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At least 1,729 records · Page 96Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Exporting asbestos: disease and policy in the developing world.

The health effects of asbestos are well known, with lung cancer, mesothelioma and asbestosis recognized as the most common causes of mortality and morbidity among exposed populations. Recognition of these hazards coupled with an explosion of litigation against asbestos manufacturers brought by injured workers has resulted in declining markets for this commodity in the U.S. and other Western democracies. With Western markets for asbestos decreasing, the developing world has become the target of asbestos exporters in an attempt to revitalize an industry in decline. This paper discusses the trends in worldwide asbestos markets over the last two decades and the serious health implications of policies directed at establishing viable markets for this commodity in developing nations.

Asbestos↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Health aspects of population policies].

In developing countries family planning programmes are the main instrument of the populational policy and an important element of social influence in the domain of the population fertility policy in developed countries. The National Family Planning Programme in the Republic of Serbia was accepted by the Government and established in February, 1998. It is directed towards the improvement of reproductive health through promotion of family planning. The main objectives of the programme are: reduction of maternal, perinatal, neonatal and infants mortality, decrease of the number of unwanted pregnancies and abortions, promotion of contraceptive usage, efforts in prevention of sexually transmitted diseases, and meeting the needs of adolescents in relation to sexuality and reproduction. The first phase of realization of the Programme involves effective educative seminars for the primary health care workers--physicians of various specialties which are professionally engaged in family planning. Results of this Programme should provide improvement of reproductive health, as well as positive effects on demographic trends in Serbia in future.

Family Planning Services↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Abortion and postabortion care: ethical, legal, and policy issues in developing countries.

This case study of a woman who wants to terminate her pregnancy but does not have access to safe services explores the technical, ethical, and legal effects of the Mexico City Policy (Global Gag Rule) on health care providers working in developing countries. This woman's self-induced termination resulted in an incomplete abortion, and she sought care from a midwife. The current Mexico City Policy effectively limits a health care provider's ability to offer abortion services and counseling, even when these services are legal. The policy has an adverse impact on women's access to safe care. The provision of comprehensive postabortion care, not restricted by the Mexico City Policy, is the key to preventing abortion-related morbidity and mortality.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed2001

Challenges for improving surveillance for pesticide poisoning: policy implications for developing countries.

BACKGROUND: Surveillance is a critical public health tool for the control of pesticide poisoning. However, surveillance activities in developing countries are bedevilled by multiple problems, and inferences made from review of flawed data may lead to mistaken policy decisions. METHODS: Results of intensified surveillance from an intervention project in the Western Cape Province of South Africa were compared to the pattern of poisonings reported in routine notifications to the health authorities for a control farming district and in the study district over a 5-year period preceding the study. Intensified surveillance data results were also contrasted with policy approaches based on routine notifications and on Regional Poison Centre reports. RESULTS: Poisoning rates reported in the study area increased almost 10-fold during the intervention period. Compared to intensified surveillance, hospital and health authority sources greatly underestimate the proportion of cases due to occupational poisoning, and overestimate suicide as a proportional cause. In addition, the risks for women appear underestimated from routine notifications. Assumptions that a lack of awareness is responsible for most poisonings are not borne out by the empirical data when reporting is intensified. CONCLUSIONS: Current policy assumptions are faulty, may result in inappropriate blame being attributed to victims and, by relying on information as the main element of education, may shift responsibility onto the individual. Improvements in the surveillance system should aim to restructure the types of data collected, and facilitate intra-governmental and inter-sector collaboration. The culture of monitoring based on report writing must change to one of surveillance that leads to intervention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The historical development of human resources policies in the health sector of four Caribbean territories: imitated or created?

Health systems are labour intensive, dependent on a mix of professionals to provide health care in both public and private sectors. In this paper, we explore the historical development of human resources, focusing on doctors and nurses, in four Caribbean territories-the Bahamas, Martinique, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago. All these territories have faced issues around the out-migration of doctors and nurses and tensions between public health, hospital services and private sector policies. Early policies to increase the number of nurses and doctors were costly, because they were implemented against a tide of increasing outward migration. Both push and pull factors were evident. Human resources policies focused on ways to counter pull factors-such as introducing regional medical training-but neglected push factors. These began to be addressed from the 1980s on, although tensions between public health, hospital services and private sector policies led to resistance and conflicts in attitudes to reform among health professionals. Policy responses were the product of many influences, and it is too simple to conclude they were either imported from abroad or internally generated. However, it is clear that in all four territories the medical profession played a dominant role in human resources policy development either directly or indirectly.

Bahamas↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The policy & procedure manual: development of a computer-assisted process for review.

This article documents the successful development of a computer-assisted process for systematic review of nursing policies and procedures at The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Toronto, Ontario. Through broad staff input, policies and procedures are research-based yet grounded in the reality of the facility's nursing practice. Client-related standards are written as measurable, realistic statements of desired client outcomes, and as such are standards for client care. Policies and procedures have been rated according to the Canadian Council on Health Facilities Accreditation criteria (client centered, high risk, high volume, problem prone, interservice, outcome-related), so that important policies are easily identified to provide focus for quality assurance activities. The review process is structured so that over the course of a year, all policies are circulated for review by all levels of nursing staff.

Clinical Protocols↗
PubMed2002

NitroGenius: a nitrogen decision support system. A game to develop the optimal policy to solve the Dutch nitrogen pollution problem.

A nitrogen decision support system in the form of a game (NitroGenius) was developed for the Second International Nitrogen Conference. The aims were to: i) improve understanding among scientists and policy makers about the complexity of nitrogen pollution problems in an area of intensive agricultural, industrial, and transportation activity (The Netherlands); and ii) search for optimal policy solutions to prevent pollution effects at lowest economic and social costs. NitroGenius includes a model of nitrogen flows at relevant spatial and temporal scales including emissions of ammonia and nitrogen oxides and contamination of surface- and groundwaters. NitroGenius also includes an economic model describing relationships for important sectors and impacts of different nitrogen control measures on Gross Domestic Product (GDP), unemployment, energy use, and environmental costs. About 50 teams played NitroGenius during the Second International Nitrogen Conference. The results show that careful planning and selection of abatement options can solve Dutch nitrogen problems at reasonable cost.

Cost Control↗