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At least 1,711 records · Page 95Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

Sexually transmitted diseases in Sudanese males.

One hundred and thirty-eight male adult patients were examined clinically for STD in two VD clinics in Khartoum Province. Specimens were collected for microbiological investigations. NGU was the commonest STD encountered (35.1%). Next came gonorrhoea (25.9%) and other STD. Syphilis accounted for only 1.3% of the cases investigated. Most of the patients with STD were in the age range 20-39 years. Of the infected patients 49.3% had their infections from prostitutes. Nearly half the patients examined and found infected with STD were in the low-paid socioeconomic group; and 71.4% of them were single. The social and cultural factors related to these results were discussed in the report.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Preliminary study of early sexual abuse].

The long term effects of sexual abuse are often measured by measuring behaviours such as social adjustment, job stability and marriage. This study was conducted to add to these internal measures. Using a semi-prospective instrument adapted from G. Kelly's repertory grid, the adolescents' perceptions of themselves and significant others are measured. Three hundred and twelve female adolescents between the ages of 13 and 19 (average age = 16) participated in the study; 79 presented with non sexual behaviour disorders (delinquency, stealing, etc.), 56 presented with serious sexual behaviour disorders (prostitution, persistent sexual promiscuity) and 177 presented with no problems requiring psychosocial intervention. Various analyses (descriptive, multiple variance, regression analysis) showed that sexual abuse significantly affects many of the adolescents' perceptions. Sexually abused adolescents perceived their two real parents as less competent and their ideal mother and father as less protective than adolescents who had not been abused. In contrast, their perception of self and the ideal self was not affected by the sexual abuse, a finding which will spark discussion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Association of sexual revictimization with sexuality and psychological function.

This study explores the associations of sexual revictimization (experiencing sexual abuse in childhood and adulthood) in a sample of 230 African American women who are low-income. Data indicate that women who experience sexual revictimization are more at risk for emotional stress and psychological pathology than women with no history of abuse. In addition, women who are revictimized appear to be at greater risk for emotional problems than women sexually abused only as a child or sexually assaulted only as adults. Revictimization also appears to be associated with an increased probability of engaging in prostitution, even higher than women with childhood- or adult-only victimization, who showed increased probability when compared to women never abused. Finally, women who are revictimized showed increased HIV risk, in that they were 4 times less likely than other women to consistently use condoms, but no more likely to be in monogamous relationships or less likely to have multiple partners.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The association of neoplasms and HIV infection in the correctional setting.

HIV-associated immunosuppression has been linked to an increased risk of a number of cancers, including Kaposi sarcoma (KS), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), and invasive cervical cancer. Because prison inmates constitute one of the highest HIV/AIDS prevalent populations in the US, understanding the link between HIV infection and cancer in the correctional setting holds particular public health relevance. The study population consisted of 336,668 Texas Department of Criminal Justice inmates who were incarcerated, for any duration, between 1 January 1999 and 31 December 2001. Inmates diagnosed with HIV infection exhibited elevated rates of KS, NHL, anal cancer, and Hodgkin's disease, after adjusting for age and race. The elevated rates of cancer among HIV-infected individuals, particularly prison inmates, may be mediated, in part, by high-risk behaviours. HIV-associated risk behaviours, including unsafe sexual practices, injection drug use, and prostitution may be associated with cancer-related risk behaviours, such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and poor diet. It will be important for future investigators to examine the association between HIV infection and cancer risk with sufficiently large study cohorts and appropriate longitudinal designs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

HIV infection in sexually transmissible disease practice in Sydney: the effects of legislation, public education and changing clinical spectrum.

The experience with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection of a private inner-city sexually transmissible diseases (STD) clinic in Sydney was quantified. Between February 1984 and March 1988, 2073 of the Clinic's patients were tested for antibodies to HIV on 5095 occasions. Of those tested, 538 (26%) were positive for antibodies to HIV: 532 (98.9%) of the seropositives had practised male homosexual intercourse. This is the highest reported seroprevalence of HIV for any primary care service in Australia. Those individuals seropositive because of other risk behaviours were detected by voluntary contact tracing rather than by screening. Female prostitution was not found to be a risk factor for HIV. In general, rates of first HIV antibody tests were adversely affected by threatening legislation, and temporarily stimulated (among lower-risk persons) by a national television campaign. These data suggest that much of the counselling, detection and management of HIV infection in Australia is occurring in private practice, and that STD services (private and public) are at the forefront of the HIV epidemic. This has implications for disease surveillance and control, health services planning and medical education.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Serological evidence for human immunodeficiency virus type 2 in east Africa.

Infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) has not previously been described in North or East Africa. We examined over 1200 sera of high-risk individuals from three North/East African countries for antibodies to HIV-2. Results indicated that 17 were repeatedly reactive by ELISA; 4 were confirmed by Western blot. Of the 4 confirmed, 2 produced strong reactions to the envelope antigens of HIV-2 but not of HIV-1. One of these subjects was a foreigner from Senegal who was tested while in Egypt and one was a Djiboutian prostitute who was infected presumably prior to October 1987. We conclude that HIV-2 has been introduced into this region and that specific testing of selected individuals for HIV-2 is warranted.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Sexually transmitted diseases in men in Mogadishu, Somalia.

The prevalence of viral and bacterial sexually transmitted diseases were studied in 101 men attending a dermatovenereal outpatient clinic in Mogadishu. A control group of 103 healthy adult men were included for the serological part of the study. Serological markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) were studied. All sera were tested for syphilis markers. HBV serum markers were detected in 84% of the men in the study group and 66% of the healthy controls (P less than 0.005). Hepatitis B virus carriers were detected more frequently in the study group than among the controls. Also, 96% of the men in both groups had CMV antibodies and all of them had antibodies to HSV. No sera were found to contain HIV antibodies. The TPHA-positivity was 10% and 3% in the study and control groups respectively, and 5% of the patients had syphilis IgM antibodies. Sexual contact with prostitutes was recorded in 54% and 48% respectively of patients and controls, and such contact was correlated with TPHA-positivity in the study group. Chlamydia trachomatis antigen was detected in urogenital specimens of 14% of the men in the study group and gonococcal culture was positive in 53% of those with urethral discharge.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sexual behaviour, AIDS and poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Within the rapidly progressing pandemic of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) Sub-Saharan Africa plays a disproportionally large role. The reported data indicate that heterosexual transmission is the predominant cause for the rapid spread in this, one of the world's poorest regions. Prostitution, though poorly understood in the African context, unstable family structure, lack of male circumcision, aversion to, and high cost of, condom use, and risky sexual behaviour, including multiple sexual contacts and partners, are causal and facilitating factors in the rapid spread of HIV infection. Virtually all of these factors are related to poverty. Education and information, which in the absence of an effective curative drug and/or vaccine, would be essential, is also a costly undertaking. Deeper understanding of and increased attention to the economic, as well as social and cultural, parameters of the Sub-Saharan AIDS endemic is needed for the implementation of preventive measures.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hepatitis C among risk groups for HIV and hepatitis B.

In order to obtain more information on sexual transmission of hepatitis C (HCV) we compared different high-risk groups for HIV and hepatitis B to see if they were seropositive for HCV. A high seroprevalence (38/81) of hepatitis C (HCV) was found among intravenous drug users. Nursing staff (n = 35) and patients of a dialysis unit (n = 57) had a low prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies (0% and 5%, respectively). Serology laboratory technicians also had a very low prevalence (0% out of 29). Among prostitutes (n = 114), healthy homosexual men (n = 132) and HIV-infected homosexual men (n = 31), we found a remarkably low seroprevalence of HCV (3.5%, 0.8% and 0.0% respectively). These data support the view that parenteral exposure to the virus is the most important way of acquiring the infection and that neither heterosexual nor homosexual promiscuity are associated with a high risk of transmission of hepatitis C.

Belgium↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Epidemiology of an outbreak of infectious syphilis in Alberta.

An outbreak of 1089 cases of infectious syphilis (primary, secondary and early latent) which occurred in the province of Alberta from 1981 to 1987 was analysed by stage of disease, age, sex, sexual preference and geographic distribution. The majority of cases occurred between 1983 and 1985 inclusive. Men accounted for 75.8% of the study population. The majority of men (71%) and women (98.5%) were heterosexual. Of the infected women, 58.7% were North American Indians and many worked as prostitutes. There was clustering in urban locations with 71.8% and 17.7% of cases reported in Edmonton and Calgary, respectively. Clinical signs of syphilis were more commonly present in men than women. Contact tracing played an important role in controlling the outbreak with 15.9% of men and 44.7% of women being diagnosed and treated as a result of this activity.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Factors associated with trichomoniasis, candidiasis and bacterial vaginosis.

