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PubMed1997

Free radical production during ethanol intoxication, dependence, and withdrawal.

Indices of free radical production and cell damage were examined in male Sprague-Dawley rats chronically exposed to either ethanol (ETOH) or water vapor. In experiment 1, rats experienced either 1 or 11 cycles of ETOH exposure and withdrawal. Brain tissue was harvested 12 hr after ETOH exposure, and 1 hr after being injected with sodium salicylate as a scavenger. Brain tissue was analyzed for the formation of salicylate hydroxylation products as a measure of .OH production during withdrawal. Significant group differences for .OH production were demonstrated for 2,3- and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid in the single cycle ETOH exposed rats compared with their water cohorts. A significant between group difference for 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, only, was demonstrated for the multiple cycles of ETOH exposure. Spontaneous seizures were shown to correlate with increased production of .OH in ETOH exposed rats. In experiment 2, brain tissue was harvested from different groups of rats after removal from the chambers, at 0, 2, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hr after a single exposure cycle. Tissue was analyzed for (1) salicylate hydroxylation (as above), (2) glutamine synthetase activity, (3) whole brain glutamate concentration, and (4) oxidized protein. A multiple regression analysis was conducted on the five dependent variables and found they could be predicted by specific behavioral and neurological ratings. These data suggest that cell damage during withdrawal may have multiple time-dependent components.

Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium↗
PubMed1993

Preventive effects of sodium molybdate in lead intoxication in rats.

The role of sodium molybdate (1 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, once daily) supplementation during the course of lead exposure (0.1% lead acetate in drinking water for 4 weeks) in preventing the accumulation of lead in blood and soft tissues and in restoring altered lead-sensitive biochemical variables and the levels of hepatic glutathione, lipid peroxidation, blood Na, blood K, and serum ceruloplasmin was investigated in rats. The data indicate that sodium molybdate significantly protected the uptake of lead in blood, liver, and kidneys and restored the lead-induced inhibited activity of blood delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, elevation of blood zinc protoporphyrin, hepatic lipid peroxidation, and serum ceruloplasmin. The results suggest a significant role of sodium molybdate in preventing plumbism.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Increased alveolar-capillary membrane permeability by monocrotaline.

To study the effect of monocrotaline on the pulmonary alveolar-capillary membrane permeability, cardiac catheterization, extravascular lung water content and absorption of 14C-compounds from the rat lungs in combination with morphological observations were studied in the early stage of monocrotaline intoxications. Purified monocrotaline or its pyrrole was administered to rats with various doses. Single dose of 50 mg/kg of monocrotaline was enough to induce pulmonary hypertension 4 weeks later, but neither immediate nor direct pressor effect was observed by monocrotaline or active pyrrole. Only 3 to 5 mg/kg of pyrrole was enough to produce alveolar flooding with increased extravascular lung water content and accelerated absorption of 14C-mannitol and 14C-inulin from lungs 24 hours after administration. In contrast with fast and potent effect of pyrrole, effect of monocrotaline was mild and delayed in development. These findings suggested that monocrotaline increased the porosity of not only endothelial but also alveolar membrane by active metabolite.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

[Effect of drinking water with a high nitrate content on the body in a toxicological experiment].

A chronic, four-month, toxicological experiment with albino rats was carried out with a view to study the effect of nitrates on organism. The animals, grouped into six groups, were daily intoxicated by probing with aqueous solution of sodium nitrate in concentrations of 30, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 mg/l. The toxicological studies established statistically significant changes in some integral, hematological, biochemical and pathologico-anatomical indices with the drinking of potable water with 500 and 1000 mg/l nitrates and in single cases - with 100 mg/l: body weight loss among the female animals; reduction of hemoglobin and erythrocytes; urea fluctuation (hypo- and hyperazotemia); increase of glutathione, of peroxidase activity and alkaline phosphatase; reduction of catalase activity; light parenchymal-dystrophic changes in liver and kidneys. No changes were established in methemoglobin. With a view to those results, the authors presume that no risk for organisms exists with the consumption of potable water, containing nitrates to 50 mg/l, a slight risk--up to 100 mg/l, enhanced risk--over 100 mg/l and high risk--with 500 and over 500 mg/l.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Effects of ethanol on the NMR characteristics of rat brain. Acute administration, dependency, and long-term effects.

