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PubMed2002

Antibacterial activity of Harungana madagascariensis leaf extracts.

Aqueous extracts of the leaf of Harungana madagascariensis were analysed phytochemically and evaluated for antimicrobial activity against strains of Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Glycosides, tannins, saponins, flavonoids and alkaloids were detected in the plant material. B. subtilis, E. coli and S. typhi, but not Ps. aeruginosa, showed susceptibility at MICs of 2.0 and 15.6 mg/mL; and MBCs of 2.0-3.9 mg/mL and 15.6-31.3 mg/mL, respectively, for the cold and hot extracts. Staph. aureus showed susceptibility only to the hot extract. Concentrations of 2.5-10.0 mg/mL of the cold extract killed over 7 log(10) of the test bacterial population within 30-60 min of exposure. The hot extract needed higher concentrations and longer treatment to achieve similar levels of bacterial cell killing. The results provide a rationalization for the traditional use of H. madagascariensis leaf extracts for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2000

A spectrophotometric method for assay of tannase using rhodanine.

A method for assay of microbial tannase (tannin acyl hydrolase) based on the formation of chromogen between gallic acid and rhodanine is reported. Unlike the previous protocols, this method is sensitive up to gallic acid concentration of 5 nmol and has a precision of 1.7% (relative standard deviation). The assay is complete in a short time, very convenient, and reproducible.

Aspergillus niger↗
PubMed2002

Relationships between threshold-based PROP sensitivity and food preferences of Tunisians.

The extent to which taste responses--and notably the genetically determined sensitivity to 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP)--influences food preferences and food use is still a matter of debate. We addressed the issue on the basis of a behavioural and anthropological study performed in Tunis in 1999. The working sample consists of 123 adults of both sexes (38 men, 85 women), aged 19-59, in various social categories. Taste recognition thresholds for sucrose, fructose, sodium chloride, quinine hydrochloride, citric acid, tannic acid, oak tannin and PROP were determined by presenting, in a semi-randomised order (blind-test), series of graded aqueous solutions of each product. Subjects also tasted and rated the pleasantness/unpleasantness of 4 supra-threshold solutions of NaCl and sucrose. All subjects completed a checklist of 43 food items representative of Tunisian diet, rated in terms of flavour, cost, effect on health and prestige on a labelled affective magnitude scale. According to the underlying distribution of PROP thresholds, the subjects were separated into three categories: "non-tasters", "medium-threshold tasters", and "low-threshold tasters". Results bring out the specificity of low-threshold tasters, as exhibiting a greater taste sensitivity for most tested substances. Low-threshold taster status is also linked to higher mean food preferences ratings irrespective of sex, age and socio-cultural influences. Tasters as a group (medium-threshold tasters + low-threshold tasters) do not exhibit a higher percentage of food dislikes; however PROP sensitivity is negatively correlated with hedonic responses to NaCl solutions. These results together with the evidence of a limited set of food actually used by low-threshold tasters suggest that these subjects might have difficulties at overcoming an inherent neophobia.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

The secretory cells of mouse salivary glands are nonpermissive for polyomavirus replication.

Parotid tumor agent was an early name for polyomavirus due to its ability to induce tumors (myoepitheliomas originating from the myoepithelial glandular tissues) in mice inoculated with polyomavirus (Py) as neonates. It has long been thought that these tumors directly follow productive infection by Py in epithelial cells of the salivary gland, allowing subsequent cellular genetic changes leading to tumor formation. Curiously, the ability of salivary glandular tissue to support Py infection has not been experimentally established. Although Southern analysis for Py DNA has shown virus DNA to be present in whole salivary glands during acute infection, salivary glands are composed of various cell types (myoepithelial glandular cells called serous and mucous cells, fibrocollagenous cells, and interstitial cells), not all of which become transformed. We now use in situ hybridization for Py DNA along with immunohistological and immunohistochemical analyses to show that salivary gland serous and mucous cells are nonpermissive for acute Py infection in Balb/C and C3H mice, but are Py infected, as shown by T-ag expression. Salivary gland fibroblasts and interstitial cells, however, were permissive for Py replication. In addition, isoproterenol and tannin, which induce hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the secretory cells of adult male mice salivary glands, did not make these cells permissive to Py replication.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

The impact of food processing on the nutritional quality of vitamins and minerals.

Processing (including preparation) makes food healthier, safer, tastier and more shelf-stable. While the benefits are numerous, processing can also be detrimental, affecting the nutritional quality of foods. Blanching, for example, results in leaching losses of vitamins and minerals. Also, milling and extrusion can cause the physical removal of minerals during processing. The nutritional quality of minerals in food depends on their quantity as well as their bioavailability. The bioavailability of key minerals such as iron, zinc and calcium is known to be significantly affected by the fiber, phytic acid, and tannin content of foods. Concentrations of these constituents are altered by various processing methods including milling, fermentation, germination (sprouting), extrusion, and thermal processing. Vitamins, especially ascorbic acid, thiamin and folic acid, are highly sensitive to the same processing methods. The time and temperature of processing, product composition and storage are all factors that substantially impact the vitamin status of our foods.