Of 6125 women attending an STD clinic from 1988 to 1991, 5365 (88%) were tested for vaginitis of whom 97 (1.8%) had trichomoniasis, 945 (17.6%) had candidiasis, 734 (13.7%) had bacterial vaginosis and 3628 (67.6%) were free of vaginal infection. Dual infections occurred in 49 (0.9%) patients. Independent predictors for trichomoniasis by multivariate analysis were being pregnant (odds ratio (OR) = 2.4), having vaginal discharge or dysuria (OR = 4.7), being Aboriginal (OR = 4.3), being Asian (OR = 5.0), being unemployed (OR = 2.1) or tattoed (OR = 1.9). Many factors, including use of oral contraception (OR = 1.2) and current antibiotic medication (OR = 1.5), had a small significant association with candidiasis. Independent predictors for bacterial vaginosis were having multiple sex partners in the past month (OR = 1.6), being unmarried (OR = 1.5), being unemployed (OR = 1.3) being a prostitute (OR = 1.5) and not currently using antibiotic medication (OR = 2.5). The epidemiological profiles were consistent with trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis being sexually transmitted diseases with epidemiology different from that of gonorrhoea and chlamydia and different from each other, and candidiasis being a disease in which constitutional factors are more important than issues relating to sexual transmission.

Candidiasis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Factors associated with hepatitis B infection.

Men and women patients not previously immunized or tested, attending the Adelaide (South Australia) STD clinic from 1988-1991, were tested for hepatitis B infection, and potential risk factors detected by multiple logistic regression. Of 7055 men and 3425 women patients tested 811 (11.5%) men and 250 (7.3%) women were seropositive. Among men seropositivity was associated with being Asian (odds ratio (OR) = 14.5), being Aboriginal (OR = 2.2), homosexual behaviour (OR = 3.8), intravenous drug use (OR = 3.2) being over 24 (OR = 2.7), previous STD (OR = 1.8), being unemployed (OR = 1.3) and having sex outside the state in the past 3 months (OR = 1.3). Among women seropositivity was associated with being Asian (OR = 10.3), being Aboriginal (OR = 2.4), intravenous drug use (OR = 3.8), being over 24 (OR = 1.6) and having vaginal discharge or dysuria (OR = 1.4). Seropositivity was not independently associated with being a prostitute or having multiple sex partners in the past 3 months. Among seropositive individuals, risk factors were not readily identifiable for 15% of men and 43% of women. Univariate analysis may provide misleading indicators of risk factors because of the confounding influence of other factors, particularly intravenous drug use. In selective vaccination campaigns the target group should be determined on the basis of local circumstances. In South Australia this group should include men with an STD. The success of selective campaigns will be jeopardized by the failure to identify risk factors in many of those who become infected, and in such situations universal vaccination or widespread screening may be more appropriate strategies.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Why virgins attend sexually transmitted disease clinics.

We sought to ascertain the reasons why virgins might attend sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics. The medical records of 31 patients (18 males and 13 females) attending a major public STD clinic and who declared no lifetime sexual partners were examined. Nine subjects were concerned about genital anatomical variation while 3 had non-STD genital pathology (urinary tract infection, non-specific genital dermatosis, vaginismus). Six attended for human immunodeficiency virus antibody testing and 3 for hepatitis-related reasons. Of 6 children, 5 were screened for congenital syphilis and the other had genital warts. Three older patients (aged 34-38) presented with genital symptoms as part of a previously diagnosed psychosis. One prostitute who attended for a 'certificate' had never had penetrative sex. Most attendances in this study were appropriate and reflect the increasing recognition of STD clinics as appropriate centres for a wide range of non-STD genital and sexual problems.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of sexual practices on T cell subsets and delayed hypersensitivity in transsexuals and female sex workers.