In rats, neither acute administration of ethanol nor the establishment of ethanol dependence by chronic administration for 28 days produced significant 1H-NMR relaxation changes. However, chronic ethanol intake for six months produced a transient rise in T1, with no change in T2 or water content. The significance of these results for study in man is discussed and a hypothesis is proposed to explain discrepant differences between T1, T2 and water content. It is suggested that T1 change with long-term ethanol exposure is related to altered free/bound water state secondary to cell membrane changes.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗
PubMed1994

An outbreak of fatal fluoride intoxication in a long-term hemodialysis unit.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the cause of an outbreak of acute illness and death in a long-term hemodialysis unit. DESIGN: A retrospective cohort and case-control study of patients receiving hemodialysis and a laboratory study of a model deionization system to purify water for hemodialysis. SETTING: An outpatient hemodialysis unit of a university hospital. PATIENTS: 12 patients who became severely ill after hemodialysis treatment and 20 patients who did not become ill after receiving hemodialysis treatment in the same unit. MEASUREMENTS: Medical and dialysis unit records were reviewed to identify and characterize cases. Fluids for dialysis were tested for toxic substances, and fluoride was measured in patients' serum. Resistivity and fluoride were measured in effluent from a model deionization system operated in the same way as the system associated with illness. RESULTS: During five consecutive hemodialysis shifts, 12 of 15 patients receiving dialysis treatment in one room became acutely ill, with severe pruritus, multiple nonspecific symptoms, and/or fatal ventricular fibrillation (3 patients). None of 17 patients treated in the adjacent room became ill (P < 0.0001). Death was associated with longer hemodialysis time and increased age compared with other patients who became ill. Serum concentrations of fluoride in the sick patients were markedly increased to as high as 716 mumol/L, and the source of fluoride was the temporary deionization system used to purify water for hemodialysis only in the affected room. Operation of a model deionization system showed how fluoride was adsorbed and then displaced in a massive efflux. CONCLUSIONS: Because deionization systems are used widely in hemodialysis and can cause fatal fluoride intoxication, careful design and monitoring are essential.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Green tea protects against ethanol-induced lipid peroxidation in rat organs.

Ethanol metabolism is accompanied by generation of free radicals, which stimulates lipid peroxidation. Natural antioxidants are particularly useful in such a situation. The current study was designed to investigate the efficacy of green tea, as a source of water-soluble antioxidants (catechins), on lipid peroxidation in liver, brain, and blood induced by chronic (4 weeks) ethanol intoxication in rats. Feeding of ethanol led to a significant increase in lipid peroxidation, as measured by increased concentrations of lipid hydroperoxides, 4-hydroxynonenal, and malondialdehyde. Feeding of ethanol also changed the glutathione-dependent lipid hydroperoxide decomposition system, resulting in a decrease in both reduced glutathione concentration and activity of glutathione peroxidase. Observed changes were statistically significant in all examined tissues. Enhancement in lipid peroxidation was associated with disruption of hepatocyte cell membranes, as observed through electron microscopic evaluation. Green tea protects phospholipids from enhanced peroxidation and prevents changes in biochemical parameters and morphologic changes observed after ethanol consumption. These results support the suggestion that green tea protects membranes from peroxidation of lipids associated with ethanol consumption.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Protective effect of various antioxidants on the toxicity of sulphur mustard administered to mice by inhalation or percutaneous routes.

Protective effect of various antioxidants, trolox (water soluble analogue of vitamin E), quercetin (bioflavonoid) and glutathione reduced (GSH), was studied following sulphur mustard (SM) intoxication. SM, a blistering agent was administered to Swiss albino female mice through inhalation (1 LC50=42.3 mg/m3 for 1 h duration; 14 days observation for mortality) and percutaneous (1 LD50=154.7 mg/kg; 7 days observation for mortality) routes. The antioxidants were administered three times at the dose of trolox, 500 microg/kg; quercetin, 5 mg/kg and GSH, 400 mg/kg body weight by intraperitoneal injection, one immediately following SM exposure, then once each day for 2 days after SM treatment. The effect of antioxidants on survival, markers of oxidative damage and purine metabolites was investigated. Survival study animals were observed for 14 days. Oxidative markers (in blood, liver and lung) and purine metabolites (in blood and urine) were investigated 72 h after SM treatment. Survival time increased significantly following trolox and quercetin treatments through the inhalation route. Significant decrease in GSH and increase in the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) indicated oxidative damage to liver and lung tissues following SM inhalation and percutaneous exposure. Blood and urinary uric acid, end product of purine metabolism showed an increased following both routes of exposures. The antioxidants, trolox and quercetin protected the liver and lung tissues from oxidative damage caused by SM exposure through inhalation and percutaneous routes. This study showed that antioxidants could enhance survival time, protect liver and lung from oxidative damage and reduce accumulation of purine metabolites in blood following SM intoxication.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed1976

