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PubMed1982

[Results of attempted isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis in 2,000 specimens (author's transl)].

Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated in cultured L cell lines. 29.5% of 1115 specimens from the male urethra were positive; specimens included 13 samples of semen, with 7 positive results. 39.9% of 771 specimens from the female genital tract were positive. In this group, 46 samples (with 17 positive results) were either biopsy specimens from the Fallopian tubes or their adhesions, or samples from culdocentesis. The remaining samples came from cervical swabs. The difference in the prevalence of positive results between male and female patients is statistically significant and may result from a better sampling technique in women. Isolation of chlamydia in pelvic specimens and in 19 out of 49 pharyngeal samples from neonates illustrates the main complications of chlamydial infection: sterility may result from salpingitis and neonatal pneumonia from contamination during birth. Among 57 specimens from the conjunctiva, 26 were positive. Isolation of chlamydia is the best diagnostic procedure in chlamydial infection: the serotypes of isolated strains should be determined.

Cervix Uteri↗
PubMed1980

[A microbiological study of swabs taken laparoscopically in cases of salpingitis and tubal sterility. Research for Chlamydia trachomatis and for mycoplasmas (author's transl)].

Research was made for chlamydia trachomatis and ureaplasma urealyticum in the peritoneum and the tubes of 99 women divided into 4 groups: 17 of them were being investigated because of acute salpingitis (Group A), 17 were being investigated for tubal sterility with chronic inflammation diagnosed laparoscopically (Group B), 29 were being investigated for tubal sterility without any laparoscopic evidence of inflammation (Group C) and 36 women had absolutely normal pelves and were being investigated for sterility. These were the control group (D). Swabs were also taken from the lower genital tracts as well as serological tests for chlamydia trachomatis and cytological samplings of the fluid from the Pouch of Douglas and the histology of the tubes. In the 17 women who had acute salpingitis the swabs 4 cases of C.T. and 4 of U.U. In the 46 women who had tubal sterility the laparoscopic swabs showed cases of C.T. and 7 of U.U. The swabs were most often positive in Group B. This group is characterised by a special appearence of the inflammation, with fluid present and viscous adhesions as well as peritoneal inflammatory cysts. These altogether help to make a presumptive diagnosis of C.T. infection on laparoscopy. In the control group of 36 cases there was no sign of C.T. in any case, although 2 swabs from the peritoneum showed U.U. So there is a statistically significant difference between the groups that were suspicious and the control group whether the results were obtained by cultures or by serological diagnosis. On the other hand there is no definitive difference as far as U.U. is concerned. These observations, which are similar to those published by other authors, lead us to think that micro-organisms and especially chlamydia trachomatis could be the bacteriological agent responsible for chronic inflammatory states found so frequently in women with tubal sterility.

Chlamydia trachomatis↗
PubMed1983

Response of ewes to temperature-sensitive mutants of Chlamydia psittaci (var ovis) obtained by NTG mutagenesis.

Two temperature-sensitive strains, 1B and 1H, of ovine Chlamydia psittaci obtained by mutagenesis were used as live vaccine: eleven weeks before breeding, 20 ewes received 3.9 X 10(6) PFU of 1B strain, and 20 others 3.5 X 10(6) PFU of 1H strain. The consequences of the vaccination were studied during pregnancy by recording CF antibody titer, chlamydial vaginal excretion and lambing performance. The vaccination did not disturb pregnancy and none of the ewes excreted chlamydiae at lambing. The immunity of the ewes was challenged one year after vaccination, by intradermic inoculation of 2.5 X 10(6) PFU of the virulent parental strain at 78 days of pregnancy, while nine out of ten control ewes excreted chlamydiae at lambing, none of the 16 pregnant ewes vaccinated with 1B strain, and only one the 18 pregnant ewes vaccinated with 1H strain did so. After further controls of safety and efficacy, 1B strain could provide a live vaccine against abortive chlamydiosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Biological principles of the culture of Chlamydia trachomatis in cell monolayers.

Cell culture techniques for the isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis opened the modern era of chlamydial research. The principles of the technique described by Gordon and Quan, in 1965, are the basis for the isolation systems subsequently developed. The various steps in the isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis in cell monolayers are described in relation to the biology of genus Chlamydia. In this context, attention is focused on a consideration of the eukaryotic cells most suitable for culture and on techniques for enhancing chlamydial attachment to the host cell and intracellular multiplication. In light of the high specificity attainable by the various culture techniques now in use, future improvements should make it possible to achieve greater sensitivity in the use of cell cultures to detect chlamydial infections.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1982

Production of Chlamydia trachomatis antigen and antiserum: a review.

