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At least 1,711 records · Page 95Linked to original sources
PubMed1970

Pasteurella anatipestifer as a cause of mortality in captive wild waterfowl.

An outbreak of Pasteurella anatipestifer infection in young wild waterfowl at the Niska Waterfowl Research Center resulted in losses of approximately 100 Blue and Snow Geese, one White-fronted Goose, five Mandarin Ducks, one Black Duck and one Wood Duck. Clinical signs included diarrhea, paralysis and tremors. Gross lesions were fibrin deposits on serosal surfaces, hemorrhages on the epicardium, consolidation of the lungs, cloudy or flaky deposits on the air sacs, and dark, swollen spleens. Microscopic lesions included fibrinous meningitis, pneumonitis, air saculitis and serositis. Swollen leg and foot joints were seen in some cases. Chloramphenicol treatment seemed to be of benefit in controlling the outbreak.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

The ovaries of Mecoptera: basic similarities and one exception to the rule.

Two entirely different types of ovaries (ovarioles) have been described in mecopterans. In the representatives of Meropeidae, Bittacidae, Panorpodidae and Panorpidae the ovarioles are of the polytrophic-meroistic type. Four regions: a terminal filament, germarium, vitellarium and ovariole stalk can be distinguished in the ovarioles. The germaria house numerous germ cell clusters. Each cluster arises as a result of 2 consecutive mitoses of a cystoblast and consists of 4 sibling cells. The oocyte always differentiates from one of the central cells of the cluster, whereas the remaining 3 cells develop into large, polyploid nurse cells. The vitellaria contain 7-12 growing egg chambers (= oocyte-nurse cell complexes). In contrast, the ovaries of the snow flea, Boreus hyemalis, are devoid of nurse cells and therefore panoistic (secondary panoistic). The ovarioles are composed of terminal filaments, vitellaria and ovariole stalks only; in adult females functional germaria are absent. Histochemical tests suggest that amplification of rDNA takes place in the oocyte nuclei. Resulting dense nucleolar masses undergo fragmentation into multiple polymorphic nucleoli. The classification of extant mecopterans as well as the phylogenetic relationships between Mecoptera and Siphonaptera are discussed in the context of presented data.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Surgical sterilization of free-ranging wolves.

The objective of the study was to determine whether surgical sterilization of both males and females in wolf pairs alters basic wolf social and territorial behaviors. Wolves were located from the air by snow-tracking methods and were tranquilizer-darted from a helicopter. Surgeries were performed either in a tent at the capture site or in a heated building in a nearby village. Six vasectomies and seven uterine horn ligations were performed in January and February of 1996 and 1997. Two females died: one likely related to the capture procedure, the other of a peritonitis unrelated to the surgery. One wolf had a litter. None of the wolves have shown changes in behavioral patterns. Surgical sterilization can be effective, but other, less invasive, fertility control techniques should be investigated.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Urban encroachment on the wilderness: moose-vehicle collisions in Anchorage, Alaska, 1991-1995.

BACKGROUND: Moose have successfully adapted to urban sprawl in Anchorage, Alaska, using greenbelt areas for shelter, forage, and protection. However, the proximity of moose to people poses unique hazards: a collision with a moose may cause significant injury and vehicle damage. METHODS: Moose-vehicle collisions were identified using Municipality of Anchorage records. Completeness of reporting was assessed from Alaska Department of Fish and Game records. RESULTS: The moose-vehicle collision rate increased significantly from 38 to 49.2/100,000/yr during the study period (p = .005, x2 = 7.795). Of 519 reported moose-auto collisions, 120 (23%) resulted in injury to 158 people, with no human fatalities. Most collisions (291 or 56%) occurred between 1800 and 0200 hours; 411 (79%) occurred after dark; 154 (30%) occurred during December and January; and slick road conditions were identified in 280 (54%) incidents. Incidents occurred primarily near greenbelt areas. CONCLUSIONS: Moose-vehicle collisions often occur at night, on unlighted, slick road surfaces. Moose-vehicle collisions may be prevented by: reducing speed limits around green-belt areas, brighter vehicle headlights, placement of street lights in known moose areas, underpasses for wildlife at known crossings, and snow removal to reduce berm height in known moose areas.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1998

Levels of heavy metals in women residing in the Russian Arctic.

