Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “BODY FLUID BALANCE”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,729 records · Page 96Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

[Continuous veno-venous hemofiltration in acute renal insufficiency and heart failure].

The application of intermittent renal replacement therapies in critically ill patients with both acute renal failure and heart failure is often associated with circulatory instability and refractory hypotension. We have evaluated the efficacy and safety of a continuous technique (continuous veno-venous hemofiltration-CVVH) in 7 patients (1 male, 6 females, mean age 77 +/- 4 years) referred to our intermediate care unit for oliguria, acute renal failure and NYHA functional class IV, CVVH was performed by a peristaltic pump with blood flow at 200 ml/min, controlled ultrafiltration production rate (25 ml/min), minute to minute microprocessor controlled fluid balance system, biocompatible filters, low-dose prostacyclin for the extracorporeal circuit maintenance. Non invasive evaluation of cardiac function was performed by Doppler echocardiography. A total of 673 hours of CVVH were performed, with a mean extracorporeal circuit duration of 96 +/- 26 hours/patient (range 15-134). Daily urea clearance was 32 +/- 21. A mean body weight decrease of 10% was obtained (body weight before-CVVH 64.5 +/- 6 kg vs end-CVVH 58.5 +/- 5 kg, p < 0.01, paired data Student's test) without any hemodynamic worsening; metabolic control was adequate (urea before-CVVH 251 +/- 73 mg% vs end-CVVH 117 +/- 18 mg%, p < 0.01). Hospital survival was 42% (3/7 patients). In patients with acute renal failure and severe heart failure, CVVH allows an easy control of both fluid balance and acid-base equilibrium, along with the maintenance of acceptable hemodynamic stability.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed2000

Alveolar epithelial barrier. Role in lung fluid balance in clinical lung injury.

Several studies have established that transport of sodium from the air spaces to the lung interstitium is a primary mechanism driving alveolar fluid clearance, although further work is needed to determine the role of chloride in vectorial fluid transport across the alveolar epithelium. Although there are significant differences among species in the basal rates of sodium and fluid transport, the basic mechanism seems to depend on sodium uptake by channels on the apical membrane of alveolar type II cells, followed by extrusion of sodium on the basolateral surface by Na,K-ATPase. This process can be upregulated by several catecholamine-dependent and independent mechanisms. The identification of water channels expressed in lung, together with the high water permeabilities, suggest a potential role for channel-mediated water movement between the air space and capillary compartments, although definitive evidence will depend on the results of transgenic mouse knock-out studies. The application of this new knowledge regarding salt and water transport in alveolar epithelium in relation to pathologic conditions has been successful in clinically relevant experimental studies, as well as in a few clinical studies. The studies of exogenous and endogenous catecholamine regulation of alveolar fluid clearance are a good example of how new insights into the basic mechanisms of alveolar sodium and fluid transport can be translated to clinically relevant experimental studies. Exogenous catecholamines can increase the rate of alveolar fluid clearance in several species, including the human lung, and it is also apparent that release of endogenous catecholamines can upregulate alveolar fluid clearance in animals with septic or hypovolemic shock. It is possible that therapy with beta-adrenergic agonists might be useful to accelerate the resolution of alveolar edema in some patients. In some patients, the extent of injury to the alveolar epithelial barrier may be too severe for beta-adrenergic agonists to enhance the resolution of alveolar edema, although some experimental studies indicate that alveolar fluid clearance can be augmented in the presence of moderately severe lung injury. A longer-term upregulation of alveolar epithelial fluid transport might be achieved by strategies that accelerate the proliferation of alveolar type II cells repopulating the injured epithelium in clinical lung injury. More clinical research is needed to evaluate the strategies that can upregulate alveolar epithelial fluid transport with both short-term therapy (i.e., beta-agonists) and more sustained, longer-term effects of epithelial mitogens such as keratinocyte growth factor. These approaches may be useful in reducing mortality in the acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Parenteral nutrition of adults with a 900 milliosmolar solution via peripheral veins.

