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PubMed1991

[Concepts of depressive patients regarding the cause of their disease].

In 60 patients suffering from either neurotic or endogenous depression (according to ICD-9), the aetiological concepts regarding their illness were studied by means of content analysis of answers to an interview question. Most patients had multifactorial aetiological concepts. Psychosocial concepts were more frequent than biological ones; this bias, however, was less pronounced in endogenous depressives (and, within this group, in bipolar vs. unipolar patients) than in neurotic depressives. The latter stressed triggering events as causes of illness, whereas for endogenous depressives, dispositions were more important. A positive expectancy of being able to influence the illness correlated with an aetiological model which implied triggering as well as predisposing factors.

Concept Formation↗
PubMed1991

Relationship of self-concept to nutrient intake and eating patterns in young women.

The relationships between attitudes toward oneself (self-concept) and nutrition-related behavior were examined for 153 single women aged 18 to 35 years. Nutrition-related behaviors were assessed with 3-day food records that were analyzed for nutrient composition and eating patterns (Basic Four Food Group scores, number of meals per day, and percent of energy from meals and snacks). Attitudes toward self, knowledge and attitudes about nutrition, and general health practices were assessed with a written questionnaire that incorporated several existing scales. Because of potential overlap among the three self-concept scales, as well as nutrition-attitude and health-practice items, responses were factor analyzed, yielding 14 factors. These factors were then compared with nutrient intake and eating patterns. Scores for the seemingly desirable factors of the "Super Person" or "Do Your Own Thing" were negatively correlated with intake of several nutrients; scores on the self-perception of a "Traditional" orientation to life were positively related to calcium intake and meal patterns. The "Nutrition Is Important" and "Nutrition Knowledge" factors were also positively related to desirable eating patterns and nutrient intakes. We conclude that several self-concept variables, as well as nutrition attitudes and knowledge, can potentially influence nutrient intakes and eating patterns in young women.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

A comparison of concept formation strategies in pattern recognition tasks.

We used two experiments to explore the effects of two kinds of strategies (nonanalytic and analytic) in concept formation. In Experiment 1, nonsense shapes were used as stimuli, which created ill-defined categories of concepts to be discovered by the subjects. In Experiment 2, highly recognizable geometrical patterns were used as stimuli, hereby placing an emphasis on the identification of highly salient categories of concepts. Subjects were better able to classify stimuli correctly in both experiments relying on memory (nonanalytic strategy) than on rule learning (analytic strategy). Here we discuss implications of nonanalytic strategy for understanding the nature of creativity.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Self-esteem and clarity of the self-concept.

This article examines the association between evaluative and knowledge components of the self. Four studies tested the hypothesis that the self-concepts of low-self-esteem (LSE) people are characterized by less clarity or certainty than those of high-self-esteem (HSE) people. LSE Ss exhibited less extremity and self-reported confidence when rating themselves on bipolar trait adjectives (Study 1), less temporal stability in their trait ratings over a 2-month interval (Study 2), less congruence between their self-concepts and their subsequent perceptions of situation-specific behavior and memory for prior behavior (Study 3), and less internal consistency, lower self-rated confidence, and longer reaction times when making me/not me responses to pairs of opposite traits (Study 4). Alternative accounts of the results and the implications of self-concept clarity for understanding the pervasive impact of self-esteem on behavior are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

Self-concept as a factor in the quality of diets of adolescent girls.

The effect of self-concept on the quality of diets of adolescent girls was investigated. Scores for self-concept as measured by the Tennessee Self Concept Scale (TSCS) and fat area values were obtained from 160 15-year-old girls. Twenty-four-hour dietary recall interviews were conducted with a random subsample of 40 girls. Mean dietary adequacy ratios (MARs) were calculated to assess dietary quality. Girls in this study had larger arm fat areas than did their national counterparts. Mean intakes of energy and nine nutrients met or exceeded their respective RDAs except for vitamin A, calcium, and iron. MAR values were correlated positively with Self-Satisfaction scores and negatively with carbonated beverages, candy, and baked desserts. Fat area values were correlated negatively with Physical Self scores. Significant predictors of MAR values below 80% were Total Conflict, Moral-Ethical Self, Family Self, Identity, and Physical Self scores.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Self-concept: younger vs older black pregnant adolescents.

