[Pathology of the aortic arch with special regard to double aortic arch and abnormal subclavian artery. Personal case reports].
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Aorta, Thoracic↗
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The use of communication boards in a residential setting: an evaluation.
This study examines the use of communication boards by seven nonspeaking, nonambulatory, severely mentally retarded students (all functioning at an early preoperational level cognitively) interacting with their teachers in a residential classroom setting. The authors present a method by which the spontaneous use of communication boards can be assessed as to actual functionality in meeting the students' communicative needs. The students' reliance on and success with their communication boards were analyzed relative to nonboard modes (e.g., gestures and vocalizations). Analysis of videotaped nonspeaking student-teacher interactions revealed that these students rarely used their communication boards despite their severe inability to convey messages by any other means. Use of the communication boards rather than alternate modes neither increased the likelihood of success nor decreased the ambiguity of student messages. Communication boards thus appeared to add little to the communicative competence of these students in interacting with their teachers. These findings are discussed in terms of the need to assess nonspeaking persons' use of augmentative systems outside the speech-language pathology setting, in order to begin to identify, explain, and treat communication breakdowns arising from interactions between nonspeaking persons and those with whom they attempt to interact in their daily living experiences.
Adolescent↗
[Affective phases in dynamics of personality disorders (on a model of borderline personality disorder)].
Affective phases developing in personality disorder (index-sample--98 patients) were compared to those in cyclothymia (85 patients--control group). A preference of phase dynamics in the group of abnormalities relating to ICD-10 item "Borderline personality disorder" was confirmed. In line with a concept considering personality disorders as clinical syndromes, patients of the index-group have personality disorders with the signs of psychopathological diathesis determined by vulnerability to affective disorders. Affective phases are interpreted not only as an expression of a specific type of personality disorders dynamics but as an emergence of affective pathology, which is alternative to endogenous one both by modus of constitutional predisposition and clinical parameters (egosyntonic moderating of the phase, domination of negative affectivity in its structure, amphitymic duality of pathologically altered affect).
Adolescent↗
[B group vitamin metabolism in duodenal ulcer disease, hypertension, and ischemic heart disease].
No differences were found in the rate of metabolism of vitamins B1, B2, B6 and niacin either in healthy persons or in patients with duodenal ulcer, hypertension of the 2nd degree and with ischemic heart disease as shown by excretion of riboflavin, 4-pyridoxylic acid, 1-methyl nicotinamide and thiamin with urine which correlated with concentration of these vitamins and their coenzyme forms in blood plasma and erythrocytes. Dependence of these vitamins excretion with urine on their concentration in blood and the vitamins content in food appear to demonstrate similar consumption of vitamins B in the persons studied; at the same time, evaluation of the vitamins consumption in the patients with these forms of pathology should be performed using the criteria suitable for healthy persons. Dissimilar rates of metabolism of these vitamins described in literature might be related to differences in nutrition as well as to the use of nonspecific techniques for estimation of the vitamins. Besides, initial consumption of vitamin B2 was not sometimes considered, but deficiency in riboflavin caused considerable impairments of vitamin B6 and niacin metabolism.
Adolescent↗
Low platelet monoamine oxidase activity in pathological gambling.
Decreased platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity has been reported in association with sensation-seeking personality type and in some mental disorders associated with a lack of impulse control. Pathological gambling itself has been related with both sensation-seeking and reduced impulse control. Platelet MAO activity was investigated in 15 DSM-III-R pathological gamblers from our outpatient clinic. Gamblers had a significantly lower platelet MAO activity than a group of 25 healthy controls. The range of MAO levels in gamblers was also significantly shorter than in controls. In controls, platelet MAO levels showed the previously described negative correlations with sensation-seeking scores but not in gamblers. The findings are consistent with previous studies showing an association of low platelet MAO activity with impulse control disorders and raise some interesting therapeutic alternatives for pathological gambling.
Adult↗
Attachment and borderline personality disorder.
The author outlines his concept of reflective function or mentalization, which is defined as the capacity to think about mental states in oneself and in others. He presents evidence to suggest that the capacity for reflective awareness in a child's caregiver increases the likelihood of the child's secure attachment, which in turn facilitates the development of mentalization in the child. He proposes that a secure attachment relationship offers the child a chance to explore the mind of the caregiver, and in this way to learn about minds; he formulates this model of the birth of the psychological self as a variation on the Cartesian cogito: "My caregiver thinks of me as thinking and therefore I exist as a thinker." This model is then applied to provide insight into some personality-disordered individuals who were victims of childhood abuse. The author proposes (1) that individuals who experience early trauma may defensively inhibit their capacity to mentalize to avoid having to think about their caregiver's wish to harm them; and (2) that some characteristics of severe borderline personality disorder may be rooted in developmental pathology associated with this inhibition. He offers evidence for and some qualifications of this model, and argues that the therapeutic effect of psychoanalysis depends on its capacity to activate patients' ability to evolve an awareness of mental states and thus find meaning in their own and other people's behavior.
Adult↗
[Study of the probable role of the agent of enzootic ovine abortion in infectious human pathology. Preliminary report].
