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At least 1,711 records · Page 95Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Population pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in Singapore Chinese.

The pharmacokinetics of phenytoin was studied in 66 epileptic Chinese children and adults. The data were analysed by the population approach, using the non-linear mixed effect model, in the MULTI (ELS) program. There was no age or gender-related effect on either the apparent maximum elimination rate (kmax) or Michaelis-Menten constant (KM). Kmax was related to body weight 0.656. The population pharmacokinetics was similar in children and adults. Kmax and KM were estimated to be 30.72 mg.kg-0.656 day-1 and 2.307 mg.l-1, respectively. Kmax was higher than reported values, and KM was comparable to that reported in a study in Japanese, but was much lower than that reported in studies of European patients. The inter-individual variability of KM (CV 65.58%) was substantially higher than that of kmax (CV 28.49%), and the residual (intra-individual) variability was found 21.33% (CV).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Systemic lupus erythematosus in Chinese: the Singapore experience.

A clinical survey of idiopathic systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was conducted in 183 Chinese patients from 1970-1980. The major initial manifestations were skin and mucous membrane involvement (52%), fever and malaise (48%), arthritis and arthralgia (44%). Renal and neuropsychiatric involvements are described in some detail. Five-year survival was 70% and 10-year survival was 60%. The three major causes of death were renal, neurologic and infective. Factors contributing to this relatively high mortality compared with Western series are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Kinetics of styrene urinary metabolites: a study in a low-level occupational exposure setting in Singapore.

Biological monitoring of styrene exposure commonly involves measurement of styrene metabolites, mainly mandelic acid (MA) and phenylglyoxylic acid (PGA), in the urine of exposed subjects. Previous studies on the kinetics of styrene metabolites in urine were mostly conducted in a controlled environment on subjects exposed to high concentrations of styrene. In this study, we examined subjects exposed to low levels of styrene in a fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP) plant to see whether the excretion kinetics of styrene metabolites are similar under field conditions. Eight healthy Chinese male volunteers were exposed to styrene for 4 h with a mean environmental concentration of 11 ppm. Urine samples were collected continuously for 20 h after termination of the exposure and concentrations of urinary MA and PCA were determined. The results showed that MA was rapidly excreted in urine after the exposure, with a half-life of 2.1 h or 1.9 h when corrected with urine creatinine. The excretion of PGA followed that of MA and the half-life was 8.1 h or 5.1 h after correction with creatinine. The half-lives are considerably shorter compared to those in previous reports, suggesting that environmental factors, exposure conditions, or ethnic differences may affect the excretion kinetics of styrene metabolites. The fast excretion of styrene metabolites is also consistent with the observation that urine MA and PGA levels correlated better with the half-day time-weighted average (TWA) concentration of environmental styrene than with the whole-day TWA concentration. Our findings thus underscore the need for information on excretion kinetics in order to develop an appropriate biological monitoring scheme for specific exposure settings and subjects.

Adult↗