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At least 1,711 records · Page 95Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Physiological changes in carps induced by pollution.

Several pollutants like DDT, atrazine, PCP, and others induce changes of cortisol and glucose levels in serum, variations of the amount of liver glycogen and liver function, and exert changes of the activity of gill ATPase and acetylcholinesterase in brain and serum of carps. There is always a biphasic response, an increase of concentration or enzyme activity for a short time, and a decrease or inhibition of the enzymes after a longer exposure to the pollutants. The time scale, the duration of the period of increase and that of decrease, depends on the concentration and the toxicity of the pollutants. The influence of the pollutants in normal fresh water was compared with the effects occurring in carps acclimated to 1.2% salt water. This condition enables one to show that the carps are more sensitive to the pollutants under this condition. All responses are unspecific. Advice for the use of these tests as criteria for water quality are given.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1983

Population ecology of rotifers as a bioassay tool for ecotoxicological tests in aquatic environments.

The population dynamics of the monogonont rotifer Brachionus rubens were used under controlled experimental conditions as a sensitive bioassay for toxic substances in sublethal doses. Even slight reductions in organism fertility and life expectancy were reflected at the integrated level of population dynamics. Serving as bioindicators for the standard test are the population parameters "intrinsic rate of natural increase" (r), "carrying capacity" (k), "frequency" (f), and "pregnancy" of the density oscillations (p). The optimal spreading power (steepest slope of the response curves) lies at different concentration areas for each parameter, so that they can be used specifically in standard tests.

Aniline Compounds↗
PubMed1987

A flowthrough fecundity test with Nitocra spinipes (Harpacticoidea Crustacea) for aquatic toxicity.

A sublethal flowthrough fecundity test with the euryhaline harpacticoid copepod Nitocra spinipes has been developed as a complement to the acute toxicity test (for 48 or 96 hr LC50) with the same species (B-E. Bengtsson, 1981, Mar. Pollut. Biol. 9,238-241). Bacterial suspension as feed and test water are continuously fed by a peristaltic pump to the system. Newly fertilized females with ovigerous bands are harvested from laboratory cultures and put into the test vessels at the start of the experiment. They are then exposed to a series of concentrations of chemicals or industrial effluents for 13 days. The amount of live offspring (metanauplia and copepodids) are recorded and an EC50 for fecundity is calculated. The report gives a detailed technical description of the test system and presents the results from 11 tests with pure chemicals (Zn, Cd, As, and pentachlorophenate) and six industrial effluents (pulp industry, textile industry, and refinery) in salinities ranging from 3 to 25%.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Terrestrial model food chain and environmental chemicals. I. Transfer of sodium [14C]pentachlorophenate between springtails and carabids.

A model soil food chain of a ruderal ecosystem has been constructed in order to study the uptake, transfer, and accumulation of [14C]pentachlorophenate (PCP-Na). The model was based on three food levels, viz. baker's yeast, collembola, and carabid beetles, and the contaminant chemical introduced was via initial food. Continuous exposure of the organisms to the test chemical resulted in a significant uptake and transfer of radiocarbon into the food chain elements. Bioaccumulation of radiocarbon in the body tissues of the organisms was low, as large amounts taken up were quickly eliminated through the excrements. The radiocarbon level of prey animals was about 100 times higher than that of their predators, but there was only small difference in concentration between collembolas and yeast. This was probably because of a faster excretion of the chemical by the beetles than by the collembolas. During the test period no conversion of [14C]PCP-Na took place in the yeast, but the collembolas and beetles metabolized 50 and 59%, respectively. Criteria are proposed for successful implementation of food chain models.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Selective pancreatic toxicity of palmitoylpentachlorophenol.

Palmitoylpentachlorophenol (PPCP), which is a lipid conjugate of a xenobiotic compound, has been found in human fat. To study the toxicity associated with PPCP, rats were given 100 mg/kg PPCP and sacrificed at 4, 8 and 12 days. The target organ identified was the exocrine pancreas; no other major organs examined showed any gross or histopathological abnormality. At 4 and 8 days after treatment, focal, spotty vacuolation, and loss of pancreatic acini was observed. Acute inflammatory infiltrate was also observed in parenchyma at all time points and the loss of acinar tissue was resolved through fibrous tissue formation by 12 days. The present study indicates that PPCP has a specific target organ toxicity.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Effects of sodium pentachlorophenate on enzymes of energy metabolism in tissues of Notopterus notopterus.

Effect of sublethal concentrations (0.0083, 0.0055, 0.0041, 0.0033 and 0.0028 mg/l) of sodium penta-chlorophenate (Na-PCP) on the enzymes SDH, PDH and LDH in brain, liver and gills of Notopterus notopterus after 15 ad 30 days exposure were studied. SDH and PDH were inhibited, and LDH were stimulated significantly at most concentrations. However, changes were maximum (-68.3%, -73.4% and +197.7% for SDH, PDH and LDH, respectively) in brain after 30 days, and minimum (-1.3% and +2.4% for SDH and LDH, respectively) in gills and (-3.4% for PDH) brain after 15 days. Inhibition of SDH and PDH, and the stimulation of LDH activity indicate the development of anaerobic conditions at the cellular level in pollutant-stressed fish.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Pre-column derivatization of free bile acids for high-performance liquid chromatographic and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis.

