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PubMed2003

Idiopathic spontaneous bladder rupture in an intoxicated patient.

Spontaneous bladder rupture is a rare condition associated with significant morbidity and mortality. We describe a case that occured following a period of alcohol intoxication and presented as acute renal failure. The factors that contribute to this condition in an intoxicated person are outlined and useful clinical markers are suggested. This case demonstrates the difficulties with diagnosis and the need for a high index of suspicion.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed2001

Effects of assessment frequency on subjective intoxication ratings after alcohol consumption.

BACKGROUND: It is common for subjective intoxication measures to be administered frequently throughout an experimental session. It is unclear, however, whether repeated assessments affect the experience of intoxication. This study examined the effect of assessing subjective intoxication levels during alcohol consumption on subsequent perceptions of intoxication after drinking. METHODS: Forty-two participants consumed a moderate dose of alcohol (men, 82 g/kg; women, 0.74 g/kg) during a 30-min period. Participants either reported or did not report subjective intoxication levels at 10-min intervals during the drinking period. After the drink, all participants rated their level of subjective intoxication on several occasions. RESULTS: Individuals who reported their intoxication during the drinking period reported higher levels after consumption than did those who did not rate their intoxication during drinking. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest the potential for reactivity effects when conducting repeated assessments of perceived subjective intoxication.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Formation of aberrant neurotransmitters and its implication for alcohol addiction and intoxication.

The possible involvement of false neurotransmitters in the biological aspects of addiction to alcohol has been reviewed and discussed. Current evidence is somewhat ambiguous, although suggestive, of a cause-effect relationship between possible metabolic products of biogenic amines (i.e., tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives etc.) and addiction. A novel hypothesis of the mode of action of these derivatives developed on the basis of experiments in the reviewer's laboratory is also discussed. According to the latter hypothesis, alkaloid formation may occur in vivo at the membranous level in situ, by interaction of indoleamines and (or) catecholamines with the products of polypeptide chains and thereby modifying the properties of plasmalemmal membranes.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗
PubMed2005

Differential contribution of clinical amounts of acetaldehyde to skeletal and cardiac muscle dysfunction in alcoholic myopathy.

Acute intoxication due to alcohol consumption has been known to elicit reversible skeletal and cardiac muscle dysfunction, or "alcoholic myopathy and cardiomyopathy". Sometimes, irreversible muscle damage can be induced after heavy alcohol drinking. Many researchers have proposed that acetaldehyde, the major oxidised product of alcohol, may be a primary factor underlying alcohol-induced muscle dysfunction. Because acetaldehyde is rapidly metabolised to acetate by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) mainly in the liver, blood concentration of acetaldehyde is maintained at a low level even after heavy alcohol intoxication. In alcoholics, blood acetaldehyde level is relatively high, probably due to hepatic inhibition of ALDH activity. Several mM of acetaldehyde have been used for studies of cardiac muscle contraction, the intracellular calcium transient, and the L-type calcium channel. In skeletal muscle, the calcium release channel/ryanodine receptor activity has been reported to be inhibited by exposure to 1 mM acetaldehyde. However, these observations were made using potentially lethal concentrations of acetaldehyde, so the hypothesis that acetaldehyde plays a crucial role on alcoholic myopathy is questionable. In this review, we will summarise the effect of alcohol and its major oxidised product, acetaldehyde, on skeletal and heart muscles and propose a toxic contribution of clinical concentrations of acetaldehyde to alcoholic myopathy. In addition, this review will include briefly the effect of acetaldehyde on diabetic cardiomyopathy.

Acetaldehyde↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Validity of the method of alcohol administration by the pulmonary route in studies of the alcoholic syndrome in the rat].

