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An endangered resource. Hospital emergency departments are threatened by closures and a reduction in services.

Many factors threaten the hospital emergency department. Socioeconomic and healthcare trends are forcing facilities to eliminate some services. Society's failure to deal with these issues portend disaster for high-quality care and for timely access to emergency care. Hospital administrators must collaborate with emergency department managers and plan strategies to ensure the survival of this valuable resource. Hospital emergency departments will have to redefine the scope of services they provide to meet specific consumer needs. The number of older Americans is increasing rapidly. Emergency departments must understand and cater to their unique needs. Some emergency department staffs are collaborating with competitors to share resources and reduce overlapping services. The emergency department has an impact on the facility's bottom line. The emergency department can positively affect this by ensuring accurate billing, analyzing fee schedules, and requesting payment at the time service is provided. Other survival issues include developing strategies to retain staff, develop management, negotiate managed care, and reassess the department's design.

Aged↗

Developing nurse leaders of the future.

Nurse leaders need to combine clinical excellence with the ability to harmonise staff's personal goals, the professional agenda and the goals of the organisation.

Humans↗

Prolonging access function and survival: the nurse's role.

Vascular access is the lifeline of all patients undergoing haemodialysis (HD). In a recent patient satisfaction survey, the area of vascular access and needling technique was highlighted as an area with the need for improvement. This is addressed in this paper by the formulation of: Individual Access Vulnerability Score; an Access Care Plan, and implementation of a staff cannulation training programme. Addressing these three areas of practice with a structured programme not only assists staff to develop and value patient access but ultimately provides a higher quality of service. Patient satisfaction, access complications, staff knowledge, and clinical abilities can all be improved by the implementation of a more structured approach to developing and valuing vascular access.

Algorithms↗

Connection in therapeutic communities.

The success of therapeutic community treatment is based on trust. Trust underlies the willingness of residents to endorse and profit from confrontations of their denial. Lack of trust can be seen to underlie the high dropout rate of many therapeutic communities. Social learning theory, which is usually cited as a theoretical foundation for therapeutic communities, does not explain the role of trust. Instead, we need an explanation of trust based on a logic of emotion rather than the cognitive, calculating logic of social learning. This logic can be found in the process of connection. Trust, in the theoretical orientation of connection, grows out of the resident's perception that community members care. This caring is revealed in their empathy for the resident, their willingness to take responsibility for helping the resident, and their nurturance. The resident's level of trust determines his (her) willingness to be open and responsive to the community. The implications of the connection process for the development of trust between new residents and old residents and between residents and staff are developed.

Ego↗

Expanding adult day care successfully.

Expanding adult day care services successfully by strengthening recruitment and retention, quality assurance, programming, scheduling and financial management requires strong program leadership. Since the vast majority of day care program directors are educated as registered nurses, social workers and recreation therapists, cultivation of effective leadership skills must be achieved through a combination of additional formal education in management, extensive seminar/workshop attendance, outside readings and on the job guidance and experience. The administrator, to whom the program director reports, should devote considerable time and effort toward the director's management development through instruction, counseling and support. Conflicts may arise in areas such as staff and overtime expenses, and marginally efficient equipment purchases, where the director's clinical background may overshadow an objective cost/benefit analysis. Learning to delegate responsibility for basic programming and clinical services to staff, thus developing their skills, is a significant area for director and program growth. A well-trained and motivated nurse's aide can be quite capable of leading discussion and activity groups, perhaps assisted by volunteers. Social work students, with supervision, do a fine job of cofacilitating caregiver support groups and with additional experience, intake assessments.

Adult↗

Working with a board.

An effective board and an effective organization go hand-in-hand. It is worth the time of the chief executive or senior staff to develop relations with the board. Participating together in board development programs can be valuable for both. A strong partnership between board and staff members promotes organizational commitment and success.

Chief Executive Officers, Hospital↗

[Neurological CPC.57. An 80-year-old woman with four years history of muscle atrophy involving lower extremities predominantly on the right side].

We report an 80-year-old woman with progressive muscular atrophy predominantly involving her right lower extremity. She was well until 1992 (75 years of age) when she noted an onset of weakness in her right leg which had got progressively worse. She was admitted to our service in July 1994. On admission, general physical examination was unremarkable. She was alert and well oriented without dementia. Higher cerebral functions were normal. Cranial nerves also appeared intact. She dragged her right leg in walking. Mild to moderate weakness (2/5 to 4/5) was noted in muscles in her right lower extremity more in the distal part. Deep tendon reflexes were within normal limits, and the plantar response was flexor bilaterally. Sensation was intact. Laboratory examinations were also unremarkable except for slight increase in CK which was 470 IU/l. CSF was also normal. EMG revealed neurogenic changes in the lower extremities. She was admitted to Aoki Hospital on October 21, 1994, by that time, her weakness in the right lower extremity had gotten worse in that the muscle strength of the right extensor hallucis longus was 0 and tibialis anterior 2; muscle atrophy was also prominent in her right leg; the right ankle jerk could not be elicited. In the subsequent course, weakness and atrophy appeared in her left lower extremity, however, upper extremities and cranial nerves had never been affected. Babinski sign was always negative. In February 1996, she developed delusional ideation of self persecution, and showed difficulty in communication with medical staffs. She developed fever of 38.7 degrees C on June 13, 1996 expired on the next day. The patient was discussed in a neurological CPC, and the chief discussant arrived at the conclusion that the patient had a form of spinal muscular atrophy. Opinions were divided between ALS and spinal muscular atrophy. Post-mortem examination revealed marked loss of anterior horn neurons in the lumbar area with astrogliosis. Bunina bodies were seen in some of the remaining neurons. No myelin pallor was noted in the pyramidal tracts, however, atrophy and loss of Betz cells were noted in the motor cortex. Other cortical areas were unremarkable. The neuropathologist arrived at the conclusion that the patient had ALS. This patient was unique in that she had asymmetric atrophy and weakness limited to the lower extremities. This is quite unusual as ALS of four years duration. In addition, the patient developed some mental change which was thought to represent dementia by some participants. But no clear morphologic changes were seen to account for her mental change.

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