UNLABELLED: The objective of this study was to compare the nutritional value of three parenteral fluids: a conventional solution (400 milliosmoles/liter, containing Na, K, and Cl in 5% glucose); the concentrated hyperalimentation solution of Dudrick (1,800 milliosmoles/liter, containing Na, K, Cl, Mg, Ca, P, and amino acids in 20% glucose); and an experimental solution (900 millisomoles/liter, containing Na, K, Cl, Mg, Ca, P, and amino acids in 6.5% glucose). These three solutions are termed P400, C1,800, and P900, respectively. Preliminary studies showed that when 5 mg of cortisol/liter were added to P900, this fluid could be infused through peripheral veins for as long a time (average 114 hr) as P400 before local reaction necessitated changing the site. When P400 was infused in undernourished subjects without oral intake, balances of N, P, Mg, and Ca/70 kg of body weight per day were strongly negative (-4 g, -0.4 g, -6 mEq, and -0.2 g, respectively), whereas balances of K were about zero and those of Na and Cl were positive. Weight loss occurred. In the same patients, P900 containing 5 mg of cortisol/liter converted balances of N, P, Mg, and K to positive, and stimulated weight gain. Comparison of P900 (containing cortisol) and C1,800 in three emaciated subjects showed that the latter fluid caused a 2 to 4 times greater degree of positive balance in N, P, K, and Mg than the former. Comparison of P900 (containing cortisol) + 670-1700 cal by mouth with C1,800 in four undernourished subjects showed no statistically significant difference between these two programs. CONCLUSIONS: by adding 5 mg of cortisol/liter to P900, the fluid can be infused through peripheral veins. P900 is intermediate in nutritional value between P400 and C1,800. P900 without oral supplement prevents negative balance of all elements except Ca. P900 + daily oral intake of 670-1700 cal is nutritionally equivalent to C1,800.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Salt and water homeostasis during oral rehydration therapy.

Changes in sodium balance and urinary and stool output during orally administered rehydration therapy were studied in 22 well-nourished Turkish infants, aged 2 to 13 months, with acute diarrhea mainly of viral origin. The infants randomly received a rehydration solution containing either 90 mmol Na/L (ORS90) or 40 mmol Na/L (ORS40). Slight transient hypernatremia was noted in a few infants receiving ORS90, and slight transient hyponatremia in a few infants receiving ORS40. In both groups, sodium balance increased most rapidly during the first 12 hours of rehydration, and then more slowly because of increased urinary as well as stool sodium output. Sodium balance was always more positive after ORS90 than after ORS40, but the difference did not change much from 12 to 36 hours after therapy was started. Changes in fractional sodium excretion, urinary K/Na quotient, and urinary aldosterone-creatinine quotient were used as indexes of changes in sodium balance. All values were interpreted to indicate that the sodium deficit on admission was corrected within 12 to 18 hours after ORS90 and, in most cases, after 24 to 36 hours after ORS40. Both groups of infants responded well to orally administered rehydration therapy from the clinical viewpoint.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nutritional support by intraperitoneal dialysis in the rat: maintenance of body weight with normal liver and plasma chemistries.

A rat model was developed to study intraperitoneal (ip) dialysis as a means of total nutritional support. Rats (200 g) were implanted ip with a catheter device and connected to a rodent infusion assembly. An automated system exchanged 10-ml volumes of a 37 degrees C solution containing 10% dextrose, 2% amino acid solution plus micronutrients. Rats were adapted over 3 days to a schedule of 16 1-hr cycles/day, and continued on this regimen for another 4 days. Rats subjected to this program maintained similar body weight, nitrogen balance, plasma chemistries, and liver tests in comparison to control animals fed per os in isocaloric and isonitrogenous amounts. Efficiency of peritoneal absorption for both glucose and amino acid was 95%. Histological examination of intraabdominal organs revealed only mild inflammation. This model is applicable to studies involving nutritional support via the peritoneal cavity, a technique which may be of value in patients with sensitive fluid balances (cardiac, renal, or pulmonary failure).

Absorption↗
PubMed1995

The combination of mannitol and albumin in the priming solution reduces positive intraoperative fluid balance during cardiopulmonary bypass.

During cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) an adequate reservoir volume is maintained by the addition of crystalloid, colloid or packed cells to the reservoir. This volume contributes to the overall perioperative positive fluid balance. We studied the effect of the preoperative addition of either 75 g albumin, or 50 g mannitol followed by 50 g at commencement of rewarming or both of the above to a bypass circuit prime of lactated Ringer's solution (LR) on intraoperative fluid balance, postoperative indices of oxygenation and time to extubation. The study was a prospective, randomized, single-blinded controlled trial of 103 patients undergoing cardiac surgery requiring CPB. There was a large and highly significant reduction in volume of fluid added to the reservoir during CPB (2137 +/- 1499 ml versus 144 +/- 230 ml), the fluid balance during bypass, including prime volume (3236 +/- 650 ml versus 5876 +/- 1465 ml), and perioperative fluid balance (4470 +/- 936 ml versus 7023 +/- 1760 ml) in the group receiving both mannitol and albumin in the pump prime compared with the group receiving only lactated Ringer's solution. There were no differences between the groups with respect to both measured indices of oxygenation measured on return to ICU (alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference (DA-aO2) or arterial oxygen tension to inspired oxygen fraction ratio (PaO2/FiO2), or time from ICU admission to extubation.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Body mass changes and voluntary fluid intakes of elite level water polo players and swimmers.

Calculated sweat rates (measured by body mass changes) and voluntary fluid intakes were monitored in elite level water polo players and swimmers during normal exercise sessions to determine fluid requirements to maintain fluid balance, and the degree of fluid replacement of these athletes. Data were collected from training and competition sessions for male water polo players (n = 23) and training sessions only for swimmers (n = 20 females; n = 21 males). The calculated average sweat rate and fluid intake rate during training sessions for male water polo players was 287 ml/h and 142 ml/h, respectively, with a rate of 786 ml/h and 380 ml/h during matches. During training sessions for male swimmers, the calculated average sweat rate and fluid intake rate per kilometre was 138 ml/km and 155 ml/km, respectively; and for female swimmers, 107 ml/km and 95 ml/km. There was a wide individual variation in fluid intake and sweat loss of both water polo players and swimmers. Dehydration experienced by athletes in this study was less than typically reported for "land-based" athletes. Errors inherent in the technique used in this study are acknowledged and may be significant in the calculation of reported sweat losses and levels of fluid balance in aquatic athletes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Interstitial fluid oncotic pressures in rabbit subcutaneous tissue.

Interstitial fluid oncotic pressures in rabbit subcutaneous tissues were measured by chronically implanted membrane osmometers. Pairs of osmometers were used, one using a membrane permeable and one impermeable to plasma proteins. Measurements from the small-pore membranes averaged 10.2 mmHg while pressures measured from the large-pore membrane osmometers averaged -1.2 mmHg, indicating that the measured pressures were osmotic rather than hydrostatic in nature. These values are in agreement with previously published values from this laboratory on oncotic pressures of excised rabbit skin and with a computer-simulation study of capillary fluid balance. The oncotic pressures described in this study are of the s-me general magnitude as those of lymph from most organs in the body.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Bio-impedance analysis: screening of malnutrition in a group of Tunisian with cancer patients].

Malnutrition increases the risks of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. It is characterized by changes in cellular membrane integrity and alterations in fluid balance, both of which can be detected by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). We investigated whether BIA-mesured variables could detect malnutrition, as defined by body mass index (BMI) and anthropometric indices, in 83 Tunisian cancer patients (18 men and 65 women) hospitalized in surgery. The investigations occurred within the first 24 hours following hospital admission. Analysis revealed that 4.8 % of the patients were at risk for malnutrition according to body mass index. By impedancemetry, 26.5 % of all patients had free-fat mass index (FFMI) below the normal range and 15.6 % had a low fat mass index (FMI) despite a normal or relatively high BMI. While males lose their fatty reserves early, females tend to lose free-fat, muscular mass regardless of their BMI. The BMI can be misleading in an overweight or obese patient and conceal losses in muscular mass in patients exposed to latent malnutrition. The FFMI and FMI appear to be better indicators of the nutritional status than the BMI.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Unresolved questions of renal magnesium homeostasis.