Alcohol intoxication by the pulmonary route was studied in the rat. This method of continuous alcoholization quickly leads to deep intoxication. After 3 weeks the animals showed metabolic alterations and a strong withdrawal syndrome. Nutritional control was obtained by adjusting the growth of a group of animals (pair-weight animals) with that of the alcoholic rats. It was shown that prolonged periods in an atmosphere rich in ethanol did not cause any alteration of the lungs: neither the constituents nor the histological structure of the lungs were modified. Measurement of the various blood parameters (pH, arterial O2 and CO2 partial pressures, level of haemoglobin, etc.) showed the absence of adverse respiratory effects. This inhalation procedure would therefore seem to be a model which is well adapted to the study of various aspects of alcoholism.

Acetaldehyde↗
PubMed1999

The effects of acute and chronic alcohol ingestion on outcome following multiple episodes of mild traumatic brain injury in rats.

OBJECTIVE: Recent studies suggest that in some circumstances, alcohol intoxication at the time of severe head injury may be neuroprotective. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of acute and chronic alcohol ingestion on outcome in rodents sustaining multiple episodes of mild traumatic brain injury while intoxicated. METHOD: For two weeks before experimentation, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats received intoxicating levels of 95% ethanol (3 g/kg) or normal saline (NS) every other day by orogastric instillation. On the day of experimentation, the animals were randomized to receive alcohol or NS. Two hours later, the animals received either mild (1.2 +/- 0.4 ATA) fluid percussion injury (FPI) or no injury. The injured animals received a total of three episodes of FPI (once every four days). Mean reflex recovery time (RRT) was determined (seconds +/- SEM) immediately after each episode. Mean latency time (seconds +/- SEM) for Morris Water Maze (MWM) performance was assessed at post-trauma days 11-19. RESULTS: The chronic alcohol-exposed (CA) and the non-alcohol-exposed (NA) animals intoxicated when injured had prolonged escape, righting, and corneal RRTs after each FPI compared with the nonintoxicated injured animals and the non-injured shams. However, the CA animals had significantly shorter RRTs when compared with the NA rats. All the injured animals had MWM deficits on testing days 1-6 compared with the noninjured controls. On the last two MWM testing days, the injured NA animals had significantly better MWM performance than the injured CA rats. CONCLUSIONS: The injured intoxicated CA animals had a more rapid recovery of reflexes compared with the injured intoxicated NA animals. Despite initial MWM deficits, the injured NA rodents eventually began to learn the MWM. The injured CA rats never learned the maze. Under the conditions of this study, acute alcohol intoxication at the time of multiple episodes of minor head trauma did not provide neuroprotection for NA or CA rodents.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1984

Occupational accidents and alcohol.

Alcoholic intoxication is commonly considered to be an important cause of occupational accidents. Over a period of one year the alcohol concentration in the breath and/or blood was studied in 5439 patients, who, following an occupational accident, attended the emergency departments of a large Danish provincial city. It is concluded that only a few, apparently less than 3%, were inebriated in the legal sense of the term (BAC above 0.8%) at the time of the accident.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1990

Blood alcohol concentration measurement using a salivary reagent stick: a reliable tool for emergency departments?

Measurements of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) were made on patients who presented to an accident and emergency department with acute alcohol intoxication. A correlation of r = 0.418 was noted to exist between BAC as measured by sampling saliva and blood. Blood alcohol concentrations as measured by salivary reagent strip (ALCO-SCREEN, Chem Elec.) were significantly lower (p less than 0.0001) than those determined by gas chromatography of serum. Although such reagent strips offer a rapid measurement of BAC, it is concluded that they are unreliable for the quantitative measurement of BAC in accident and emergency departments.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗
PubMed1988

Alcohol increases mortality in murine head injury.