Ascorbic Acid↗
PubMed1978

Control through breeding methods of factors affecting nutritional quality of cereals and grain legumes.

The comparison of nutritional quality parameters of proteins from cultivated cereal and legume species with animal proteins indicate the poor nutritional value of these plant products. The nutritive value of different cereal and legume species is very variable and large differences have also been observed coming from cultivars belonging to the same species. Many interpreting factors, such as protein content, essential amino acid composition and availability, protein digestibility and others are involved in such a highly variability. In addition, cereals as well as legumes may contain large amounts of antinutritional factors which can have serious effects under particular circumstances (e.e. tannins in a low-protein diet or phytates in a metal-deficient diet). Some legume species also contain chemicals of a different nature (i. e. lathyrogens, cyanogenetic glycosides, and others) which may be extremely toxic when ingested in significant amounts. The plant breeder attempting to develop higher-yielding, disease-resistant and nutritionally-improved crop varieties should be aware of such a complex of factors and alert to the possible production or increase of undesirable products or deleterious changes in chemical composition. Available data, although rather limited, indicate valuable breeding approaches to the improvement of nutritive value of cereal and legume grains for humans.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1978

The nutritive value of faba beans and low glucosinolate rapeseed meal for swine.

Faba beans may be effectively used as a partial replacement for other protein supplements in swine diets. Breeding swine appear to be particularly sensitive to the level of faba beans in their diets. The lack of response to autoclaving faba beans suggests that the trypsin inhibitor level and condensed tannin content of faba beans do not significantly influence the performance of growing-finishing swine. Supplementation of diets containing faba beans with lysine and/or methionine has not improved pig performance. The scientific selection and commercial production of low glucosinolate varieties of rape constitutes a major advance for swine nutrition. All swine experiments that have compared low glucosinolate rapessed meal with regular rapeseed meal have demonstrated the superiority of the low glucosinolate material as a protein source. Substantially larger proportions of the low glucosinolate material may be fed to all classes of swine without any significant depression in performance.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1993

Variation of proline rich cell wall proteins in soybean lines with anthocyanin mutations.

The I locus controls inhibition of anthocyanin accumulation in the epidermal cells of the soybean seed coat and affects abundance of PRP1, a proline-rich cell wall protein in the seed coat. Saline-soluble PRP1 is abundant in the developing seed coats of cultivar Richland (homozygous I, yellow), while it is significantly decreased in the pigmented isogenic mutant T157 (homozygous i, imperfect black). In this report, we examined soluble PRP1 in several cultivars containing alleles of the I locus which affect spatial distribution of pigmentation in the seed coat. We also characterized PRP1 in isolines with allelic variants of several other loci involved in seed coat pigmentation, including T and Im. The T gene is pleiotropic and affects both pubesence color and seed coat pigmentation and structure. Soluble PRP1 was abundant in the developing seed coats of lines with yellow seed (I or ii alleles) regardless of pubescence color, just as in Richland. Likewise, soluble PRP1 was decreased in pigmented seed coats (ik or i alleles) with grey (t) pubescence, as in T157. However, the total seed coat proteins were not extractable from pigmented seed coats with tawny pubescence (i, T genotypes) because they have proanthocyanidins that exhibit tannin properties. The dominant Im allele inhibits seed coat mottling (irregular patches of pigmentation) that occurs if plants are infected with soybean mosaic virus. PRP1 was 35 kDa in mottled (im) isolines and 34 kDa in non-mottled (Im) isolines. PRP2, which is expressed later in seed coat development and in the hypocotyl hooks of soybean seedlings, was also smaller in Im isolines. In summary, some of the anthocyanin mutations affect the quantity of soluble PRP1 polypeptides. while others correlate with structural changes in developmentally regulated proline-rich proteins.

Anthocyanins↗
PubMed1991

Morphological aspects of human lens capsules. A comparative LM, SEM and TEM examination.

Lens capsules of patients of advanced age, obtained after extracapsular cataract surgery, were carefully prepared for a combined LM, TEM and SEM investigation, after preliminary washing and mounting onto a holder in a buffer solution. After pre-fixation with GA, samples were postfixed for LM/TEM and OsO4/K4Fe)CN)6 and stained with toluidine-blue/basic fuchsin for LM and with uranyl acetate/lead citrate for TEM; for SEM the GA-pre-fixed samples were post-fixed by the Tannin Arginine-OsO4 non-coating technique. At LM-level discrimination between healthy and degenerating cells was possible after toluidine staining. At SEM-level protrusion of the cell nucleus and fibrillation and blebbing of the cell membrane as the result of capsular degeneration could be observed with the TAO-method. At TEM-level protrusion of the cell nucleus, degeneration of the cytoplasm, ballooning of the mitochondria, the presence of microfilaments and the occurrence of vacuoles were visible as the result of capsular degeneration on cataract formation.