Within the framework of the joint Russian-Norwegian project on human health assessment of the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program, a study on heavy metals was conducted in 42 nonindigenous women who delivered in the hospitals of Norilsk and Salekhard during February-March 1995. Samples of venous blood, breast milk, umbilical cord blood, and placental tissue were collected. The concentration of lead, cadmium, and nickel in these tissues and fluids was estimated by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Total mercury concentration was measured by cold vapor AAS. The results obtained are determined, first, by the level of local food consumption, especially fish and reindeer meat; second, by smoking habits; and, third, by industrial pollution of ambient air, fresh water, and snow cover. A comparison of the results of this study with those of the Inuit Health Survey has shown that the difference between the Canadian and Russian data can be explained by factors of differing diet and differing levels of industrial pollution. Where a similar contaminant concentration in human tissues occurred, as in a smoking habit, no differences in the levels of a pollutant such as cadmium were revealed.

Arctic Regions↗
PubMed1991

Confronting conflict. A nursing home staff comes to grips with an elderly patient's decision to refuse nutrition.

For the most part, cases involving young or middle-aged persons such as Nancy Cruzan and Paul Brophy have shaped the legal and ethical landscape regarding the obligation to provide nutrition and hydration to nutritionally compromised patients. But the issue of care givers' responsibility in this area also arises frequently in the long-term care setting. One of the most difficult situations to address is what to do when an elderly patient begins to refuse adequate nutrition. Staff at Apartment Community of Our Lady of the Snows, Belleville, IL, had to wrestle with this question when Jane, a 90-year-old resident, decided her life had become too unbearable to continue. She refused to eat and demanded that nutrition not be forced on her. As they considered her situation, staff had to ask whether they clearly understood Jane's position, what actions would be in her best interest, what their professional obligations were, what they could do if her decision conflicted with professional or institutional values, and whether Church teaching shed any light on the issue. Unable to devise an alternative course of action acceptable to Jane, staff eventually acquiesced to Jane's request. Although they realized the difficulty of knowing with certainty what the right course of action is in such a case, they found support for their decision in Church teaching and in legal rulings on conflicts between the state's interest in preserving life and a patient's right to privacy.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Organizational and environmental determinants of hospital strategy.

This study focuses on the relationship between the business strategy of acute care hospitals and several organizational and environmental characteristics. Business strategy is assessed using the Miles and Snow (1978) typology. The organizational characteristics examined are size, system membership, type of ownership, and case-mix severity. The environmental characteristics examined are those of the local environment, which includes general economic factors and measures of market structure. General economic factors include family income, unemployment rate, percent of population over 65, and ratio of physicians to general population. The measures of market structure include the Herfindahl index and each hospital's individual market share. The results of our analysis using multiple regression indicate that organizational characteristics are more likely than environmental factors to influence the business strategy of hospitals. Specifically, hospitals that are relatively small or operate independently are less likely than other hospitals to follow a proactive strategic orientation.

Chi-Square Distribution↗
PubMed1999

Coming to grips with a slippery issue: human waste disposal in cold climates.

Problems associated with sewage treatment and human wastes at high latitudes are briefly reviewed. In view of the fact that E. coli and other faecal bacteria can survive in the snow and the coastal waters of polar regions, several methods of how to deal with sewage outfalls in the Arctic and Antarctic are compared and discussed. Some consequences of raw sewage on the health of captive populations of a variety of Antarctic invertebrates and fish are described. Locomotion and respiration appear to be most affected. However, gaps, both in understanding the biological impact of human sewage on polar ecosystems and in finding optimal solutions for the disposal and treatment of the wastes generated by people who live in polar settlements, unfortunately still remain.

Antarctic Regions↗
PubMed1999

[UV exposure in Switzerland: time- and topography-associated factors important for the skin].

The intensity of UV-A and UV-B-radiation in Switzerland shows big differences that result from the various altitudes, the season and the time of the day. Additionally the intensity of UV-radiation is influenced by other factors like aerosols, cloudiness and ozone. In higher altitudes there is an additional enhancement by reflection of snow. The most important consequences of the UV-radiation for the population are, however, relevant in spring and summer time during the bathing season and during the late winter season for ski tourists. On a day with a clear sky in summer the UV-radiation can reach maximum values for UV-A of 45 W/m2 and for UV-B of 0.175 W/m2. The ratio of UV-A/UV-B shows an annual course with a maximum in winter of about 500 and a minimum of about 220 in summer. The possible effects on health by extensive UV-exposition are photoageing, skin cancer, inflammation processes and cataract. In Switzerland about 5000 new melanoma cases in men and about 4000 in women occur per year. In contrast to other environmental factors like pollen UV-radiation has the big advantage that the personal exposition can be controlled. Therefore, it is very essential that the general rules of a judicious behaviour such as avoiding the sun at noon, always wearing a hat, shirt and trousers as well as sunglasses with UV-filter are often reiterated.

