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At least 1,711 records · Page 95Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Evaluation of detomidine as a sedative in goats.

Intramuscular (i.m.) and intravenous (i.v.) administration of detomidine at doses of 10, 20 and 40 micrograms/kg body mass was evaluated for its sedative and analgesic properties in 15 goats (Capra hircus). The drug produced dose- and route-dependent sedation. The 10 micrograms/kg dose was effective only when administered i.v. There was no observable analgesia at this dose. Higher doses produced effective sedation and moderate analgesia of the body with either route of administration. Severe ataxia and sternal recumbency were seen in all the animals after the dose of 40 micrograms/kg. Other effects of detomidine in these goats included mild to moderate salivation, depressed respiratory rate, decreased rectal temperature, bradycardia and hyperglycaemia. Plasma concentrations of total protein, sodium, potassium and chloride were not affected.

Analgesics↗
PubMed1991

[Acute pandysautonomia].

39 years old woman with onset of faint, numbness of the extremities was reported. Special test of autonomic functions, endocrinology, biochemistry and nerve biopsy were carried out. The diagnosis of acute pandysautonomia was made. Clinically it is characterized by dilated pupils, non-reactive pupils, orthostatic hypotension, positive noradrenaline infusion test and negative sweating test with atropine. These changes suggested the disturbance of generalized sympathetic post-ganglionic nerve. In other hand defective salivation and lacrimation, lower values of the ratio between the R-R interval, constipation and rapid constriction of pupils with pilocarpine were considered as evidence of failure of parasympathetic post-ganglionic nerve.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1991

The laryngeal mask airway--clinical experience.

The laryngeal mask airway (LMA), a new type of airway, when it is inserted blindly into the hypopharynx forms a seal around the larynx and allows easy and convenient spontaneous or controlled positive pressure ventilation. A clinical application of the LMA to 70 surgical patients in our hospital have been evaluated. LMA was successfully applied to 68 (97%) patients who all received general anesthesia with unobstructed controlled ventilation. The patency of the airway did not change throughout the course of anesthesia. There were 2 patients whose airway was obstructed at the first attempt due to downfolding of epiglottis; in one of them the obstruction was confirmed by flexible fibreoptic laryngoscopy. Subsequent placement was successful in these 2 patients. Insertion failure was seen in 2 patients respectively due to small mouth and excessive salivation. The placement of LMA does not require laryngoscopy and there is no fear of misplacement in the esophagus. It becomes obvious that the LMA would substantially gain a place in the armamentarium in anesthesia and we think that its use would be of interest to anesthesiologists.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The antiarrhythmic action of the synthetic acetylcholine analog EDIHYP in calcium chloride- and strophanthin-induced heart rhythm disorders].

The experiments on Wistar rats and chinchilla rabbits showed that EDIHYP (5 mg/kg intravenously) completely prevented cardiac fibrillation and mortality in rats with calcium-chloride-induced arrhythmias, (CaCl2-200 mg/kg intravenously). Administration of atropine (0.1 mg/kg, if administered subcutaneously, 30 minutes before the acute experiment) exerts no influence on the drug's antiarrhythmic activity but eliminates its cholinergic component--salivation and lacrimation. When administered in the same dose EDIHYP to a great extent prevents oubaine (strophanthin)-induced arrhythmias in rabbits but fails to influence aconitine-induced arrhythmias. This suggests that EDIHYP's ability of direct or indirect blockade of slow Ca-channels underlies the mechanism of its antiarrhythmic action.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Anaesthesia and spontaneous return of sensation following resection of the mandibular continuity with primary alloplastic materials].

Resection affecting the continuity of the mandible and the mandible nerve leads to complete anaesthesia of the lower lip and mental area, furthermore to deformity and functional disturbance like uncontrolled salivation. In our long term follow up study on multimodal neurological investigation sensibility is reported to have uncomplete regenerated spontaneously often already after one year. Complete sensory, however, could not be found; the incomplete sensory return was to be measured in individually different degrees of hypaesthesia. Furthermore the axonal qualities of the mandible nerve show different regenerative potential: the receptor function for pressure and contact sensitivity could be demonstrated in the most of cases, whereas the heat- and painreceptor qualities could not be revealed in all cases.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Pathology of experimentally induced polybrominated biphenyl toxicosis in pregnant heifers.