Core formation in the muscles of rats intoxicated with triethyltin sulfate.

Young adult Osbourne-Mendel rats intoxicated for up to 23 days with triethyltin sulfate (TET) at a dose of 20 mg/liter of drinking water given ad libitum, developed core-like structures in type 1 extrafusal fibers of the soleus muscles. Frozen sections revealed an absence of oxidative enzyme activity (NADH-tetrazolium reductase) and diminished or absent myosin ATPase (pH 9.4) in the core regions. The main electron microscopic features within the cores were loss of mitochondria and streaming of the Z-disks. The histochemical and electron microscopic similarities and differences between the TET-induced cores, other core models, and those reported in some human neuromuscular disorders are discussed. The present experiments do not clarify whether the cores are produced from a direct effect of TET upon skeletal muscle or upon the neural component of the motor unit.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Acute nickel intoxication by dialysis.

Nickel intoxication was observed in a group of 23 dialyzed patients when leaching of nickel-plated stainless steel water heater tank contaminated the dialysate. Symptoms occurred during and after dialysis at plasma nickel concentrations of approximately 3 mg/L. Symptoms included nausea (37 of 37), vomiting (31 of 37), weakness (29 of 37), headache (22 of 37), and palpitation (two of 37). Remission of symptoms occurred spontaneously, generally 3 to 13 hours after cessation of dialysis. The evidence indicated that the nickel became bound in the plasma after crossing the membrane, resulting in a higher concentration in the plasma than in the dialysate and preventing its removal by dialysis.

Heating↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Ciguatera in the Maldive Islands].

In the Maldives archipelago, constituted of coral islands, where pollution is practically non-existent and where fish is the staple food of the inhabitants, ciguatera is almost unknown. The authors compares these findings with those observed in the Seychelles islands, where pollution seems to be relatively significant and ciguatera very rare. He thinks that pollution can only play a very slight part in the etiology of this intoxication.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Hemodynamic disorders in liver transplantation and their correction].

To study the pre- and intraoperative causes of hemodynamic disorders at the basic stages of liver transplantation in adult recipients, case histories and anesthesia protocols were analyzed in detail in 15 recipients of the cadaveric liver (Group 1) and 60 recipients of a liver portion taken from a living relative donor (Group 2). The patients' preoperative status, the etiology of the disease, the pattern and scope of preoperative preparation and examination, the cause of anesthesia, the volume, pattern, and rate of infusion were studied. Particular emphasis was placed on the presence of pathophysiological prerequisites and various intraoperative factors, which are causes of hemodynamic disorders. Orthotopic transplantation of the liver was performed under generalized balanced anesthesia whose major components were the inhalational anesthetics isoflurane and sevoflurane (89.3%) or total intravenous anesthesia based on neuroleptic anesthetics (10.7%). The main causes of hemodynamic disorders were the patients' severe baseline condition, anemia, ascitis, intoxication, encephalopathy, and the specific features of a surgical intervention, blood loss, heavy plasma and perspiration losses, water-electrolyte balance impairments, vein-vein shunt and reperfusion syndrome. Operations of extraordinary duration (longer than 15-20 hours) required higher plasma compensation volumes (36-52 ml/kg). Severest hemodynamic disorders were observed in patients admitted to hospital for emergency transplantation of the cadaveric liver. These patients who are to undergo transplantation are outside hospital in most cases, which is why any operation should be regarded in them as an emergency one made in patients who are in a very severe state (ASA IV-VE).

Adult↗