Female↗
PubMed1999

The Harstad injury prevention study: the characteristics and distribution of fractures amongst elders--an eight year study.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To do a complete survey of hospital-treated fractures in the aged (65+ years old) and to report the characteristics and distribution of all fractures occurring within this defined population. DESIGN: Prospective injury recording study. SETTING: The Norwegian municipality of Harstad (population 23,000) during eight years from 1 July 1985. PARTICIPANTS: The person years of the study estimated from yearly census data, were 22,970. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The variables were selected and coded according to the Nordic system and the data were collected as part of a national injury surveillance system. Of 753 recorded fractures, nine out of ten were caused by falls. 50.6% of fractures occurred in private homes, 24.4% in traffic areas (traffic accidents excluded), 13.3% in nursing homes. Adjusting for exposure, fracture rates (per 1000 person years) were 70.0 in nursing homes, 17.7 in private homes, and 8.5 in traffic areas in winter (traffic accidents excluded). The fracture risk in traffic areas increased fivefold in months with snow. CONCLUSION: Nine out of ten fractures in the aged were caused by falls. Although the fracture risk for the elderly living in a nursing home was four times as high as those living in private homes, the volume of fractures occurring in private homes and traffic areas make them a prime target for interventions. Continuous prospective hospital recording of fractures in a community of aged is feasible and provides a tool for targeting interventions and evaluating the outcome of a community fall-fracture prevention programme.

Accident Prevention↗
PubMed1999

[Client anxiety from awareness of personal HIV risk and relation to taking HIV test at public health centers in Japan].

Clients taking HIV antibody tests at public health centers (PHCs) in Japan were surveyed in autumn of 1995 centered on 17 PHCs selected by a snow-ball sampling method in domestic PHCs. The anonymous self-administered questionnaires were given out by PHC's medical doctors or public health nurses after receiving informed consent of this survey's objectives following HIV post-test counseling. A total of 250 questionnaires were collected (71.8%). Valid questionnaires were 233 (67.0%) and 62.7% (146 people) were male, 37.3% (87 people) were female, with differences in mean age by sex being significant (p < .001). The greatest motivating factor for getting HIV testing was concerning secondary infection to partners and extreme anxiety relating to one's own possible infection. This motivating factor was greater than having experienced previous HIV infectious high-risk behavior (i.e. condomless sex). Repeat (more than twice) visitors totaled 49 (21.0%), with 75% having experienced HIV infectious high-risk behavior since the last HIV test. "Having being advised or having received from partners or friends" affected decision making to get tested. About half of subjects vacillated before coming to the PHC for taking anonymous the HIV antibody test. Through multiple-logistic regression analysis factors causing vacillation were: greater self-awareness of possibility of having HIV infection and the fact that HIV infected people must retire from their work (or studies) despite their current health condition being fine. While HIV medical/clinical treatment progress continues, the stigma toward HIV/AIDS and the resulting discrimination is not changing in terms of the general citizen's knowledge and attitudes. This result will likely curtail HIV antibody testing behavior.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed2000

Stimulus history alters behavioral responses of neuronal growth cones.

Generally, it is assumed that growth cones respond to a specific guidance cue with a single, specific, and stereotyped behavior. However, there is evidence to suggest that previous exposure to a given cue might alter subsequent responses to that cue (Snow and Letourneau, 1992; Shirasaki et al., 1998). We therefore tested the hypothesis that growth cone responses to stimuli are dependent on the history of previous stimulation. Growth cones of chick dorsal root ganglion neurons were exposed to well characterized stimuli: (1) contact with a laminin-coated bead, which causes growth cone turning, or (2) electrical stimulation, which causes growth cone collapse. Although the expected behavioral responses were observed after the initial stimulation, strikingly different responses to a subsequent stimulation were observed. Growth cones that had recovered from electrical stimulation-induced collapse rapidly developed insensitivity to a second identical electrical stimulation. Growth cones that previously turned in response to contact with a laminin-coated bead responded to a second bead with a "stall" or cessation in outgrowth. This stimulus history dependence of growth cone behavior could be generalized across dissimilar stimuli: after contact with a laminin-coated bead, growth cones failed to collapse in response to electrical stimulation. The calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) was implicated in this history dependence by pharmacological experiments. Together, these results demonstrate that growth cones can alter their behavioral response rapidly to a given stimulus in a manner dependent on previous history and that knowledge of past events in growth cone navigation may be required to predict future growth cone behavior.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Hygienic characteristics of the influence of anthropogenic and natural geochemical factors on the population health in the South Ural].

