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PubMed2003

Chemical composition of the fruit mesocarp of three peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) populations grown in central Amazonia, Brazil.

The percent composition, soluble and insoluble food fibers, oil fatty acids and minerals were determined in the mesocarp of fruits of three peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) populations grown in Central Amazonia, Brazil. Amino acids were also determined in one of the populations. The mean protein levels ranged from 1.8 to 2.7%, lipid levels ranged from 3.5 to 11.1%, the nitrogen free fraction ranged from 24.3 to 35%, food fiber ranged from 5.2% to 8.7%, and energy ranged from 179.1 to 207.4 kcal%. All essential, as well as non-essential, amino acids were present, with tryptophan and methionine presenting the lowest mean concentrations. The mono-unsaturated oleic acid predominated in the oil, ranging from 42.8 to 60.8%, and palmitic acid was the most abundant saturated fatty acid, ranging from 24.1 to 42.3%. Among the essential fatty acids, linoleic acid was the most abundant, with a maximum of 5.4% in Pampa-8. The most important mineral elements were potassium, selenium and chromium, respectively corresponding to 12%, 9% and 9% of daily recommended allowances. Considering the nutritional potential of the fruit, we suggest its more frequent incorporation into the diet of the Amazonian population.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1998

[Levovist].

SH/TA-508 (Levovist) is agglomerates of microparticles consisting of galactose (99.9%) and palmitic acid (0.1%), and the active entity is the microbubbles stabilized by palmitic acid which covers the bubbles. SH/TA-508 micro-bubbles are stable under high-pressure condition and they circulate the whole body for several minutes along with blood flow after the intravenous injection. The left sided cardiac cavities and arteries are clearly opacified by using this contrast agent and the Doppler signals from the mitral, aortic and pulmonic vein are also enhanced significantly. Also microcirculating flow image of the liver, kidney and other organs are well enhanced in the clinical studies. SH/TA-508 improves the capability of ultrasound diagnosis.

Contrast Media↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Luliberin analogues exhibiting a cytotoxic effect on tumor cells in vitro].

Luliberin analogues modified at the N-terminus were synthesized to search for drugs exerting a cytotoxic effect on cells of hormone-dependent tumors. A synthetic scheme effective in the preparation of analogues containing fatty acid residues was proposed. The cytotoxic effect of the peptides was studied on a number of cell lines of human tumors in vitro. The dependence of the antitumor effect on the length of peptide chain, amino acid sequence, and structure of the N-terminal group was demonstrated. Modification with palmitic acid was found to result in highly active compounds in the case of analogues containing more than ten aa, whereas modifications with lauric, caproic, or trimethylacetic acid led to compounds with significantly lower activities. Analogues of luliberin containing a palmitic acid residue and effectively inhibiting the growth of tumor cells in vitro were synthesized.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dietary effects of fatty acids on growth and metastasis of KPL-1 human breast cancer cells in vivo and in vitro.

To evaluate the effects of dietary fats on breast cancer growth and metastasis, KPL-1 human breast carcinoma cells which have a propensity for axillary lymph node metastasis when inoculated into the thoracic mammary fat pad of female nude mice were examined. The mice were fed one of three semipurified diets containing 9.5% eicosapentaenoic acid plus 0.5% linoleic acid (EPA diet), 10% linoleic acid (LA diet), or 9.5% palmitic acid plus 0.5% linoleic acid (PA diet), or commercial laboratory chow containing 8.5% fat of which 4.1% was LA, 1.1% was PA, 0.06% was EPA, and 3.24% was other (Standard diet) starting 19 days before tumor cell inoculation and continuing until the end of the experiment (43 days after tumor cell inoculation). The tumor growth was faster and at a higher incidence in the mice fed the LA diet, and much slower and at a lower incidence in the EPA diet group compared with the mice fed the PA or Standard diet; the two separate experiment demonstrated identical results. The differences in tumor weight between the LA and PA groups and between the PA and EPA groups were significant (P < 0.05, respectively) at the termination of the experiment; the differences were due to different tumor cell proliferation rates. In an in vitro MTT assay, fatty acids showed direct stimulatory or inhibitory effects on the KPL-1 cells. Lymph node metastasis was seen in the LA and Standard diet groups, whereas it was not seen in the PA or EPA groups. The body weights were significantly lighter in the LA and EPA groups compared with the PA and Standard diet groups (P < 0.05, respectively). The results indicate that the EPA diet produced a reduction in tumor cell growth and metastasis whereas the LA diet had an enhancing effect on these parameters; dietary fatty acids may thus have a direct role in the growth and metastasis of human breast carcinoma independent of their systemic effects.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Dynamic fatty acylation of p21N-ras.