Cataract Extraction↗
PubMed1991

A combined scanning and transmission electronmicroscopic investigation of human (secondary) cataract material.

Cataract lenses from patients of advanced age were processed for SEM by standard pre-fixation followed by treatment by the Tannin-Arginine-Osmium-tetroxide (TAO) method and critical point drying, and for TEM by standard pre-fixation followed by vibratomation, standard post-fixation, ultramicrotome sectioning and staining with uranyl acetate/lead citrate. Secondary cataract material was brought onto a Millipore filter, fixed by standard methods, dried in air and sputter-coated with Au. Both SEM and TEM images revealed degeneration processes in lensfibre material, such as swelling of the lensfibre, protrusion of the cytoplasm, fibrillation of the cell membrane, loss of the nucleus, spherical bodies of various sizes between 0.5-1.5 microns, sometimes surrounded by a (double) membrane with different contrast but without cellular evidence, and small and large vacuoles partly filled with granular material both in and at the periphery of the lensfibre-body. The secondary cataract material on the Millipore filter revealed erythrocytes and more or less spherical bodies with high contrast, measuring between 0.5-1.5 microns, often referred to as Elschnig's pearls, besides non-definable organic material. The SEM and TEM micrographs of the cataract lens material strongly suggest that the spherical bodies with sizes of approximately 0.5-1.5 micrometer and high contrast without cellular evidence, are similar to the more or less spherical bodies found in the secondary cataract material on the filter, referred to as Elschnig's pearls.

Cataract↗
PubMed1976

Scanning electron microscopy of the glomerular filtration membrane in the rat kidney.

The rat kidney was perfused with saline and glutaraldehyde, treated with Murakami's tannin-osmium impregnation method, ethanol-freeze cracked and dried by the critical point method. Gold-palladium evaporated specimens were observed in a field-emission scanning electron microscope. The glomerular filtration membrane, fractured in different planes was observed with the following results: 1. Adjacent pedicles originate from different podocytes. No interpedicular bridges of apparent cytoplasmic nature could be found. 2. The basement membrane, in grazing fractures shows a horizontally layered architecture. 3. The attenuated endothelial sheet (lamina fenestrata) is divided into compartments, which we suggest should be called "areolae fenestratae", by cytoplasmic crests radiating from the nucleated portion of the endothelial cell. A crest also occurs along the cell margin, which contacts a similar crest at the margin of the adjacent cell. 4. The pores in the areolae fenestratae are variable in size (30-150 nm diameter). A knob-like projection from the apparently naked basement membrane is found in a portion of the pores. 5. Numerous microvilli may occur on the endothelium. Some of them anastomose and fuse with one another to form a net whose meshes appear identical with the endothelial pores. Domes and shelves formed of a fenestrated cytoplasmic sheet also occur above the ordinary level of the endothelial lining. A hypothesis implicating microvilli in the partial renewal of the endothelial sheet is proposed.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Influence of germination on the nutritional quality of lentil seeds.

The effect of germination on the nutritional quality of two varieties of lentil seeds was studied. It was found that germination improved the nutritive value by reducing haemagglutinins, trypsin inhibitor activities, tannins, and pentosans, and by increasing the in vitro protein digestibility, nitrogen solubility and FAAN. Except for Fe, ash and other minerals were not affected. The changes in these properties were more pronounced in Giza (9) variety than Syrian type.

Fabaceae↗
PubMed1994

Chemical analysis and nutritional assessment of the less known pulses, Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal and Vigna vexillata (L.) A. Rich.

The seeds of Vigna aconitifolia and Vigna vexillata were analysed for proximate composition, minerals, seed protein fractions, amino acids, fatty acids, and antinutritional factors. Both the pulses were found to be rich sources of proteins and minerals like Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, and Mn. Vigna aconitifolia seeds exhibited fairly high levels of crude lipid. The most limiting essential amino acids in both the pulses were the sulphur-amino acids, cystine, and methionine. Threonine in V. aconitifolia and phenylalanine and tyrosine in V. vexillata occurred in higher quantities when compared with WHO/FAO requirement pattern. Oleic acid and palmitic acid in V. aconitifolia and linoleic acid and palmitic acid in V. vexillata lipids were found to be the predominant fatty acids. The tannin content of both the pulses was negligible compared with the domesticated legumes. The other antinutritional factors like total free phenols, L-DOPA and haemagglutinating activity were also analysed/assayed.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1994

Effect of thermal treatments on the chemical and biological value of irradiated and non-irradiated cowpea bean (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) flour.