418 workers were surveyed at a meat-packing plant. The presence of complement-fixing antibodies to the causative agent of enzootic abortion of sheep (EAS) was detected in 59 workers (14.27%), brucellosis in 32 workers (7.64%) and Q fever in 5 workers (1.18%). EAS antibodies were found to reach titers of 1 : 10 to 1 : 40 and higher, changing dynamically. The persons found to be seropositive belonged mainly to the workers of the sausage-making, slaughtering, intestinal, subproduct and skin-salting departments, as well as to the workers of the sanitary slaughter-house. Such diseases as acute respiratory infections, pneumonia, arthralgia, arthritis, and in women inflammatory urogenital infections, as well as spontaneous abortions were more frequent among the workers seropositive to the causative agent of EAS than in the control groups. Enzootic halprovial abortion of sheep was suggested to be potentially dangerous for certain groups of workers at the meat-packing plant, but the results of the survey indicate that further research in the fields of the epidemiology, clinical picture and laboratory diagnostics of infectious pathology in persons having contacts with the animals infected with the causative agent of EAS is necessary.
Abortion, Veterinary↗
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in Australia.
The Australian National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Registry (ANCJDR) commenced surveillance in September 1993 as part of the Commonwealth's response to 4 cases of pituitary hormone (gonadotrophin)-associated Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). With the passage of time, the Registry has become responsible for ascertaining all human transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE; also known as prion diseases) within Australia since 1970. Included in the spectrum of diseases monitored are classical (sporadic, genetic, and health care acquired) CJD, and variant CJD (vCJD), first reported in 1996 in the United Kingdom. Variant CJD has not yet been diagnosed in Australia. Final classification of persons with suspected human prion disease is based upon all available clinical, investigational and pathological information. Ascertainment methods are diverse and include prompted, half-yearly personal communications from neurologists and neuropathologists, death certificate searches, and morbidity separation coding searches of major hospital, and State and Territory databases. More recently, referral for diagnostic CSF 14-3-3 protein testing (performed by the ANCJDR) has considerably increased prospective notifications of suspect cases. As at September 2001 there were 460 cases on the register; 237 definite cases, 168 probable and 55 incomplete cases awaiting final classification.
Animals↗
[A CASE OF BLIND URETER AND PRIMARY RENAL ATROPHY].
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Atrophy↗
[Computer tomography of the brain in psychiatric patients. Comparison with other indices of organic changes].
A group of 80 psychiatric patients--40 males and 40 females--aged 13 to 72--were examined in order to compare the results of computer tomography (CT) of the brain with indicators of organic changes obtained from EEG, psychological and neurological tests. The most frequent organic pathology present in the computer tomography was brain atrophy, displayed in 40 patients (50% of the examined) and constituting the only change in 29 patients (36% of the examined, including 19 males and 10 females). The comparison of 29 patients with brain atrophy with those with normal CT revealed that the former produced pathological EEG more frequently. However, it did not indicate any predominance of pathological results of psychological and neurological examination, neither did it show one of defined psychopathological image. Within the group of "other organic pathology", the most frequent abnormality was hyperostosis frontalis interna. It was present in 6 persons, including 5 females, and was usually associated with brain atrophy and pathological results of psychopathological tests. Other abnormalities found in the "other group of organic changes" included celebral tumours, hydromas, ischenic foci and inherited defects of the brain. No explicit relationship between the CT and the indicators of organic changes was found in this group.
Adolescent↗
[Cost-effective and early detection of oncologic pathology].
A critical analysis of prophylactic medical examination of population was conducted for detecting early oncological pathology. Methodological approaches in the practice of selecting persons with pretumorous diseases were examined. Great emphasis was put on the necessity of ascertaining the rates of accelerating functional changes as the most characteristic and accessible sign of tissue change from normal into pathological. A diagram-inset for the case histories of ambulatory patients to be included into prospective programme of prophylactic medical examination is suggested.
Adult↗
[Normal and pathologic semiology of the anterior choroidal artery].
In the normal individual, the anterior choroidal artery (ACA) has a rather fixed angiographic trajectory, but in patients with intracranial tumors it almost invariably has a modified course, the nature of the modification being dependent on the topography of the lesion. Authors employ the parameters used up through the present for objectivating the course of the anterior choroidal artery, and add others of theirs own, especially in regard to the relative location of various points on the vessel (rather than their isolated positions). A total of 28 measurements were taken for each of the 132 angiographic series studied: 31 normal individuals and 101 with diverse intracranial lesions. Every value was entered into a computer along with (by numerical coding) personal data, incidental factors and, in the pathological series, the topography of the preferrent (primary) lesion and secondary lesion (tumoral extension), as well as the possible coexistence of hydrocephaly and/or transtentorial herniation. This procedure allowed for an exhaustive analysis of each factor involved, which could be studied individually or in combination within each of the groups and subgroups established. In this way the extensive results could be readily interpreted.
Arteries↗
Current status of cancer registration in the Federal Republic of Germany and prospects for further development.