Toxicosis was induced in pregnant Holstein-Friesian heifers by giving polybrominated biphenyls a in gelatin capsules at the rate of 25 g/day. Initially, this dosage was approximately 67 mg/kg of body weight. Clinical signs were anorexia, excessive lacrimation and salivation, diarrhea, emaciation, dehydration, depression, and abortion. Fever was not evident during the experiment. Values for serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, lactic dehydrogenase, blood urea nitrogen, and bilirubin were increased. Changes in packed cell volume, hemoglobin content, total erythrocyte and leukocyte counts, and differential leukocyte counts were minimal and reflected dehydration and secondary infection. The principal urine changes were decreased specific gravity and moderate proteinuria. Gross necropsy findings included dehydration; subcutaneous emphysema and hemorrhage; atrophy of the thymus; fetal death with concomitant necrosis of cotyledons; kidneys that were enlarged, pale tan to gray; thickened wall of the gallbladder; inspissated bile; edema of abomasal folds; mucoid enteritis; linear hemorrhage and edema of the rectal mucosa; and secondary pneumonia. Microscopic changes were most marked in the kidneys, gallbladder, and eyelid. In the kidney, the principal changes were extreme dilatation of collecting ducts and convoluted tubules, with epithelial degenerative changes of cloudy swelling, hydropic degeneration, and separation from the basement membrane. Common changes in the gallbladder were moderate to marked hyperplasia and cystic dilatation of the mucous glands in the lamina propria. The changes in the eyelids were characterized by hyperkeratosis, with accumulations of keratin in hair follicles of the epidermis and squamous metaplasia with keratin cysts in the tarsal glands. Clinical signs and lesions of toxicosis did not develop in heifers given the polybrominated biphenyls at the rate of 0.25 mg and 250 mg/day for 60 days. Initially these rates were approximately 0.00065 mg/kg and 0.65 mg/kg of body weight, respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[The virulence of L. leucocephala for goats in northeastern Mexico].

When fed 100% Leucaena during a period of 45 days goats with experience in L.-fodder took significantly (P less than 0.05) more dry matter (50.01 g/kg0.75) than those without or only possible experience (44.40 g/kg0.75 and 45.63 g/kg0.75). The uptake of Mimosine from animals with Mimosine experience (1.14 g/kg0.75) has also been significantly higher (P less than 0.05) than from two other groups with non or only possible experience (0.93 g/kg0.75 and 0.92 g/kg0.75). The Serum-Thyroxin level (T4) of the control group (5.12 micrograms/100 ml) and of the group with Leucaena experience (4.65 micrograms/100 ml) has been significantly higher (P less than 0.05) during the entire trial period than that of the two other trial groups (3.9 micrograms/100 ml). Hair-loss, reduced fodder uptake, increased salivation, excitation, ataxia of hind legs, vomit of fodder and uncoordinated chewing of fodder have been observed in animals without or only possible Leucaena experience. Three animals of those died through direct or indirect influence of the poisoning. Swollen buccal papillae, ulceration and necrosis of the oesophagus and haemorrhagic lesions in the reticulum and rumen have been observed in two of the dead animals.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1991

Epizootiology of Lyme borreliosis.

Borrelia burgdorferi is transmitted from animals to humans by ticks belonging primarily to the Ixodes ricinus complex. Transmission occurs during feeding, either by salivation, regurgitation, or by both processes. Two Eurasian (Ixodes ricinus and I. persulcatus) and three North American (I. dammini, I. scapularis and I. pacificus) species vector B. burgdorferi to humans. All ticks feed on three different host animals during their lives, and each species parasitizes a relatively large number of different host animals. For example, Ixodes ricinus is known to feed on more than 300 different kinds of mammals, birds, and reptiles. Borrelia burgdorferi has been isolated or detected in 24 different species of mammals or birds. Rodents belonging to the genera Peromyscus and Apodemus are important reservoirs in North America and Europe, respectively. Birds are a natural means of distributing infected ticks long distances during their migratory flights. Reptiles may not support the growth of borreliae. The B31 strain of B. burgdorferi is predominant in north-eastern United States. It is the only strain known to cause disease in humans, and the only one thus far isolated from rodents. In Europe, variants with distinctly different proteins from those found in the B31 strain also are infectious to humans, through they have not been identified with any specific clinical syndrome of Lyme borreliosis. Variants of the B31 strain have been isolated from lagomorphs in the United States.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Use of a low dose prostaglandin F2 alpha in bitches].

The dosage of Prostaglandin F2 alpha used until the present (100, 250 and 1000 micrograms/kg bw), in order to treat pyometra in the bitch, was accompanied with side effects such as salivation, vomiting and diarrhea. In the present work, the efficiency of low dose Prostaglandin (20 micrograms/kg bw) was examined in two different groups of patients: Group 1: Included 9 bitches pregnant for a period of 5-7 weeks duration. Initially the bitches were treated 3 or 4 times per day with Prostaglandin F2 alpha. In these cases abortion took place within 4 to 11 days. Group 2: 12 dogs, suffering from pyometra, were treated 3 times per day with PGF2 alpha for 8 days. In 9 dogs the pyometra resolved and the bitches came in estrus 2-5 months after treatment. 7 bitches have been mated and 6 of these gave birth to healthy litters. During a follow-up period of at least 10 months there has not been a reoccurrence of pyometra. In 3 out of the 12 dogs the uteri were still enlarged after 8 days of treatment. These bitches underwent ovariohysterectomy and a cystic hyperplasia of the endometrium was diagnosed histologically. The low dose (20 micrograms/kg BW) Prostaglandin F2 alpha induced in all dogs the expulsion of the uterine contents. Side effects during the treatment were not observed.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1990

[Comparative clinical studies of oral premedication in childhood with reference to various pharmaceuticals].