To determine whether ano-receptive unprotected sexual intercourse (SI) practised by transsexuals produces immunological abnormalities we compared delayed hypersensitivity skin tests (DTH) and T cell helper (CD4) and suppressor (CD8) subsets in 57 transsexuals and 69 female sex worker controls. The populations were matched for age, duration of prostitution, number of clients and previous use of antibiotics. Heterosexual males and females and transsexuals who practised protected SI, were also included as controls. All were HIV negative. There were significantly increased absolute CD4 and CD8 counts and decreased DTH and CD4/CD8 ratios in those who practised unprotected ano-receptive SI. These changes were unlikely to be due to any of the microbial agents tested. We conclude that ano-receptive sexual intercourse results in increased immunological abnormalities in these sex workers possibly as a result of rectal exposure to seminal alloantigens. These abnormalities could play an important role as co-factors in disease transmission.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Risk behaviours for HIV infection and sexually transmitted diseases among female sex workers from Copenhagen.

In 1990-91, 237 female sex workers from Copenhagen were enrolled in a larger study performed in 9 European countries. None of 206 women accepting serological testing was HIV-infected despite the fact that 36 (17.5%) were injecting drug users (IDU). Whereas 95% of the women always used condoms with clients over the last 6 months, this proportion was 25% and 9% respectively for casual and regular non-paying partners (P < 0.0001 for both comparisons). Those reporting at least one STD over the last year had more non-paying sexual partners than the others (P < 0.01) and the frequency of STD was lower in women who always used condoms with non-paying partners (7% vs 31%, P = 0.01). Women working on the street were more often IDU than others (78% vs 7%, P < 0.001). Independently of drug use, street prostitutes also tended to have more clients (P = 0.007) and more STD (P = 0.05). The striking differences in condom use with clients as compared to non-paying partners and the association between STD and sexual behaviours with such partners but not with clients show that specific interventions should be designed to promote safer sex with non-paying partners.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Epidemiological characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus type-2 infection in Africa.

There are things yet to be clarified about African HIV-2 infection, compared to HIV-1 infection. However, the epidemiological characteristics have gradually been elucidated through various studies. HIV-2 infection is believed to have existed in the 1960s in Africa and is presently epidemic in West Africa. The HIV-2 seropositive rate for the general population is higher in urban regions than in rural areas. The peak age of persons infected with the HIV-2 tends to be higher than that of persons infected with the HIV-1, but no sex difference was recognized between the HIV-2 and HIV-1 seropositive rates. Sexual contact, mother-to-child transmission and blood transfusion have been confirmed as HIV-2 transmission modes. Prostitutes and patients with other STD are recognized as being high-risk groups for the HIV-2 infection. Patients who are infected with both HIV-1 and HIV-2 have also been identified, but it is suggested that the pathogenicity of HIV-2 is lower than that of HIV-1.

Africa↗
PubMed2000

Adult sexual revictimization among black women sexually abused in childhood: a prospective examination of serious consequences of abuse.

This study is a prospective investigation of adult sexual revictimization among 113 Black women with documented histories of childhood sexual abuse. The purpose was to obtain information on the frequency of sexual abuse in both childhood and adulthood and to determine which characteristics of the child sexual abuse were predictive of revictimization. Thirty percent of the participants were revictimized and physical force predicted subsequent victimization. This study also investigated possible sexual behavioral correlates of revictimization. Revictimized women reported more involvement in prostitution and partner violence. Finally, the present study considered the reproductive and sexual health correlates of revictimization. When compared to women abused in childhood only, revictimized women experienced more problems conceiving, repeated vaginal infections, sexually transmitted diseases, and painful intercourse. Suggestions for intervention are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Sex, the heart, and heart failure.

In the modern era of pharmacologic treatment of erectile dysfunction, men with heart disease increasingly approach their physicians regarding the possibility of restoring sexual activity. At the same time, patients are also frequently aware of public figures that have reportedly died during coitus, often in the arms of their mistresses or prostitutes. Added to this is the perception of patients, and oftentimes their physicians, that coitus and orgasm are associated with a near maximal or even "supermaximal" cardiac workload and therefore may be hazardous for a diseased heart. Accordingly, knowledge of the cardiovascular effects of sexual activity, the risks of triggering a cardiovascular event, and the potential risks inherent in the use of drug therapy of male impotence is important to properly advise patients and their spouses regarding this sensitive issue.

3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases↗