To study the acylation of p21N-ras with palmitic acid we have used cells which express the human N-ras gene to high levels under control of the steroid-inducible MMTV--LTR promoter. Addition of [3H]palmitate to these cells resulted in detectable incorporation of label into p21N-ras within 5 min, which continued linearly for 30-60 min. Inhibition of protein synthesis for up to 24 h before addition of [3H]palmitate had no effect on acylation of p21N-ras, suggesting that this can occur as a late post-translational event. Acylated p21N-ras with a high SDS--PAGE mobility is found only in the membrane fraction, whereas approximately 50% of the [35S]methionine-labelled p21N-ras is cytoplasmic and has a lower mobility. Conversion of the acylated high mobility form to a deacylated form of slightly lower mobility can be achieved with neutral hydroxylamine, which is known to cleave thioesters. This treatment also results in partial removal of p21N-ras from the membranes. A remarkably high rate of turnover of the palmitate moiety can be demonstrated by pulse--chase studies (t1/2 approximately 20 min in serum-containing medium) which cannot be attributed to protein degradation. The data suggest an active acylation--deacylation cycle for p21N-ras, which may be involved in its proposed function as a signal transducing protein.

Acylation↗
PubMed2003

Nutrient modulation of palmitoylated 24-kilodalton protein in rat pancreatic islets.

Protein acylation in glucose stimulation of insulin secretion in the beta-cells has been implicated. Accordingly, we attempted to identify the target(s) of acylation in the pancreatic islets. Rat pancreatic islets were labeled with [3H]palmitic acid for 1 h at 37 C, and the whole cell lysate was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The labeling of the proteins by [3H]palmitic acid was shown to be palmitoylation by chemical analyses. Palmitoylation of four distinct bands was recognized, and the palmitoylation was significantly reduced in all of them when the labeling was performed with high glucose. Quite interestingly, the degree of attenuation was particularly dominant for a 24-kDa doublet. Palmitoylation of the 24-kDa doublet was preferentially attenuated also by the mitochondrial fuels and an acylation inhibitor, cerulenin. The half-life of the labeling of the doublet was apparently shorter (approximately 45 min) than that of other bands on pulse chasing of the islets, irrespective of the presence or absence of high glucose. High glucose attenuation of the palmitoylation of the 24-kDa doublet was partially blocked by 20 mm mannoheptulose, a glucokinase inhibitor. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed that the doublet was composed of acidic peptides, and, by immunoprecipitation, it was shown not to be synaptosome-associated protein of 25 kDa. We identified rapidly turning over palmitoylated 24-kDa acidic proteins distinct from synaptosome-associated protein of 25 kDa in the pancreatic islets, which are preferentially modulated by fuel secretagogues. The data suggested a functional role of the palmitoylated 24-kDa doublet in nutrient stimulation of insulin secretion.

Acylation↗
PubMed1998

Endogenous surfactant turnover in preterm infants measured with stable isotopes.

We studied surfactant synthesis and turnover in vivo in preterm infants using the stable isotope [U-13C]glucose, as a precursor for the synthesis of palmitic acid in surfactant phosphatidylcholine (PC). Six preterm infants (birth weight, 916 +/- 244 g; gestational age, 27.7 +/- 1.7 wk) received a 24-h [U-13C]glucose infusion on the first day of life. The 13C-enrichment of palmitic acid in surfactant PC, obtained from tracheal aspirates, was measured by gas chromatography-combustion interface-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. We observed a significant incorporation of carbon-13 from glucose into surfactant PC palmitate. PC palmitate became enriched after 19.4 +/- 2.3 (16.5 to 22.3) h and reached maximum enrichment at 70 +/- 18 (48 to 96) h after the start of the label infusion. The fractional synthesis rate (FSR) of surfactant PC palmitate from glucose was 2.7 +/- 1.3%/d. We calculated the absolute production rate of surfactant PC to be 4.2 mg/kg/d, and the half-life to be 113 +/- 25 (87 to 144) h. Data on endogenous surfactant production and turnover were obtained for the first time in human infants with the use of stable isotopes. This novel and safe method could be applied to address many important issues concerning surfactant metabolism in preterm infants, children, and adults.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Age, sex and source of hamster affect experimental cholesterol cholelithiasis.