In a randomized prospective study of 206 children aged between one and 14, the influence of oral praemedication on the psychic condition and with regard to anaesthesiologic measures was investigated. Heart rate, inhibition of salivation and the kind and frequency of side-effects were also examined. The praemedication was carried out using diazepam (0.3 mg/kg), promazin (1.0 mg/kg), promethazin (1.0 mg/kg) and chlorphenaethazin (1.0 mg/kg). It was not possible to determine statistically relevant differences between the various drugs concerning the fixed criteria. In general, however, diazepam seems to achieve the best results. In the younger children (1 to 6 years) a frequent and insufficient effect of praemedication was noted immediately. Oral praemedication proved to be a valuable and practicable method which was well tolerated by the great majority of the children.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1991

Reversal of cholinesterase inhibition and clinical signs and the postmortem findings in mice after intraperitoneal administration of anatoxin-a(s), paraoxon or pyridostigmine.

The reversibility of inhibition of plasma, red blood cell (RBC), and diaphragm cholinesterase (ChE) and clinical signs in mice given anatoxin-a(s) [antx-a(s)], a ChE inhibitor from Anabaena flos-aquae NRC-525-17, were characterized and compared with the effects of 2 known ChE inhibitors, the organophosphorus compound paraoxon and the carbamate pyridostigmine bromide. To follow recovery of ChE activity, mice were given either a control solution or an LD40 dose of one of the toxicants ip and killed at time points up to 8 d postdosing. After dosing, mice were monitored for diarrhea, fasciculations, respiratory difficulty, salivation, and tremors. In general, clinical signs in mice given antx-a(s) persisted longer than in mice given pyridostigmine and were more similar in duration to the clinical signs in mice given paraoxon. Histologic lesions were not detected in tissues of mice killed after administration of antx-a(s). Anatoxin-a(s) inhibited lesions were diaphragm ChE for greater than 1 but less than 2 d and RBC ChE for 8 d. The time required for recovery from Antx-a(s)-induced inhibition of ChE in plasma, RBC, and diaphragm was similar to or longer than that with paraoxon and longer than that with pyridostigmine. Based on the duration of antx-a(s) induced clinical signs and ChE inhibition in mice, antx-a(s) appears to be an in vivo irreversible inhibitor of ChE.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Acute toxicity of crude extracts of Aspergillus quadrilineatus isolated from acha (Digitaria exilis Stapf).

In a survey of fungi and mycotoxin conterminating acha (Digitaria exilis Stapf) in Plateau State of Nigeria, 96 fungal isolates were made. Screening of the fungi isolates for their mycotoxin-producing potentials showed that Aspergillus quadrilineatus (Thom and Raper) produced some of the most toxic mycotoxins. Two extracts of the Aspergillus quadrilineatus (the petroleum ether soluble extracts [PER] and the petroleum ether defatted crude extract [PEDCR]) were tested for acute toxicity in mice, chicks and cattle. The ip LD50 of PER in mice was 1148 mg/kg, and the oral LD50 of PEDCR was 566 mg/kg in mice and 556 mg/kg in chicks. The ip LD50 of PEDCR in mice was 21 mg/kg. The toxic signs of PER and PEDCR in mice and chicks included tachypnea, tachycardia, anorexia, somnolence, diarrhea, coma and death. The main postmortem findings were congestion of heart, liver, kidney and lungs and sloughing of the wall of stomach and hemorrhagic enteritis. The histopathologic findings in dead animals included edema and mild degeneration of the myocardium and necrosis of kidney tubular epithelial cells, hepatocytes and bronchioles. The only clinical observation in 1 calf orally dosed with a culture of Aspergillus quadrilineatus of maize was transient whole body tremors which occurred 1 h after dosing, tachycardia and profuse salivation. No significant histopathologic changes were found in the organs of the sacrificed calf.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Forage-related nitrate toxicoses possibly confounded by nonprotein nitrogen and monensin in the diet used at a commercial dairy heifer replacement operation.