Pentachlorophenyl (PCP) esters of five free bile acids (FBA) were obtained by reacting the FBA and Kovacs' complex (KC) in a 1:8 molar ratio in acetone at 65 degrees C, and were purified by column chromatography on silica gel. The esters were crystallized from benzene-hexane, derivatized as trimethylsilyl ethers for gas chromatography on a DB-1 capillary column and for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with a DB-5 column, and mass spectrometry (MS) in the electron-impact (EI) positive-ion mode at 70 eV. The reaction is specific for FBA even in the presence of glycine and taurine conjugates of bile acids. The PCP esters were treated with benzylamine in chloroform or methanol to produce N-benzyl derivatives of FBA. The N-benzylamides were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a 4-microns Nova-Pak C18 column, studied by thermospray-LC-MS, and in the direct insertion probe-EI positive-ion mode.

Bile Acids and Salts↗
PubMed1985

Modulation of substrate-specific glutathione S-transferase activity in Daphnia magna with concomitant effects on toxicity tolerance.

Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity was measured in Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia reticulata using 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and ethacrynic acid (EA) as conjugation substrates. Levels of GST activity were comparable between species with CDNB; however, D. magna had nearly twice the GST activity with EA as compared to C. reticulata. GST activity with CDNB was elevated from exposure of daphnids to either CDNB or sodium pentachlorophenate (PCP), but not from exposure to EA. GST activity with EA could not be modulated from exposure to CDNB or EA. GST activity towards CDNB and EA was biochemically separated into different protein fractions suggesting the existence of two distinct isozymes. Preexposure of daphnids to CDNB or PCP increased the organisms' tolerance to the toxic effects of PCP, but not CDNB.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Inhibition of PCDD/Fs formation from dioxin precursors by calcium oxide.

Research aimed at understanding the inhibition effect of CaO on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) formation form dioxins precursors, such as chlorophenols (CPs) and chlorobenzenes (CBs). The results indicated that a clear dioxin inhibition effect occurred both in open and sealed system when CaO was used. In the open system, PCDDs were the main congeners and the inhibition efficiency was all over 99% in the experiments. In the experiments with CaO, less than 0.1% of the initial PCP was detected in the absorption tube and only about 1% of the initial PCP was examined as calcium pentachlorophenate in the reaction tube. In the sealed system, the inhibition efficiency was over 90% at temperature range between 280 and 450 degrees C when PCP was used as model precursor. When HCB and 2,3,4,5-T4CP replaced PCP, significant inhibition effect was also observed. As CaO has the advantageous properties of non-toxicity and non-volatile nature, it is our hope that the result will contribute to the development of a new technique to cope with the problem of dioxin pollution in MWIs.

Air Pollution↗
PubMed2004

Hollow fiber membrane concentrator for on-line preconcentration.

Solvent removal by membrane permeation is presented as a method for on-line preconcentration. Experiments were carried out to develop a one-step, on-line, concentration process using a microporous composite hydrophobic membrane, or a polar solvent-permeable Nafion membrane depending on the solvent. Both polar and non-polar hollow fiber membranes were found to be effective in concentrating trace analytes. A large increase in analyte enrichment factors was found for both concentrator modules. Enrichment factors as high as 18.9 were observed. Residence time and operating temperature were found to be important parameters. Several different model compounds were preconcentrated. Further, in a Nafion membrane (polar solvent-permeable), analyte interaction with membrane bound sulfonic acid residues resulted in the loss of reactive analytes such as atrazine (ATZ). All analytes were successfully concentrated and detected using a polypropylene-siloxane composite membrane system when hexane was used as the solvent.

Atrazine↗
PubMed2002

Constitutive overexpression of immunoidentical forms of PCP-induced Euglena gracilis CYP-450.

Environmental pollutants are classically associated with increased drug metabolism. In this report, antibodies that are able to detect mammalian CYP proteins, namely the CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2B1/B2, and CYP3A4 proteins, were used to investigate the expression of CYP-related proteins in Euglena gracilis (EG) cells under normal and PCP-treated conditions and in a EG-cell line adapted to PCP. Compared to normal conditions, the presence of PCP in the culture medium induced elevated levels of EG CYP-like proteins. With the exception of CYP3A4, this overexpression was correlated with expression of additional forms of CYP proteins having, respectively, the same molecular weight but slightly different pIs. Even in EG cells which had lost their PCP-adapted property after having been cultured without PCP, these additional forms were continuously expressed. This observation raised the question about the definition of a biomarker of pollution.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Health effects on nearby residents of a wood treatment plant.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to evaluate the health status of nearby residents of a wood treatment plant who had sustained prolonged low-level environmental exposure to wood processing waste chemicals. METHODS: A population of 1269 exposed residents who were plaintiffs or potential plaintiffs in a lawsuit against the wood treatment plant were evaluated by questionnaire for a health history and symptoms. A representative sample of 214 exposed subjects was included in the analysis. One hundred thirty-nine controls were selected from 479 unexposed volunteers and matched to the exposed subjects as closely as possible by gender and age. Subjects and controls completed additional questionnaires and were evaluated by a physician for medical history and physical examination, blood and urine testing, neurophysiological and neuropsychological studies, and respiratory testing. Environmental sampling for wood processing waste chemicals was carried out on soil and drainage ditch sediment in the exposed neighborhood. RESULTS: The exposed subjects had significantly more cancer, respiratory, skin, and neurological health problems than the controls. The subjective responses on questionnaires and by physician histories revealed that the residents had a significantly greater prevalence of mucous membrane irritation, and skin and neurological symptoms, as well as cancer. (Exposed versus unexposed, cancer 10.0% versus 2.08%, bronchitis 17.8% versus 5.8%, and asthma by history 40.5% versus 11.0%) There were significantly more neurophysiologic abnormalities in adults of reaction time, trails A and B, and visual field defects. CONCLUSIONS: Adverse health effects were significantly more prevalent in long-term residents near a wood treatment plant than in controls. The results of this study suggest that plant emissions from wood treatment facilities should be reduced.

Adolescent↗