In this review of the production of Chlamydia trachomatis antigen, a procedure is described in which Chlamydia-infected cells are harvested from culture cells by mechanical disruption 48 to 72 h after infection. Released elementary bodies (EB) are purified by differential centrifugation, followed by centrifugation through Renografin gradient. The purified, formalinized EBs are suitable for use in such serological tests as microimmunofluorescence (MIF) or radioimmunoassay (RIA). The reticulate body (RB) stage of the chlamydiae are harvested from infected cells 27 to 28 h postinfection; when formalinized, these are useful as a serological screening antigen. Chlamydial inclusions in infected cells may be used as a single antigen in screening serology. Type-specific antisera may be produced in mice. Broadly reactive antisera are produced by immunization of guinea pigs or rabbits with multiple C. trachomatis serotypes. Among the potential applications for such hyperimmune sera are the staining of inclusion-containing cells and the direct demonstration of chlamydial antigen by solid-phase RIA.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The role of Chlamydia trachomatis in the etiology of conjunctivitis].

PURPOSE: To turn attention to the etiological importance of chlamydia in chronic conjunctivitis. METHODS: From December 1993 to November 1994 the authors examined 95 patients with chronic conjunctivitis for the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis antigens in conjunctival epithelial cells using direct immunofluorescent antibody tests. RESULTS: The test was positive in 23 patients and most of them responded positively to general tetracycline treatment combined with locally used Sulfacetamide or Floxal. CONCLUSION: Chlamydia trachomatis are common causes of conjunctivitis in adults.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[An electron microscopic study of the interaction of Chlamydia trachomatis with human spermatozoa].

Interaction between Chlamydia trachomatis BU-34 strain, L2 serovar and human spermatozoa in vitro was studied by electron microscopy. Firm adherence of chlamydia to spermatozoa was established. The adherence took place to the head, neck, and proximal part of tail. Compact attachment of chlamydia of acrosome may induce morphological changes in the acrosome. It was shown that elementary bodies of C. trachomatis can partially penetrate to the cytoplasm of spermatozoa in the sites of their outer membrane impairment.

Bacterial Adhesion↗
PubMed1995

Chlamydia trachomatis conjunctivitis. Prevalence and association with genital tract infection.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in acute conjunctivitis (non-trachoma) in Australia and to examine the source of transmission. DESIGN: A prospective survey of 400 consecutive patients presenting with acute conjunctivitis to the Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital Emergency Department, Melbourne, from May to November 1991. Patients identified with chlamydial conjunctivitis during the survey period and in the following two months were assessed for concomitant genital infection. RESULTS: Chlamydia was the causative organism in 2% of patients with acute conjunctivitis. Of 15 patients with chlamydial conjunctivitis, 11 presented with disease in one eye only, and the same number had had symptoms for longer than two weeks. Many had been seen previously by experienced ophthalmologists, yet there were long delays in making a definitive diagnosis. Ten of the 12 adult patients who were assessed had signs of concomitant genital tract infection, although none had past or current genital tract symptoms. Serotyping of chlamydial isolates from the genital tract and eye showed concordance in individual patients. CONCLUSION: Most cases of ocular chlamydia infection have a genital source. Therefore, it is essential that all patients with chlamydial conjunctivitis and their sexual partners are examined and treated for concomitant genital infection.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of immunization route on rat serum and tear antibody responses to Chlamydia trachomatis.

The effect of immunization route on the kinetics of serum and tear antibody responses to Chlamydia trachomatis was studied in a rat model. Rats received Chlamydia trachomatis serovar C/TW elementary bodies for two immunization cycles by ocular topical (OT) application or subconjunctival (SC) injection and in a second experiment for three immunization cycles by either OT application, gastrointestinal intubation (GI), or intraperitoneal injection (IP). Serum IgG and tear IgA antibodies to whole elementary bodies were measured sequentially following the secondary (2 degrees) and tertiary (3 degrees) immunization cycles. Serum IgG levels were minimal in the OT immunized group following 2 degrees and 3 degrees immunization. Serum IgG levels for the SC, GI, and IP immunized groups rose steadily following 2 degrees immunization reaching maximal levels between day (d)24 and d31. Levels of serum IgG antibodies were highest in the GI group following 3 degrees immunization. Tear IgA antibody responses were greatest in rats immunized by the OT route, the 2 degrees IgA response peaked by d9 and declined by d24. The 3 degrees OT tear IgA response peaked by d13 and was greater than the 2 degrees response. Tear IgA antibody levels in SC and GI immunized rats appeared by d3 following 2 degrees immunization but remained at low levels and were not noted until d20 in the GI group following 3 degrees immunization. Tear IgA antibody responses were not detectable in IP animals following 2 degrees or 3 degrees immunization. This study documents the immunogenicity of Chlamydia trachomatis serovar C/TW in the rat and shows that the OT route is most effective in eliciting IgA antibody responses in tears.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Chlamydia pneumoniae--pathogenesis and perspectives].