This article compares the self-concept scores on the Offer Self-Image Questionnaire (OSIQ) of younger versus older black pregnant adolescents and nonpregnant adolescents. It was hypothesized that the self-concepts of adolescents differed from one another on the basis of age, race, and pregnancy. Two alternative schools for first-time pregnant teenagers were used as data collection sites for the pregnant adolescents, and published data was used for the nonpregnant adolescents. The results indicated that 141 pregnant subjects (13 to 15-year-olds and 16 to 19 year-olds) had almost identical self-concept scores, but their scores differed significantly from the nonpregnant adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Survey of what dental students feel regarding their profession (3). The relation with their self concept].

The present survey was undertaken to find out how dental student feel about their profession and what type of the self concept they have. The subjects were 263 students in the 5th and 6th grades of dental school, Aichi-Gakuin University. The pattern of self concept as dental students or dentists was classified into three types, based on a survey of twenty statements test. These types were positive, negative and neutral. The results were as follows: 1. In both the 5th and 6th grades, statements about "present satisfaction as a dental student", in the 5th grade, "progress of university entrance examination", and in the 6th grade, "feelings about the scholastic side of dentistry", were strongly related to their type of self concept. But in both the 5th and 6th grades, there were few related statements about "the motive for entering the dental school" and "occupational choice after graduation". 2. In the result of the multivariate analysis Discriminant Analysis by the Second Class of Hayashi's Quantifying Theory, those students who were graded as "positive" had the following characteristics: (1) Regarding entrance examinations, they took only one examination for dental school when they entered. (2) When choosing dentistry as their occupation, they had not thought of it as a "self supporting occupation" or "occupation of high social standing". (3) Their present interest is learning about dentistry. (4) After their graduation from dental school, they would like to be professional dentists or, a practicing dentists or students of clinical dentistry in the hospital of the dental school.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Residential mobility, social support and adolescent self-concept.

The effects of residential relocation on children has been a topic of interest to social science researchers for decades. Early research attributed school phobias, classroom behavior problems, lack of academic success, and poor peer relationships to residential mobility. Although most current literature has disputed many of these early findings, a question remains regarding the relationship between self-concept and residential relocation. Significant negative findings have been found in previous studies of this relationship. This study attempts to expand the research in two ways: first, by providing a theoretical framework and, second, by testing the role of social support from parents and peers as a mediator in the relationship. The investigation benefits from theory on life events and stress which guides the analysis of mobility and self-concept in a sample of 205 students in the sixth, seventh, and eighth grades. Findings indicate that social support attenuates a negative effect of mobility on specific measures of self-concept.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fostering positive self-concept in the school-age child.

Self-concept provides the basis for personal growth and healthy development in the school-age child. Pediatric nurses working with this age group need to understand this concept and use specific nursing interventions that will enhance and promote the development of a positive self-concept.

Body Image↗
PubMed1979

Self concept of the cleft lip and or palate child.

This investigation examined the relationship of the self-concept of children with cleft lip and/or palate to the self-concept of noncleft children. Thirty-four cleft lip and/or palate children between the ages of 11 and 13 were individually matched with thirty-four noncleft school children. Each child was given the Piers-Harris Children's Self Concept Scale. Children with clefts, regardless of sex, reported a significantly greater dissatisfaction with physical appearance. A significant interaction effect between sex and presence or absence of cleft was found on three cluster scores with cleft girls reporting greater unhappiness and dissatisfaction, less success in school, and more anxiety.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Children's conceptions of the situational affective consequences of sociomoral events.

Children's conceptions of the linkages between sociomoral events and emotional consequences were examined in a 2-part study. In Part 1, kindergartners, third graders, and sixth graders assessed the probable emotional consequences of 6 types of sociomoral events (inhibitive morality, active morality, conventional, personal, distributive justice, and prosocial morality) on several event participants (initiator and recipient of the action, adult and child observers, and subject as observer). Results indicated that children's conceptions were highly differentiated, reflecting a general sensitivity to differences in both types of sociomoral events and the roles of individuals in these events. An additional sociomoral event X event interaction indicated, however, that conceptions within some sociomoral events also depended on the particular roles of the event participants. In Part 2 of the study, the social event-emotion linkage was reversed. Children were presented with depictions of the affective reactions of sociomoral participants and selected which of 2 sociomoral events was more likely to have produced those reactions. Overall, children were able to match affective information representative of each sociomoral category to the appropriate eliciting sociomoral event.