Head injury is a major factor in the mortality of traumatized patients, accounting for about 50 percent of the resulting fatalities. Alcohol intoxication is frequently (25 to 50 percent) associated with head injuries. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of alcohol on head trauma in a standardized animal model. Swiss Webster mice (25 ± 2 g) were given intraperitoneally 0.2 mL of either saline or 50 percent ethanol in saline. Thirty minutes later, under light ether anesthesia, severe concussion was produced by dropping a 39.5-g lead weight from a height of 30 cm. The trauma was centered on the midskull by channeling the weight through a vertical tube, 1.2 cm in diameter. Animals were observed daily for eight days. Among the controls, 12 of 12 mice, (100 percent) survived for four days and 8 of 12 (67 percent) survived eight days. In the alcohol recipients, there were 10 of 21 survivors (48 percent) at four days and only one survivor (5 percent) at eight days. This study clearly demonstrates that alcohol increases the lethality of standardized head trauma in mice. The mechanism by which alcohol modifies the effects of craniocerebral trauma remains to be elucidated.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗
PubMed1992

Pharmacologic considerations in the treatment of substance abuse.

Drug and alcohol abuse continue to be commonly encountered problems in most patient populations. To deal effectively with these problems, the primary care physician must have a thorough knowledge of the pharmacology of commonly abused drugs and the adjunctive agents used in treatment. Management of alcoholism may involve a range of medical interventions, including the treatment of alcohol intoxication, the use of benzodiazepines for alcohol withdrawal, and possibly the short-term administration of disulfiram to maintain sobriety. Successful management of cocaine or amphetamine abuse requires an understanding of the powerful reinforcing properties of these drugs and the unique problems that arise in the recovery period. Barbiturate intoxication and withdrawal are potentially life-threatening events requiring skilled in-patient treatment. Prolonged use of benzodiazepines can lead to drug dependence; successful withdrawal involves gradual dosage reduction. Acute intoxication from marijuana or hallucinogenic drugs may occasionally result in adverse reactions requiring medical intervention, but significant withdrawal reactions are rare. Management of opioid overdose, whether illicit or iatrogenic, requires the prompt and skillful use of opioid overdose, whether illicit or iatrogenic, requires the prompt and skillful use of opioid antagonists. Promising new pharmacologic approaches are now being successfully applied to the management of opioid dependence. An acceptance of nicotine as the addictive component of tobacco smoke has led to the development of nicotine gum as substitution therapy for cigarette smoking. Successful pharmacologic management of overdose or withdrawal is often the prerequisite for effective long-term treatment and recovery.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed2005

An evaluation of the sensitivity of the standardised field sobriety tests to detect the presence of amphetamine.

RATIONALE: The Standardised Field Sobriety Tests (SFSTs), designed and validated to assess impairment associated with alcohol intoxication, are currently being employed by the Victoria Police (Australia) for the identification of driving impairment associated with drugs other than alcohol. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the SFSTs are a sensitive measure for identifying the presence of dexamphetamine and methamphetamine. METHODS: Three studies each employed a repeated-measures, counterbalanced, double-blind placebo-controlled design. In each study, 20 healthy volunteers completed two treatment conditions: either 0.42 mg/kg d,l-dexamphetamine and placebo, 0.42 mg/kg d,l-methamphetamine and placebo, or 0.42 mg/kg d-methamphetamine and placebo. Performance was assessed using the SFSTs, consisting of the Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus test, the Walk and Turn test, and the One Leg Stand test. Blood and saliva samples were obtained before and immediately after the administration of the SFSTs (120 and 170 min post drug administration). RESULTS: At 120 and 170 min post drug administration, d,l-dexamphetamine blood levels were 83.16 and 98.42 ng/ml, respectively; d,l-methamphetamine levels were 90 and 95 ng/ml, respectively; and d-methamphetamine blood levels were 72 and 67 ng/ml, respectively. None of the three amphetamine doses impaired performance on the SFSTs. Using the SFSTs, the presence of dexamphetamine was identified in 5% of cases, d-methamphetamine in 5%, and d,l-methamphetamine in 0% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: Under these conditions, the SFSTs are not a sensitive measure for detecting the presence of low levels of amphetamine.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1996

Alcohol's effects on requisites for sexual risk reduction in men: an initial experimental investigation.