Chlamydia pneumoniae, a Gram-negative bacterium, formerly named TWAR but identified as a distinct species since 1988, is now considered to be the most common agent of chlamydial infection in Scandinavia. C pneumoniae has a different tissue trophism from that of Chlamydia trachomatis, since C pneumoniae may infect bronchi and lungs, macrophages, monocytes, and endothelial cells. C pneumoniae, like other chlamydiae, has a slow, intracellular life cycle. An absence of reaction from the host cells, combined with scant tissual reaction owing to the low endotoxic activity of chlamydial lipopolysaccharide, may help to explain the usually discreet clinical picture. Atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease may follow chronic lung infection, and acute pneumonic episodes can trigger myocardial infarct. Asymptomatic infection with C pneumoniae is widespread. Intriguing diagnostic questions are the possible existence of a non-pathogenic carrier state, and the conceivable sensitization of the host with respect to a heterotypic, secondary chlamydial infection by, for example, C trachomatis, giving rise to an aggravated clinical picture. Early antibiotics are indicated to avoid the development of chronic disease.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed1996

Development of an antigen capture enzyme immuno assay using genus specific monoclonal antibodies for detection of Chlamydia in clinical specimens.

An antigen capture enzyme immuno assay (EIA) for Chlamydia antigen detection was developed using polyclonal rabbit immunoglobulins against C. trachomatis, a genus specific antichlamydial murine monoclonal antibody (IgG) against major outer membrane protein (MOMP) antigen of C. trachomatis and a commercial anti mouse IgG immunoglobulin conjugated with HRPO. The test was evaluated against a direct immunofluorescence assay (DFA). Conjunctival specimens from 178 patients with follicular conjunctivitis and cervical specimens from 82 patients with cervicitis were tested for Chlamydia antigen detection by both the tests. Chlamydia antigen was detected in 69/178 (38.76%) and 68/178 (38.20%) of the conjunctival specimen by using EIA and DFA tests respectively. It could also be detected in 24/82 (29.27%) and 22/82 (26.83%) of the cervical specimens by EIA and DFA tests respectively. The sensitivity of the EIA test was 92.64 per cent and 86.36 per cent for the conjunctival and cervical specimens respectively against the reference DFA test. The specificity of the EIA test was found to be 94.54 and 91.66 per cent respectively against the reference DFA test.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1995

Demonstration of Chlamydia trachomatis in inguinal lymphadenitis of lymphogranuloma venereum: a light microscopy, electron microscopy and polymerase chain reaction study.

Intravacuolar organisms in vacuolated macrophages were associated with areas of necrosis and suppuration in 12 patients with suppurative inguinal lymphadenitis. The intravacuolar organisms measured 0.2 to 2.0 micrometers in diameter, stained Gram negative with the Brown-Hopp's tissue Gram stain, faintly blue with hematoxylin and eosin stain, and black with the Warthin-Starry silver impregnation stain. The organisms lined vacuolar membranes and/or clumped in centers of vacuoles. Electron microscopy revealed elementary and reticulate bodies and intermediate forms characteristic of the genus Chlamydia. Cultures of three lymph nodes in McCoy cells grew Chlamydia trachomatis, lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) serovars. Polymerase chain reaction using primers for chlamydial 16S ribosomal DNA confirmed the organisms as Chlamydia in lymph nodes from nine patients. Recognition of chlamydial organisms by light microscopy in tissue sections of lymph nodes allows a definitive diagnosis of lymphogranuloma venereum.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Pulmonary Chlamydia infections in children].

In the last decades chlamydial infection of the respiratory tract have been described in children. Chlamydia trachomatis, the most common identifiable cause of neonatal infections conjunctivitis is also a recognised cause of pneumonia in newborns and is responsible for about one third of sexually transmitted disease. Chlamydia psittaci is mainly pathogenic for birds and occasionally for human. More recently Chlamydia pneumoniae has been found associated with pulmonary abnormalities, nasopharynx and pulmonary oropharynx infections. Microbiologic diagnosis can be difficult. Several non culture methods are now available such as the direct fluorescent antibody test and enzyme immuno-assays. X ray chest show a reticulated and (or) nodular pattern. Treatment is mainly macrolide based with erythromycin.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Activity of neutrophilic granulocytes in rabbits immunized with Chlamydia psittaci.