In the present study, we examined the effect of the following factors on a hamster model of cholesterol cholelithiasis: (i) the source of the golden Syrian hamsters (Sasco, Omaha, NE or Charles River, Wilmington, MA), (ii) the sex of the experimental animals and (iii) their age (4 wk vs. 8 wk of age). All hamsters were fed a semipurified diet which contained cholesterol (0.3%) and palmitic acid (1.2%). No cholesterol gallstones formed in any of the female hamsters regardless of age or source. The 4-week-old male hamsters from Sasco had the greatest incidence of gallstones (93%). The 8-week-old male hamsters tended to have a lower incidence of cholesterol gallstones than the younger ones, regardless of the commercial supplier (67 vs. 93% for Sasco and 27 vs. 40% for Charles River). Female hamsters had higher liver and serum cholesterol levels than the male hamsters; Charles River hamsters had lower serum cholesterol concentrations than the Sasco animals. Total biliary lipid concentrations were highest in Sasco male hamsters, but biliary cholesterol (mol%) was lower in the males than in the females (4.2-4.5% vs. 6.1-7.1%) regardless of age. The cholesterol saturation indices were higher in the Sasco females than the corresponding males; these values were lower in the Sasco hamsters than the Charles River animals, regardless of age or sex. The male Sasco hamsters had a higher total biliary bile acid concentration (98.9 mg/mL) than the Sasco females (58.9 mg/mL) and the Charles River animals (24.6 mg/mL for males and 38.2 mg/mL for females). The percentage of chenodeoxycholic acid in bile was significantly lower, and the percentage of cholic acid was higher in all females as compared to males.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Age Factors↗
PubMed1984

Characterization of response of gut GLI to fat ingestion in dogs.

Previous study from our laboratory demonstrated that an increased release of gut glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) following triglyceride digestion was not observed in pancreatectomized dogs. Therefore, in order to clarify the response of gut GLI to triglyceride ingestion, experimental study was carried out in normal and pancreatectomized dogs. When butter was administered to pancreatectomized dogs in combination with pancreatic enzymes, plasma glucagon (IRG) measured by specific antiserum did not change significantly but plasma triglyceride as well as plasma total immunoreactive glucagon (total IRG) measured by nonspecific antiserum increased. Oral administration of glycerol induced no significant increase in plasma IRG but elicited a moderate increase of plasma total IRG. Gastric instillation of palmitic acid induced a remarkable rise of plasma total IRG in normal dogs, whereas plasma IRG did not reveal any changes. Oral administration of triglyceride of medium chain fatty acid, tricaprylin, did not promote any rise of plasma IRG but a slight increase of plasma total IRG. From the present experiment, it is concluded that hydrolysis of triglyceride and its metabolites are important in the release of gut GLI following fat ingestion. Among its metabolites, long chain fatty acid and glycerol promote the GLI secretion, whereas medium chain fatty acid does not.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Human tissue factor contains thioester-linked palmitate and stearate on the cytoplasmic half-cystine.

The state of the five half-cystine residues in human tissue factor (TF) has been characterized. The results indicate that the four half-cystines in the extracellular domain of TF form two disulfide bonds and the half-cystine in the cytoplasmic region is acylated by palmitic acid and stearic acid. The extracellular disulfide cross-links, Cys49-Cys57 and Cys186-Cys209, were deduced from the analysis of tryptic peptides. Acylation of the cytoplasmic half-cystine was demonstrated by purifying and characterizing fibroblast TF from cells labeled with [3H]palmitic acid. Radiolabeled fibroblast TF was observed by autoradiography following sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The tritiated material covalently bound to the protein was identified as [3H]palmitate and [3H]stearate by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. Deacylation of TF with hydroxylamine resulted in the spontaneous generation of disulfide-linked TF dimers. This result suggests that the disulfide-linked TF dimer, a minor component of most TF preparations, and the recently described heterodimeric form of TF are artifacts produced by deacylation of Cys245 and subsequent interchain disulfide bond formation.

Autoradiography↗
PubMed2002

Fatty acids on the A/USSR/77 influenza virus hemagglutinin facilitate the transition from hemifusion to fusion pore formation.

Influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) has three highly conserved acylation sites close to the carboxyl terminus of the HA2 subunit, one in the transmembrane domain and two in the cytoplasmic domain. Each site is modified by palmitic acid through a thioester linkage to cysteine. To elucidate the biological significance of HA acylation, the acylation sites of HA of influenza virus strain A/USSR/77 (H1N1) were changed by site-directed mutagenesis, and the membrane fusion activity of mutant HAs lacking the acylation site(s) was examined quantitatively using transfer assays of lipid (R18) and aqueous (calcein) dyes. Lipid mixing, so-called hemifusion, activity was not affected by deacylation, whereas transfer of aqueous dye, so-called fusion pore formation, was dramatically restricted. When the fusion reaction was induced by a lower pH than the optimal one, calcein transfer with the mutant HAs was improved, but simultaneously a considerable calcein leakage into the medium was observed. From these results, we conclude that the palmitic acids on the H1 subtype HA facilitate the transition from hemifusion to fusion pore formation.

Acylation↗
PubMed2003

Plasma fatty acids response to central volume expansion in salt-sensitive hypertension.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the possible regulation of plasma fatty acids by an acute isotonic-isooncotic central volume expansion. We measured the levels of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) in plasma from 12 essential hypertensive patients subjected to water immersion (WI). Central hypervolemia by WI over 2 hours caused the levels of most NEFA to increase, concomitantly with a marked natriuretic and kaliuretic response. With respect to baseline values, serum insulin levels did not change during WI, while there was a profound suppression of plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone. In addition, when individual NEFA percent increase was expressed as a function of salt-sensitivity index (calculated as the change in mean arterial pressure [MAP] divided by the change in urinary sodium excretion rate), a greater percent increase in stearic acid (r =.72, P <.009), palmitic acid (r =.83, P <.001), and palmitoleic acid (r =.58, P <.048) was found during WI in those hypertensive subjects showing higher salt-sensitivity index. Thus, by demonstrating that an acute isotonic-isooncotic volume expansion may induce a significant increase of most NEFA plasma levels, we suggest that volume expansion per se could be included among the well-recognized risk factors for cardiovascular morbid events.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Compartmental study of rat renal phospholipid metabolism.

Phospholipid content and metabolism were studied in rat renal papillary, medullary and cortical slices. The highest concentration of phospholipids was found in cortex and the lowest in papilla samples (ratio cortex/medulla, 1.3; cortex/papilla, 3.7). The profile of the various phospholipids was different depending on the zone. The most important difference was the relative concentrations of sphingomyelin (CerPCho) and phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) with ratios for PtdIns/CerPCho of 5.0, 3.3 and 2.5 in papilla, medulla, and cortex, respectively. In the three zones, PtdIns showed the highest specific activity for [2-14C]glycerol and [1-14C]arachidonic acid incorporation. By contrast, a higher amount of [1-14C]palmitic acid was incorporated into phosphatidylcholine than into any other phospholipid. The various radioactive precursors were only poorly incorporated into phosphatidylethanolamine. No radioactivity was associated with phosphatidylserine. The papilla possesses the most active phospholipid metabolism of all the pathways studied.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Effects of lysophospholipids and diacylglycerols on the transfer of arachidonic acid to phospholipids and triacylglycerols in rat brain membranes.

Brain membranes catalyze the acylation of lysophospholipids and diacylglycerols (DAG) to form the respective phospholipids and triacylglycerols (TAG). These acylation reactions were examined using brain plasma membrane-enriched fractions by measuring the incorporation of [14C]arachidonic acid into TAG and individual phospholipids under a variety of conditions. In the absence of added lipid substrates, the amount of [14C]arachidonic acid incorporated into TAG in the presence of ATP, Mg2+, and CoA was approx twice the amount incorporated into phosphatidylositol (PtdIns), and more than 10 times the amount incorporated into phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho), phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn) and phosphatidylserine (PtdSer). These results suggest the presence of endogenous DAG, lysoPtdIns, and the required enzymes in the membrane preparations for acylation reactions. The addition of DAG, lysoPtdCho or lysoPtdIns to the incubation system resulted in a 2-20-fold increase in the rate of incorporation of labeled arachidonic acid into TAG, PtdCho or PtdIns, respectively. LysoPtdEtn and lysoPtdSer were poor substrates for the synthesis of PtdEtn and PtdSer. On the other hand, the addition of lysoPtdSer stimulated the incorporation of [14C]arachidonic acid into TAG and into most phospholipids, especially phosphatidic acid, the synthesis of which was enhanced more than 10-fold. Exogenous lysoPtdCho and lysoPtdIns inhibited the incorporation of [14C]arachidonate into TAG in the presence of DAG, and DAG inhibited the incorporation of [14C]arachidonic acid into phospholipids in the presence of lysophospholipids. In general, [14C]palmitic acid was less effectively incorporated into lipids than arachidonic acid. These results suggest reciprocal regulatory effects of DAG and lysophospholipids on acyltransfer to phospholipids and triacylglycerol in brain membranes.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1975

Mechanism of secretion of biliary lipids. I. Role of bile canalicular and microsomal membranes in the synthesis and transport of biliary lecithin and cholesterol.