The effects of alcohol intoxication on mediators of condom use were examined in a laboratory-based experiment. Twenty men were randomly assigned to either an alcohol or a nonalcohol beverage administration condition. Participants in the experimental condition drank vodka and tonic to achieve a blood alcohol level of 0.08%, whereas controls drank tonic only. All participants then completed a battery of measures related to condom and AIDS-related knowledge, motivation to use condoms, and behavioral self-efficacy regarding condom use. Findings from this exploratory study, which should be considered preliminary because of the small sample size, indicated that participants who received alcohol tended to report more negative attitudes toward condoms and lower self-efficacy to initiate condom use than controls. AIDS knowledge, appraisal of social norms regarding condom use, and perceived risk of infection were unaffected by alcohol consumption.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Spin-trapping studies of hepatic free radicals formed following the acute administration of ethanol to rats: in vivo detection of 1-hydroxyethyl radicals with PBN.

The generation of free radicals in rat liver following the acute oral administration of ethanol was studied with the spin-trapping method, using a deuterated derivative of phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN-d14) as the spin-trapping agent. After administration of ethanol and PBN-d14 to rats, organic extracts of the liver were prepared and subjected to ESR spectroscopy. In the case of ethanol-treated rats, the ESR spectra indicated that mixtures of radicals had been trapped, while spectra from control rats were essentially negative. The predominant spin adduct detected after ethanol treatment is proposed to be from a carbon-centered, primary alkyl radical, based on gamma-hydrogen hyperfine splitting patterns observed with PBN-d14. Oxygen-centered radicals also contributed to the ESR spectra. Liver extracts also contained low concentrations of the 1-hydroxyethyl radical spin adduct, which was indicated by weak spectral lines corresponding to those of the 1-13C-ethanol adduct. These data confirm previous suggestions that ethanol is metabolized to a free radical metabolite in rat liver. In addition, some information on types of lipid radicals generated during alcohol intoxication has been obtained.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗
PubMed1979

[Effect of of alcohol on male sex glands].

The influence of alcohol on the sexual glands was studied in 708 males. The control group consisted of 138 individuals who denied alcohol consumption. The age of the individuals studied was 21-50. It was established that alcoholic beverages evoke degenerative changes in the sexual glands which are more pronounced in males who began to consume alcoholic beverages in the period of sexual function formation. Degenerative changes are more distinctly marked in males with a history of epidemic parotitis. Changes in the sexual glands due to the influence of alcohol intoxication lead to disorders of sexual function spermatogenesis and sterility.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Psychiatric criteria of legal responsibility after the consumption of alcohol: the German situation.

Psychiatry deals with addiction but it is not concerned very much about the symptomatology of acute alcohol intoxication. This causes problems in connection with the legal system: intoxication is the most frequent cause of diminished legal responsibility in Germany, and judges want to have a system to assess the grade of intoxication as simply and reliably as possible. So they found the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to be a safe indication. But the BAC has various effects not only on different people but also on the same person in different situations: other factors are influential, i.e. alcohol habituation and physical condition, personality, mood and situation. Therefore it is necessary to describe the typical syndromes of intoxication and their dependency on BAC.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1983

Influence of chronic ethanol consumption on muscarinic cholinergic receptors and their linkage to phospholipid metabolism in mouse synaptosomes.

C57/BL mice rendered physically dependent to ethanol exhibited an increase in specific binding of [3H]QNB to a cholinergically enriched synaptosomal fraction of brain without a parallel increase in muscarinic receptor-stimulated incorporation of [32P] into phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidic acid. Receptor-enhanced phospholipid labeling was reduced by the addition of ethanol (100mM) in vitro. In chronically treated mice, tolerance developed to the inhibitory effects of ethanol on receptor-enhanced phospholipid labeling. It is suggested that the inhibition of this response by ethanol added in vitro may be associated with alterations in neuronal function during alcohol intoxication.

Alcoholism↗