysis indicated a significant difference between the two research days, with a clear student preference for posters. CONCLUSION: Students valued their active participation in the research process and the opportunity to get together and present their work. However, students clearly preferred a poster presentation format to presenting their findings as a research paper.

Education, Distance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical laboratory technician to clinical laboratory scientist articulation and distance learning.

Laboratory workers and educators alike are challenged to support access to education that is current and provides opportunities for career advancement in the work place. The clinical laboratory science (CLS) program at the Medical College of Georgia in Augusta developed a clinical laboratory technician (CLT) to CLS articulation option, expanded it through distance learning, and integrated computer based learning technology into the educational process over a four year period to address technician needs for access to education. Both positive and negative outcomes were realized through these efforts. Twenty-seven students entered the pilot articulation program, graduated, and took a CLS certification examination. Measured in terms of CLS certification, promotions, pay raises, and career advancement, the program described was a success. However, major problems were encountered related to the use of unfamiliar communication technology; administration of the program at distance sites; communication between educational institutions, students, and employers; and competition with CLT programs for internship sites. These problems must be addressed in future efforts to provide a successful distance learning program. Effective methods for meeting educational needs and career ladder expectations of CLTs and their employers are important to the overall quality and appeal of the profession. Educational technology that includes computer-aided instruction, multimedia, and telecommunications can provide powerful tools for education in general and CLT articulation in particular. Careful preparation and vigilant attention to reliable delivery methods as well as students' progress and outcomes is critical for an efficient, economically feasible, and educationally sound program.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMed2000

Distance education. Part 1. Conceptualization and development.

INTRODUCTION: The Graduate Diploma/Masters in Family Medicine were developed at Monash University as distance education courses from a previous on-campus version of a Masters course in response to real and perceived needs for more flexible forms of delivery. METHOD: Conceptualization and development involved consultation with experts in distance education and the application of adult learning principles, phenomenology and constructivism in course design. CONCLUSION: Despite initial difficulties and delays, course objectives were met through the application of standardised distance learning and teaching methods applied to four core and 15 clinical elective subjects. These were developed within a three year period for delivery in a predominantly paper based format.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Distance learning in the health professions: on the verge of collapse or poised to soar?

Distance education provides universal access to education. While the issue of access to education is seemingly resolved, the question "what is the best way to teach?" remains. Thomas Jefferson espoused the creation of the academic village to foster broad, intensive scholarship. John Dewey, Ralph W. Tyler, Malcolm S. Knowles, and Alexander W. Astin echo Jefferson's ideals. To ensure excellence in distance learning, a disciplined rethinking of teaching and a reordering of academic priorities is essential. If consumer confidence in the academy is to be restored, there must be a return to collegial leadership in: defining institutional purpose and resource commitment, improving teacher competence, honing curricular content, perfecting interactive learning, selecting students, and designing outcome measures for both teaching and learning. Then, and only then, will distance learning be ready for "prime time."

Allied Health Personnel↗
PubMed2000

The community in the classroom: designing a distance education community health course for nurses in Solomon Islands.

In 1994 in order to improve educational opportunities for nurses in the Solomon Islands and to try the distance learning model as an educational method, the Distance Education Programme of the Ministry of Health implemented five post basic nursing certificate courses for health workers. This paper focuses on issues and experiences in the development of the Community Health course which in some ways as the most difficult of the courses to prepare. As in many Pacific Island countries, the geographic context of Solomon Islands creates isolated working situations for rural health practitioners, with difficult and limited communications. Each module in the course consists of a study guide with glossary and in-text questions, hand-outs, and an assignment. Videos are available to accompany several units and practical teaching aides are also given. Audiotapes for teaching sessions are currently being developed. The benefits of the distance education model offered in this course are discussed in detail and attention is drawn to some of the difficulties encountered. Overall, the outcome of the trial of this method has been highly successful.

Education, Distance↗
PubMed2002

The use of distance education for a bachelor's degree to master's degree transition program in physical therapy.

Distance education has been used in health professional education programs to provide continuing and advanced education. Distance education in physical therapy has been limited. This article describes the use of distance education methods to deliver a transitional bachelor's degree to master's degree program for a cohort of two classes of physical therapy students. The 6-month program allowed a total of 26 students to receive a master's degree while working full-time and residing off campus. Student feedback indicated that the program met goals of advancing their education, increasing their marketability, and being affordable. The use of a variety of media to deliver the program and student comments about the methods are described.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Professionalization in a distance learning setting.

Distance learning is becoming an acceptable mode of nursing education. Several schools of nursing offer instruction through telecommunications. This new form of education is different from the traditional lecture format. Many nursing students can complete their nursing education without stepping foot onto the college campus, which has caused many nurse educators to question the role development of this new group of nursing students. Professionalization is an important outcome of nursing education. With the advent of distance learning there is a need for research to document the professionalization of the nurse who completes nursing school in a distance learning setting.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Accommodative response during distance optometric test procedures.

The control of accommodation is an essential requirement during the clinical optometric assessment of distance vision. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to examine the steady-state accommodative response during a number of conventional clinical procedures carried out at a viewing distance of 6m (20 feet). Accommodation was measured subjectively to Snellen letters using a Hartinger coincidence optometer during distance viewing, simulated retinoscopy and following the introduction of cylindrical and prismatic lenses in 13 visually-normal, young adults. No significant change in the mean accommodative response was induced by any of the techniques described, with subjects exhibiting a lead of accommodation of approximately 0.25D for all conditions. The results demonstrate the robustness of accommodation to apparently substantial changes in stimulus conditions.

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMed1992

[A telescopic system for distance consisting of contact lens and spectacle lens for low vision patients].

A telescopic system for distance consisting of a negative contact lens (-10.0 - -20.0 D) as the eye piece and a positive spectacle lens (+8.0 - +16.0 D) as the objective, a modification of the Galilean telescope was examined. First the system was tried in 15 normal subjects, whose visual acuity was reduced to 20/200 or less by providing several occlusion membranes, and results were compared with customary full correction for distance. The best improvement of their vision by this system was achieved when the dioptric power of the spectacle was between +11.0 D and +13.75 D. This system was then applied to 78 eyes (61 patients) with visual acuity of 20/100 or less. Subjective improvement of vision was found in 55% of those patients' eyes. Eight patients out of 26 patients whose better eye acuity was 20/100 or less wanted to use this system and received prescription to result in the visual improvement, as evidenced by their continued use. This system can provide aid for low vision correction for distance.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

"A retrospective cohort study for prognostic significance of visual acuity for near over that for distance in anisometropic amblyopia.".

A cohort of 50 anisometropic amblyopes, between the ages of 2.5 to 10 years, was studied retrospectively to assess the prognostic significance of visual acuity for near over that for distance. There is ample evidence in the literature for a significantly lower accommodative response in the anisometropic amblyopic eye. It has been proposed that the efferent accommodative dysfunction may be a fundamental and causative factor in anisometropic amblyopia. A reduced visual acuity for near over that for distance was found in 17 [34%] patients and in 11 out of these the near vision improved after an addition of +3.0D sph. When a reduced visual acuity for near, was obtained it was difficult to determine whether the visual afferent system (due to insufficient visual input), or the accommodation efferent mechanism was responsible. However an improvement in corrected near vision by addition of +3.0D sph. suggested an accommodative dysfunction. In patients with reduced visual acuity for near over that for distance, not only was the final visual outcome poor but also the onset of visual improvement in response to amblyopia therapy was delayed.

Amblyopia↗