The studies were performed on rabbits preimmunized with killed Chlamydia psittaci antigen (Czech isolate). In the blood of the animals nitrotetrazolium blue reduction test (spontaneous and stimulated) was performed, coefficient of polymorphonuclear cell metabolic activity in NBT test was calculated and myeloperoxidase activity was estimated, haematologic parameters were established and antibodies to Chlamydia psittaci were searched for using complement fixation test. The animals were subjected to clinical examination and their housing was tested for its zoohygienic standard. Analysis of the results demonstrated decreased activity of polymorphonuclear cells 3 to 4 weeks before appearance of anti-Chlamydia antibodies, as detected by complement fixation test.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Chlamydia species infect human vascular endothelial cells and induce procoagulant activity.

BACKGROUND: Chlamydia pneumoniae infections have been linked with myocardial infarction, stroke, and the development of atherosclerosis by epidemiologic studies, immunohistochemical studies, and electron microscopic studies. The mechanisms underlying this association are unknown. METHODS: Using cultured human venous endothelial cells, we investigated whether C pneumoniae, C trachomatis (types H and L2/434/BU) could infect these cells. The ability of infected cells to express procoagulant (tissue factor) activity was also measured using clotting and chromogenic substrate assays. Adhesion of platelets to chlamydia-infected cells was also quantitated. RESULTS: We found that C pneumoniae, C trachomatis type H, and C trachomatis L2/434/BU could infect cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells and stimulate a 4-fold increase in expression of tissue factor, which reached a peak 18 hours postinfection. Tissue factor expression was enhanced even in the presence of tetracycline, suggesting that the chlamydial factor responsible for stimulating synthesis of endothelial cell tissue factor was preformed. Platelet adhesion was significantly enhanced when endothelial cells were infected by chlamydia species. CONCLUSIONS: These in vitro studies suggest possible pathogenic mechanisms that may explain the association of thrombotic events with C pneumoniae infection, including pathologically enhanced production of tissue factor by human endothelial cells and enhanced focal platelet deposition.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMed1997

Respiratory tract infection due to Chlamydia pneumoniae in military personnel.

The objective of this investigation was to determine whether Chlamydia pneumoniae was involved in an outbreak of respiratory disease among military recruits, 92 patients (average age 20.1 years) were included in the study if they had a sore throat or cough for more than 1 week. In addition to sore throat and cough, fatigue, headache, dyspnoea and vertigo were the most frequent symptoms. The patients received standard treatment with 100 mg of doxycycline b.i.d. for 14 days. In 38.8% of cases symptoms were alleviated after 1-2 weeks of treatment, and in 22.4% of cases after 2-3 weeks of treatment. Pretreatment throat washings and sera were sampled for Chlamydia. Sera were drawn for Chlamydia, Mycoplasma and adenovirus serology. Cell culture (Hep-2) and 3 different serological methods-microimmunofluorescence (MIF), enzyme immunoassay with a recombinant glycoconjugate antigen (r-EIA) and immunoperoxidase assay (IPA)-were used. Cell culture was found to have too low a sensitivity to be of diagnostic value. Acute infection was demonstrated in 13% by MIF IgM and in an additional 21% by MIF IgG (titre rises). Enzyme immunoassay IgM was found in 17% and IPA IgM in 19% of individuals without MIF IgM antibodies. Microimmunofluorescence was found to be the most useful test for serodiagnosis. The combination of serological methods showed that 40 out of 52 (76.9%) had an acute infection with possible chlamydial aetiology. In conclusion, methodological improvements are necessary for the aetiological diagnosis of chlamydial respiratory infections.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[Epidemiology of acute lower respiratory tract infections in adults. Role of Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae].

INCIDENCE: Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae infections cause 15 to 40% of acute pneumonia cases treated by community physicians. This incidence is lower for cases of pneumonia treated in a hospital setting, falling to less than 3% for cases treated in intensive care units. Incidence varies with the geographical area, season, age and patient population. BRONCHIAL INVOLVEMENT: Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae cause 6 to 15% of all cases of acute bronchitis and are the causal agents in approximately 5% of acute episodes in patients with chronic bronchitis. PATHOGENESIS: Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae are general identified as the causal agents on the basis of clinical features, microbiological results and the clinical course. The question of the role of carriers or chronic infection is debated; it most likely has a real effect.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1997

[Chlamydia pneumoniae as an etiologic factor in disease of the respiratory tract].

The described recently species of Chlamydia pneumoniae is the subject of a large number of scientific reports. The majority of infections caused by this microorganism are asymptomatic. However, a lot of cases of symptomatic infections have been described with both mild and severe clinical course. Symptoms related to infection may affect both upper and lower parts of the respiratory tract and may be accompanied by disorders in other systems and organs. Reports on the influence of chronic inflammation by Chlamydia pneumoniae on the development of arteriosclerosis are still controversial. The effective drugs in the treatment of Chlamydia pneumoniae infections are macrolides and tetracyclines.

Adult↗