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PubMed1994

Effect of Tripterygium Wilfordii on adrenal cortex in rat with adjuvant arthritis.

This paper reports the effects of Tripterygium Wilfordii (TW) on adrenal cortex in rats with adjuvant arthritis. Forty rats were divided into 5 groups. Adjuvant arthritis (AA) models were made with complete freund's adjuvant (CFA) in groups I-IV. Each of which was treated with sodium carboxyl methyl cellulose, TW, prednisone and cyclophosphamide respectively. The untreated rats allocated to group V served as normal controls. The swelling of AA markedly subsided in group II, III and IV as compared with group I (P < 0.01), whereas no significant differences were noted among groups II, III and IV (P > 0.05). The obviously increased plasma corticosterone levels and decreased adrenal ascorbic acid levels were observed in group II, whereas decreased plasma corticosterone levels and increased adrenal ascorbic acid levels were noted in group III. There was a striking contrast between groups II and III. The morphological changes of adrenal glands under light microscope revealed hypertrophic adrenal cortices in group II, and atrophic adrenal cortices in group III. The above findings suggest that the effect of promoting production of corticosteroids may be one of the mechanism by which TW can effectively treating autoimmune diseases.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed1993

[Perioperative steroid substitution in patients with adrenal cortex diseases].

OBJECTIVE: To provide clinically feasible recommendations for diagnosis and replacement therapy with glucocorticoids in patients with adrenocortical disease and primary, secondary or iatrogenic adrenocortical failure. SOURCES: Personal clinical experiences and major clinical reviews pertinent to the problem. RESULTS: The internationally recommended therapeutic regimens are often controversial. Therefore, emphasis is put on detailed and reliable therapeutic schemes which consider the increased glucocorticoid requirement of patients with adrenocortical failure in perioperative or stressful conditions. A sufficient steroid cover is essential to prevent an acute adrenal crisis. It has to be taken into account that adrenocortical dysfunction frequently goes unrecognized in the emergency condition of critical illness if the possibility of its presence is not borne in mind. Moreover, special attention has to be paid, in particular, to the inadvertent corticosteroid withdrawal and its sequelae. CONCLUSION: The perioperative management of patients with diseases of the adrenal cortex is a continuing challenge to the interdisciplinary cooperation of surgeon, neurosurgeon, gynecologist, anesthesiologist and internist.

Adrenal Cortex Function Tests↗
PubMed1979

Fine structure of the rabbit adrenal cortex and the effects of short-term ACTH administration.

The fine structure of the rabbit adrenal cortex was investigated. The parenchymal cells display the ultrastructural features of steroid-producing cells, and also contain numerous electron-dense bodies frequently located near intercellular canaliculi, when open into the subendothelial space. Short-term ACTH-administration induced a noticeable decrease in the volume of the lipid compartment in the cells of all three cortical zones and a significant increase in the volume of dense bodies in the cells of zona fasciculata and zona reticularis. The hypothesis that these dense bodies are secretory granules is discussed in the light of biochemical evidence showing that ACTH increases the concentration of both corticosterone and cortisol in the decapsulated-enucleated adrenal homogenate and does not affect the activity of two lysosome-marker enzymes (i.e., acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase).

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed1996

The zona reticularis is the site of biosynthesis of dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in the adult human adrenal cortex resulting from its low expression of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.

Based on indirect evidence, it has often been assumed that the zona reticularis of the adult human adrenal cortex is the source of the adrenal androgens, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA sulfate (DHEAS), but direct tests of this concept have been few. Using the techniques of cell culture, Northern blotting, and RIA, we compared the properties of separated adult zonal cells to those of fetal zone cells, a cell type well known to secrete large amounts of DHEA(S) due to its low expression of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 beta HSD). In nine glands from donors of a wide age range, the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis were separated and dissociated, and the cells were placed in culture. After 5 days, serum was removed by a 24-h period in serum-free defined medium followed by a 24-h exposure to cAMP analogs, with the optional addition of insulin, also in serum-free medium. The separated fasciculata and reticularis cells showed large differences in the DHEA(S)/cortisol (F) production ratios from added pregnenolone precursor, consistent with the synthesis of only F and essentially no DHEA(S) by fasciculata cells and with the synthesis of mostly DHEA(S) with little or no F by both reticularis cells and fetal zone cells. The different patterns of steroidogenesis were accompanied by a much lower level of expression of type II 3 beta HSD in reticularis cells, similar to that in fetal zone cells. In contrast, other genes were similarly regulated in the two adult zones and in the fetal zone by both cAMP and insulin. The levels of messenger ribonucleic acids for 17 alpha-hydroxylase, cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, 21-hydroxylase, and 11 beta-hydroxylase responded to cAMP and insulin in both reticularis cells and fetal zone cells in the same pattern as that previously established in fasciculata cells. The central role of the limited expression of 3 beta HSD in the DHEA(S)-synthesizing property of reticularis cells was established by inhibition of 3 beta HSD in fasciculata cells with trilostane, which caused them to increase their DHEA/F production ratio to a level exceeding even that in fetal zone cells. There did not appear to any age-related changes in gene expression that could account for the large age-related decline in DHEA(S) biosynthesis in humans in either reticularis or fasciculata cells. Thus, the most likely cause of the age-related decline in adrenal androgen biosynthesis is an age-related decline in the number of functional reticularis cells, without a major change in the differentiated properties of the zonal cells as a function of age.

3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗
PubMed1984

Steroid concentrations in the outer and inner zones of the adrenal cortex of the guinea pig.

The outer (glomerulosa and fasciculata) and inner (reticularis) zones of the adrenal cortex of the guinea pig were separated and their steroid content determined. It was found that the concentration of 21-hydroxypregnenolone, deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, aldosterone, 11-deoxycortisol, and cortisol was significantly higher in the outer cortical region, while the concentration of pregnenolone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone, and dehydroepiandrosterone was significantly higher in the inner zone. The concentration of progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and androstenedione was not different in the two zones. Examination of specific steroid ratios suggested the following: (1) 3 beta-ol dehydrogenase/isomerase and 21-hydroxylase activities are reduced in the inner zone, (2) 17-hydroxylase and C17 20 lyase activities appear to be equally active in the two zones (3) 11 beta-hydroxylase activity appears to be more active in the inner zone (4) 21- hydroxypregnenolone , deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, 11-deoxycortisol, and cortisol along with aldosterone are produced principally in the outer zone.

17-alpha-Hydroxypregnenolone↗