Two clinically different episodes of nitrate toxicosis in heifers at the same dairy were evaluated to determine whether dietary supplements could have contributed to the confounding signs of illness. The first episode followed a 24-hour period of feeding mismanagement and resultant overconsumption of both a protein/nonprotein nitrogen supplement and a monensin supplement. This episode was characterized by ataxia, bloating, and death, without the classic clinical signs of dyspnea, salivation, cyanosis, and dark-colored blood, or the cardinal histologic changes of cyanosis, tissue staining, petechiations, or congestion. Approximately 5 weeks later, another episode developed, without the feeding mismanagement or the presence of supplements, and was characterized by classic signs of nitrate toxicosis along with response to methylene blue treatment. In both episodes, the feed source was the same, with high concentrations of nitrate. Heifers of both episodes had high ocular nitrate values, confirming the toxicoses. The difference was the availability of supplements. Calculation of exposure makes it unlikely that either the nonprotein moiety or the monensin moiety could have reached toxic values. However, the cell-level effects of monensin may have caused the animals to not display classic signs of nitrate toxicosis, confusing the diagnosis and treatment. This report demonstrates how field toxicosis can differ from reports of toxicoses caused by single etiologic agents. Practitioners must be aware of the potential for interactions between (and confounding by) commercially used feed components.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1991

Otolaryngologic manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux.

The exact incidence of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is unknown, although it is estimated that at least 25% of patients with GER have head and neck symptoms alone. These symptoms may consist of one or more of the following: excess salivation, hoarseness, "post-nasal drip," voice change, persistent coughing, food sticking in the throat, globus hystericus, otalgia, throat clearing, neck pain, sore throats, the sensation of a lump in the throat, choking spells, and bronchospasm. Carcinoma of the larynx and upper aerodigestive tract may be a consequence of chronic reflux. GER, especially when the classic symptoms of reflux are absent, is frequently overlooked as a cause of these problems. This article reviews the symptoms and pathophysiology of these conditions. The diagnostic and therapeutic modalities available to us in managing these patients are also discussed.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed1991

Fatal propylene glycol toxicosis in a horse.

Toxicosis attributable to propylene glycol (1,2-propanediol) was suspected in an 8-year-old 450- to 500-kg male Quarter Horse. Clinical signs of toxicosis developed within 15 minutes of the accidental iatrogenic oral administration of 3.8 L of propylene glycol. Clinical signs of toxicosis included salivation, sweating, ataxia, and signs of pain. Additionally, at 24 hours after propylene glycol ingestion, the horse became increasingly atactic, had an abnormal breath odor, developed rapid shallow breathing, and was cyanotic. The horse died of apparent respiratory arrest 28 hours after the propylene glycol ingestion. Analysis of serum and combined urine and blood from the kidneys confirmed the presence of propylene glycol. Propylene glycol is used for the treatment and prevention of bovine ketosis, and is similar in appearance to mineral oil. The accidental administration of propylene glycol to horses may result in fatal poisoning.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Traumatic esophageal perforation in a premature infant.

We presented a case of neonatal hypopharyngeal perforation resulting from extraction of a breech presentation, with symptoms of regurgitation at all feedings and excessive salivation. Inability to pass a nasogastric tube suggested the diagnosis of esophageal atresia. The diagnosis and treatment of this condition is discussed, and the literature is reviewed.

Breech Presentation↗
PubMed1990

[Studies on the occurrence of systemic manifestations during first eruption of teeth in children].

The aim of the study was establishing whether systemic symptoms and signs appearing in children during first eruption of teeth are connected with this process, and what is the correlation between the studied features and eruption of individual milk teeth. The study involved 55 generally healthy infants aged 3-4 months, and the observation was continued up to the age of 36 months. The study on the development of teeth was carried out in two Regional Paediatric Dental Clinics in Warsaw, at 6-week intervals in the first year of life, and at 10-week intervals in the 2nd and 3rd years. The systemic symptoms and signs were recorded by mothers, and the obtained data were stored on computer cards. The results were subjected to statistical analysis considering finally these systemic manifestations which were present in at least 25% of children. The manifestations connected with teeth eruption included: profuse salivation, biting of hard, things, restlessness, appetite loss and sleep disturbances. These symptoms were most pronounced at the time of milk incisors eruption, less evident during eruption of first molars, and were absent during eruption of second molars. Canine teeth eruption was connected particularly with restlessness and sleep disturbances. Such signs as raised body temperature, skin changes, gastrointestinal disturbances were only weakly connected with teeth eruption.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1990

Results and complications associated with partial mandibulectomy and maxillectomy techniques.

Various types of partial mandibulectomy and maxillectomy techniques can be performed to control local tumor growth, but various intraoperative and postoperative problems and complications are associated with these techniques. Intraoperative complications relate mainly to technical problems. Postoperative complications include incisional dehiscence, infection, injury to salivary ducts, subcutaneous emphysema, mandibular instability, abnormal salivation with secondary cheilitis or dermatitis, anemia, pain and discomfort, lingual dysfunction and prehension difficulties, anorexia, ocular problems, cosmetic defects, local tumor recurrence, and distant metastatic disease. The surgeon should be aware of these potential complications and have a clear understanding of their prevention and treatment.

Animals↗