The natural and technogenic factors of the industrial towns and rural localities in the Orenburg Region were differentially analyzed. The modifying effects of xenobiotics and their complex action on man are considered. The study showed the high pollution of the atmosphere, the blanket of snow, soil, the trace composition imbalance of drinking water, foodstuffs, a reduction in biogenic elements and an increase in toxic elements in the children's substrates (blood, hair) and high morbidity among the children suggest the presence of the formed technogenic biogeochemical province in the Eastern zone and, those in terms of some xenobiotics, in the Central area of the Orenburg Region.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Comparative characteristics of environmental factors of rural localities in the area of Totsk nuclear explosion].

Environmental pollution of rural settlements in the vicinity of Totsk nuclear explosion was investigated. The findings show that the blanket of snow, soil and drinking water in the polluted area did not differ from those in the control district. High levels of stable strontium in the soil and drinking water and those of iodine in the water were detected. The concentrations of plutonium-239, 240 and cesium-137 in the soil were higher than the levels of global sediments and the baseline values of cesium-137 for the Orenburg Region.

Cesium Radioisotopes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Comprehensive hygienic assessment of environmental pollution in rural localities in the area affected by the Orenburg gas processing plant].

Comprehensive analysis of environmental pollution was made in 15 rural settlements of Orenburgsky and Perevolotsky districts located in the vicinity of gas-processing works. The ambient air, the blanket of snow, and drinking water were assessed for pollution. The drinking water and ambient air in vicinity of the works were found to be polluted by toxic substances.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2000

Size-dependent flowering behavior and heat production of a sequential hermaphrodite, Symplocarpus renifolius (Araceae).

We examined the flowering performance in a population of the protogynous perennial herb Symplocarpus renifolius (Araceae), with special consideration of plant size. Flowering of S. renifolius occurred in very early spring, soon after snow melt. The spadices generated heat throughout the pistillate (female) and bisexual phases, but heat production decreased quickly after the beginning of the staminate (male) phase. During the flowering season, the sex ratio within the population dramatically changed from a dominance of females to a dominance of males. The duration of the female phase was negatively correlated with the onset time of flowering, and the duration of the male phase was positively correlated with plant size. Larger plants began blooming earlier, produced more heat, made the transition from female to male phase more rapidly, and lasted longer as males than smaller ones. Such size-dependent flowering performance caused unidirectional pollen flow from large to small plants. The number of seeds produced per spadix was positively correlated with the duration of the female phase, although it was not correlated with plant size. However, the estimated number of seeds sired during the male phase was positively correlated with plant size. Early flowering, rapid gender change, and higher heat production of the spadices by larger plants were factors considered to promote the higher success of the male function without decreasing the success of the female function.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Expectant parents' anticipated changes in workload after the birth of their first child.

OBJECTIVE: We hoped to evaluate gender differences in prenatal workload and anticipated prenatal to postpartum changes in workload for a group of expectant parents. METHODS: We included a total of 149 couples who were living together, expecting their first child, and enrolled in prenatal classes presented by 2 metropolitan hospitals. The couples completed a prenatal survey containing information about demographic characteristics and prenatal work responsibilities and a worksheet listing the number of hours per week that each partner planned to devote to various household, child care, and employment responsibilities at 6 months postpartum. RESULTS: Though both men and women anticipated large increases in workload from the prenatal to the postpartum period, women expected greater increases (85% vs 53%). As a result of their greater anticipated involvement in household work and child care, women planned to work 9 hours more per week than men after the arrival of the baby. These expectant parents tended to occupy somewhat traditional gender work roles, with women contributing more time to cooking, cleaning, laundry, and shopping, and men devoting more time to lawn care, snow removal, household repairs, and employment. Men appeared to be more satisfied than women with their partner's contribution to household work (mean=6.0 and 5.4; P=.000). Partners' perceptions of how they shared household work were congruent, with 90% of the couples' summed congruency scores in the range within 1 point of a perfect match. CONCLUSIONS: Expectant parents in this study anticipated large increases in workload after childbirth. The projected work increases were greater for women than for men. It is interesting to note that these gender differences are anticipated even when couples were given an opportunity to systematically plan their postpartum work distribution together.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Percy at the battle of Eylau].

The battle of Eylau was the bloodiest of the Napoleonic era: around 40,000 Russian and French victims littered the battlefield. It was icy cold. Percy, in charge of the army's health service, was horrified "at the view of corpses heaped in the snow," and organized first aid for the numerous wounded.

Ambulances↗