Chemical and nutritional characteristics of irradiated and nonirradiated cowpea bean at 0.2 kGy submitted to several thermal treatments were studied. The cowpea bean flours irradiated at 0.2 kGy were superior to those non-irradiated concerning digestibility and the flours submitted to microwave oven were superior to those cooked under low pressure, autoclaved or even raw from the nutritional point of view. As to the presence of anti-nutritional factors, the results showed that the variety of cowpea bean under research presented neither trypsin inhibitor nor haemagglutinin activity, however, regarding tannin, a 0.006% content was found and considered negligible.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1995

Effects of various water or hydrothermal treatments on certain antinutritional compounds in the seeds of the tribal pulse, Dolichos lablab var. vulgaris L.

Effects of soaking, cooking and autoclaving on changes in polyphenols, phytohaemagglutinating activity, phytic acid, hydrogen cyanide (HCN), oligosaccharides and in vitro protein digestibility were investigated in seeds of Dolichos lablab var. vulgaris. Both distilled water and NaHCO3 solution soaking and autoclaving significantly reduced the contents of total free phenolics (85-88%) compared to raw seeds. Autoclaving (45 min) reduced the content of tannins by upto 72%. Soaking seemed to have limited effect in eliminating phytohaemagglutinating activity, whereas autoclaving (45 min) seemed to eliminate the haemagglutinating activity completely. The reduction in content of phytic acid was found to be some what greater in distilled water soaking (28%) compared to NaHCO3 solution soaking (22%). Only a limited loss in content of phytic acid was observed under cooking as well as autoclaving. Loss of HCN was greater under autoclaving (87%) compared to the other processes studied. Of the three sugars analysed, soaking reduced the level of verbascose more than that of stachyose and raffinose. Autoclaving reduced the content of oligosaccharides more efficiently (67-86%) than ordinary cooking (53-76%). Autoclaving improved the in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) significantly (13%). Of all the different water and hydrothermal treatments studied autoclaving seemed to be the most efficient method in improving IVPD and eliminating the antinutrients investigated except phytic acid.

Fabaceae↗
PubMed1988

Preliminary study of the factors that determine nutrient composition of bean-cooking broth.

Bean cooking broth or liquor is a food preparation that results from cooking beans under a number of circumstances. This preparation is the first bean-derived food provided by mothers to their children as young as two months of age. Because of this, bean cooking plays an important nutritional role that must be evaluated. The present study attempted to evaluate, through a number of experiments, the significance of cultivars, method of cooking--either under atmospheric or vapor pressure--cooking time, salt addition, soaking and grain size on bean broth content. This was established mainly by solid content, and also by protein, ash and tannin content in different experiments. The results indicated that cultivars, but mainly cooking and soaking time, cooking method, and seed size were all important factors in determining brean-broth composition, mainly of total solids. Protein and ash contents were less affected. Prolonged cooking of the bean-broth resulted in a decrease in polyphenolic content. The relative nutritional importance of the above factors should be studied further.

Cooking↗
PubMed1987

Protein and energy utilization of boiled rice-legume diets and boiled cereals in growing rats.

In growing rats, boiled milled rice-legume diets (2:1 N ratio) had lower energy digestibility than boiled milled rice and equal if not better true digestibility, biological value, and net protein utilization (NPU). Rice-soybean diets showed better NPU than the other rice-legume diets. Boiled whole-grain corn and sorghum had lower digestible energy and NPU than boiled milled rice. NPU of the diets did not follow strictly the trend of the amino acid score of the diets; phenol (tannin) content reduced energy and protein digestibility of all diets, but sugars reduced energy and protein digestibilities of rice-legume diets only.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Nutrient composition and protein quality of minor millets.

Nutrient composition of five minor millets produced and consumed in dry land regions and tribal areas of Andhra Pradesh, India, was evaluated. The millets analysed were Italian millet (Setaria Italica), French millet (Panicum miliaceum), Barnyard millet (Echinachloa colona), Kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum) and little millet (Panicum miliare). The nutrients analysed were proximate principles, amino acids, fibre components, calcium, Phosphorus and Iron. Protein and energy were evaluated by true digestability (TD), biological value (BV), net protein utilization (NPU) and digestible energy (DE) in rats. The protein content was higher and lysine content lower, when compared to major millets. Dehusked millets had lower total dietary fibre (TDF) and tannin. The TD of protein ranged between 95.0 to 99.3, whereas the BV was between 48.3 and 56.5. All the millets were poor sources of calcium, phosphorus and iron, with the exception of french millet.

Calcium↗