There is a network of hospital registries at cancer centers in the Federal Republic of Germany which, by 1985, had registered about 200,000 patients. Although the hospital registries do not have a strict population basis, the data obtained could be used for analytic epidemiological studies. The hospital registries are hindered from doing their own epidemiological cancer research mainly by their shortage of personnel. A particular organization - a pediatric cancer registry in Mainz - has registered about 95% of all childhood neoplasias and leukemias since 1980. Of the population-based registries of the Saarland, Hamburg, and Münster, only the Saarland Cancer Registry can at present provide actual incidence rates. In the three federal states of Saarland, Hamburg, and North Rhine-Westphalia, laws concerning cancer registries were enacted with different regulations regarding registration. In Hamburg and North Rhine-Westphalia the patient has to approve forwarding of his personal data to the registry. Exceptions are permitted under special conditions. Pathology institutes cannot report directly. In the Saarland, research institutes are not allowed to be given personal data. The position of the epidemiological cancer registries is actually threatened by the official application of restrictive data-protection laws.
Female↗
[A retrospective study of 1,500 personal cases of ptosis].
PURPOSE: Whether congenital or acquired, unilateral or bilateral, ptosis is due to deficiency of levator muscle of the upper eyelid and comprises one of the most prevalent defects of palpebral pathology. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 1,500 personal cases of ptosis, 890 of them had undergone surgical procedures over the period 1986-1997. We recorded: etiologic factors, the frequency of different forms of ptosis, the associated anomalies, operative techniques and postoperative results. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Simple congenital ptosis was the most frequent form. Levator muscle resection was the most largely used operative technique. Minor hypocorrection was often accepted and poor results were found in 22% of the operated cases.
Amblyopia↗
Paradoxic sleep facilitation by interictal epileptic activity of right temporal origin.
The influence of very intensive interictal epileptic activity of right temporal and temporooccipital origin on rapid eye movement (REM) sleep was examined. A group of 15 epileptic patients with prevalence of partial complex symptomatology, whose focus of extensive pathological activity was located in the above-mentioned areas, were polysomnographically explored. Their polysomnograms were compared to the polysomnographic analyses of 10 patients with similar contralateral pathological activity and with those of 15 healthy persons. The results seemed to indicate that there is a specific complementary relationship between the right temporal and temporooccipital activity on the one hand and REM sleep on the other hand. REM sleep provokes right temporal pathological changes more strongly than that of contralateral origin, and this right temporal activity has a positive feedback effect on the REM sleep by which it had been provoked. The consequence is a significant increase in the duration of REM sleep, with all the associated physiological and psychological influences of this state of consciousness.
Adolescent↗
Psychological stress and infertility. Part 2: Psychometric test data.
The hypothesis tested in this study was that a group of female functional infertile patients would show significantly more personality maladjustment than a group with definite organic reproductive pathology and a normal fertile group. No significant differences between the functional and organic groups were found on any of the subscores of four personality questionnaires. The normal group (wives of sterile men) scored higher on extraversion than both the functional and organic groups. On self-control the normal group also scored lower (negative connotation) than the other two groups. In general no evidence for personality maladjustment in functional infertility was found.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
[Medical examination of foreigners entering France: objectives, applications, results].
The health control of the travellers and medical assistance for them and their families is one of the oldest and most fundamental missions of the "Office des migrations internationales" (OMI) as defined by the reglementary treaties of November 1945 and June 1946. More recent reglementations have broadened the competence of the OMI to include certain categories of foreigners who had been exempt from all controls. Finally, the ministerial order of November the 7th 1994 specifies means of the health screening. Medical examinations are carried in various French and foreign institutions. It nowadays has become a consultation aiming at prevention and orientation. The medical examination has three principal objectives: the detection of little known abnormalities; the contact between the medical service of the OMI and regional services in charge of the first check-up; the health education of the examined persons. The clinical and paraclinical results are communicated to the patient who is also informed of the most serious health questions, as well as ways of gaining access to medical care in France; this is done by taking into account all medical parameters and health conditions prevailing in the patient's native country. All detected abnormalities are brought to the attention of the head physician of the OMI who in turn informs the medical inspector of the "Direction départementale des affires sanitaires et sociales" (DDASS) in charge of making sure that the migrant benefits from health and social assistance and receives medical treatment. All pathological results are given to the examined persons in form of a written and confidential report, enabling them to visit a doctor of their choice. A network has thus been built up throughout the various departments involved in the first medical examination and the DDASS has made available for the OMI medical staff listings of public institutions likely to welcome the migrants.
Emigration and Immigration↗
[Glycoprotein components of the skin under normal conditions and in several types of pathology].
Content of sialic acids was increased 2.9-3.4-fold in soluble fraction of pathologically altered skin (parakeratotoic scales in psoriasis and allergo dermatoses) as compared with a skin of healthy persons. In parakeratotic scales 7-11 zones of PAS (positive glycoproteins) were found by polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis; they occurred in skin of healthy persons only in several cases. Hemoglobin-binding activity (haptoglobin) was observed in pathologically altered skin of 64-93% patients with psoriasis; it was not found in healthy persons. The spectrum of haptoglobin fractions in skin correlated with its phenotype in blood.
Chemical Phenomena↗