While the basic tenets of Mg handling by the mammalian kidney have been clearly outlined, Mg homeostasis in the body, the mechanism of extracellular fluid Mg regulation by the kidneys, and the regulation of intracellular Mg concentrations are largely unknown. Only a small fraction of total body Mg is present in the extracellular fluid and handled by the kidney, raising the question whether other organs, intestine, muscle and bone participate in Mg balance as well. In view of the tight regulation of Mg concentration in the plasma and the life-threatening derangements when plasma Mg concentration falls outside the physiological range it is surprising that a hormone responsible for general Mg homeostasis has not yet been identified. A hormone or factor which regulates tubular Mg reabsorption and hence renal Mg excretion is suspected, but it has not been found in any animal. Renal regulation of extracellular Mg involves filtration at the glomerulus and reabsorption in the proximal tubule and the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, where respectively, 30 and 60% of the filtered Mg load are reabsorbed. In the nongrowing individual the quantities of Mg excreted match the quantities absorbed from the gut. Mechanisms of tubular Mg transport are largely unknown for lack of understanding of Mg transport across epithelial cell membranes. The unexplored nature of Mg physiology can be attributed to analytical limitations. However, with the advent of a new Mg exchanger suitable for microelectrode work and with the use of Mg-sensitive dyes, Mg research is about to enter the renaissance period.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

TWGDAM validation of the AmpFISTR blue PCR amplification kit for forensic casework analysis.

Studies were performed as recommended by the Technical Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (TWGDAM) committee to validate the AmpFISTR Blue PCR Amplification Kit for forensic casework applications. The kit coamplifies the tetranucleotide short tandem repeat (STR) loci D3S1358, vWA, and FGA. The dye-labeled amplification products were electrophoresed and detected directly using the ABI PRISM 377 DNA Sequencer or the 310 Genetic Analyzer. CEPH family studies demonstrated Mendelian inheritance of these loci and probability of identity values from population studies were 1/4,830 (African-American), 1/5,479 (U.S. Caucasian), and 1/3,443 (U.S. West Coast Hispanic). In all studies examining different body tissues and fluids, the expected genotypes were observed. Studies to determine and test the PCR reagent components and thermal cycling parameters demonstrated specificity, sensitivity, and balance over a wide range of conditions. Reliable results were obtained from DNA quantities as low as 0.25 ng. A variety of environmental studies were performed, as forensic samples are often exposed to different environmental conditions and substances which may degrade DNA or inhibit the amplification process. Highly degraded samples demonstrated that FGA was the first locus to become undetectable, followed by vWA, and then D3S1358; this is the expected pattern according to locus size. In studies of PCR inhibition, the pattern in which the loci became undetectable was different; FGA was the first locus to become undetectable, followed by D3S1358, and then vWA. Single versus multiple locus amplifications revealed no benefit to single locus analysis, even in cases of degradation or inhibition. The occurrence of preferential amplification was very rare, particularly in noncompromised, unmixed samples. Artifact peaks were not observed in any instance. Mixture studies confirmed the ability to detect mixed DNA samples and included the characterization of stutter and peak height ratios; the limit of detection was 1:10 for 1 ng total genomic DNA and 1:30 for 5 ng. DNA extracted from nonprobative case evidence was successfully amplified and genotyped. All such studies indicate that the AmpFISTR Blue PCR Amplification Kit will reproducibly yield specific and sensitive results.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Fluid balance during food deprivation and after intraruminal loads of water or isotonic saline in lactating and anoestral goats.

A study was made of water and salt balance during a 28 h period of starvation in lactating and anoestral goats. Food deprivation caused diminished water intake in all but one animal, and the secretion of urine and milk gradually decreased. The plasma volume and the glomerular filtration rate were reduced, the plasma Na concentration lowered, and the plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration raised during starvation. After 28 h without food the goats were given a load of water or saline into the rumen. The fall in the plasma protein concentration that occurred indicates that the plasma volume increased in all animals within 4 h of receiving saline, but was unchanged after the water load. The plasma Na concentration decreased further after the water load, but increased in all animals after the saline load. The plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration remained elevated after the intraruminal water load, but fell towards basic values after the saline load. The renal Na excretion decreased during food deprivation, and showed no increase within 4 h of saline loading. It appears that only the load of saline restored the salt and water homoeostasis of the animal. Lactating and anoestral goats do not apparently differ in their response to starvation. The effects of starvation on fluid balance seem to become as severe in goats as in monogastric species despite food reservoirs in the reticulo-rumen and omasum at the onset of food deprivation.

Animals↗