Affect↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Use of the Piers-Harris Self-Concept Scale with Indian children: cultural considerations.

Data from a survey of 241 Montana school children, Indian and white, were used as a basis for examining the psychometric properties of the Piers-Harris Self-Concept Scale. Strong estimates of internal consistency and support for construct validity were found. Studies using the Piers-Harris scale over the past 15 years have indicated that ethnic minority status per se is not related to lower self-concept score and that the scale is a reliable measure for use with minority group children. However, validity of the scale with Indian children warrants further examination, particularly in relation to the differential effects of ethnic culture and social environment on the measurement of self-concept.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Instruction in developmental psychology and its influence on self-concept.

This study was designed to explore the influence of a unit of instruction in developmental psychology upon the self-concept and academic achievement of 13-year-old adolescents. Participants were 82 junior high school students in British Columbia. Forty-three students received ten 45-minute instructional sessions dealing with the principles of adolescent development; 39 students served as a control group. It was concluded that the unit of instruction did not significantly improve self-concept. The short duration of treatment was identified as the most probable factor in the failure to achieve change. A positive relationship was established between the achievement scores on the knowledge test of developmental psychology and self-concept.

Achievement↗
PubMed1986

Self-concept of primary-school-age children with cleft lip, cleft palate, or both.

This study compared the self-concept of primary-school-age children (5 years to 9 years) with clefts to a control group on nonaffected peers. The children with clefts reported a significantly lower global self-concept. They perceived themselves as less socially adept and more frequently sad and angry than their peers. It is postulated that poor self-concept in primary-school-age children with clefts may be related to concerns with speech, appearance, differential parental expectations, or a combination of these variables.

Child↗
PubMed1986

Maternal-fetal attachment in relation to self-concept and anxiety.

This study investigates the association that maternal-fetal attachment has with self-concept, state anxiety, and trait anxiety. One hundred third trimester pregnant women attending prenatal classes were studied. Data were collected by using three psychometric instruments: Maternal-Fetal Attachment Scale, the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The findings do not show a significant relationship between the overall level of maternal-fetal attachment and self-concept. The findings do show significant inverse correlations between state (temporary) anxiety and the overall Maternal-Fetal Attachment Scale. An inverse but non-significant relationship between maternal-fetal attachment and overall scores representing trait (long-term) anxiety was found. The study failed to demonstrate the strong association between anxiety and maternal-fetal attachment described by other theorists. The author speculates that the chosen instrument does not adequately differentiate between the mother's anxieties regarding self and those related to the fetus.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Self-concept as altered by the diagnosis of cancer.

From a review of the literature, it was cited that the severity of the treatment regimens for cancer results in altered self-concept with specific behaviors and emotions occurring after the diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to validate the behavioral and emotional defining characteristics of the psychological construct self-concept as it is altered by the diagnosis of cancer. Defining characteristics were derived from concept analysis and confirmed by a specified patient population.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

A longitudinal study of the self-concept of low-income youth.

Children in grades five and six were interviewed in 1969 and a follow-up phase was conducted in 1978 using those children who had answered the 1969 phase and who were now out of high school. The purpose was to determine the stability of self-concept over a decade, and to investigate changes or differences that occurred within and between the groups over time. Data were analyzed using self-concept as the dependent variable. The independent variables measured in relation to self-concept were sex, race, and place of residence. Pearson product-moment correlations and paired t-tests indicated that the majority of youth undergo minimal changes during this age span.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Genetic counseling and parental self-concept change.

Twelve parents of children with genetic diseases (Klinefelter syndrome, trisomy 21, lactase deficiency, phenylketonemia, Noonan syndrome, ichthyosis, Prader-Willi syndrome, and trisomy 13) were tested with the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale prior to and immediately after genetic counseling. Total Positive Score, indicative of self-esteem level, changed significantly. The score increased due to positive changes in the subjects' family, social, moral, physical and psychologic identity, and affect and behavior. This change is interpreted as an improvement in self-concept. Two other changes were only marginally insignificant, however. The Total Conflict decreased and that is a sign of improvement; but the NDS increased. Of the two scores, the NDS is the more powerful indicator and an increase in it is a signal for caution. Self-concept improvement with genetic counseling of parents whose progeny had one of the described diseases has, therefore, been documented. Carefully designed investigations of the future will verify factors which induce psychologic change and effect the management of disease.

Female↗