The role of bile canalicular and microsomal membranes in the synthesis and transport of biliary lipids was investigated by using the isolated perfused rat liver model. Labeled lecithin precursors ((3H)-palmitic acid, (14C)linoleic acid, (3H)choline, and 32PO4) and a cholesterol precursor ((3H)mevalonic acid) were administered with and without sodium taurocholate. The incorporation pattern of these labeled precursors into linoleyl and arachidonyl lecithins and cholesterol fractions of microsomes, bile canaliculi, and bile were examined at 30-min intervals up to 90 min. Marker enzymes and electron microscopy indicated that isolated subfractions of plasma membranes were enriched with bile canaliculi (less than 10 percent microsomal contamination). Taurocholate significantly stimulated the incorporation of 32PO4, (3H)choline, (3H)palmitic acid, and (14C)linoleic acid into linoleyl and arachidonyl lecithin with parallel incorporation curves for microsomal and bile canalicular membranes throughout the 90-min study period. During the 30-60-min period, however, these same lecithin fractions in bile significantly exceeded the specific activity of the membrane lecithins. The enzyme CDP-choline diglyceride transferase was virtually absent from canaliculi relative to microsomes, indicating that canaliculi lack the capacity for de novo lecithin synthesis. Incorporation of (3H)mevalonic acid into membranous and biliary cholesterol followed a pattern similar to that for lecithin. These data provide evidence that (a) biliary lecithin and cholesterol are derived from a microsomal subpool regulated by the flux of enterohepatic bile acids, (b) the role of the bile canalicular membranes with respect to biliary lipids is primarily transport rather than synthesis, and (c) lecithin and cholesterol are transported together from microsomes to bile. The findings are consistent with the existence of a cytoplasmic lipid complex within the hepatocyte which is actively involved in the intermembrane transport of biliary lipid.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Variation in the binding affinity of warfarin and phenprocoumon to human serum albumin in relation to surgery.

The binding equilibria of warfarin and phenprocoumon with defatted human serum albumin were studied by equilibrium dialysis in 33 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, 37 degrees C. The binding isotherms for both ligands were consistent with binding to two similar and independent sites in the albumin molecule. The binding affinity of warfarin was markedly increased on adding palmitic acid up to palmitate 4 mol per mol albumin and then it decreased. The binding affinity of phenprocoumon varied similarly but to a lesser degree. Serum samples were obtained from 14 patients undergoing knee joint surgery, six consecutive samples from each patient. The binding affinity of warfarin and phenprocoumon added in low concentrations to the serum samples was consistently less than to purified albumin. The binding affinity for warfarin increased slightly with increasing fatty acid concentrations during surgery, but the increase was much less than expected from the in vitro studies. The binding of phenprocoumon in the serum samples was not influenced by changing fatty acid concentration. The binding affinity for both drugs decreased markedly during the three days following surgery.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

The effects of different plasma insulin concentrations on lipolytic and ketogenic responses to epinephrine in normal and type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic humans.

This study was performed to verify: (1) the ability of different insulin concentrations to restrict the lipolytic and ketogenic responses to exogenous epinephrine administration; (2) whether the ability of insulin to suppress the lipolytic and ketogenic responses during epinephrine administration is impaired in Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. Each subject was infused on separate occasions with insulin at rates of 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mU.kg-1.min-1 while normoglycaemic. To avoid indirect adrenergic effects on endocrine pancreas secretions, the so-called "islet clamp" technique was used. Rates of appearance of palmitic acid, acetoacetate, and 3-hydroxybutyrate were simultaneously measured with an infusion of 13C-labelled homologous tracers. After a baseline observation period epinephrine was exogenously administered at a rate of 16 ng.kg-1.min-1. At low insulin levels (20 microU/ml) the lipolytic response of comparable magnitude was detected in normal and Type 1 diabetic patients. However, the ketogenic response was significantly higher in Type 1 diabetic patients. During epinephrine administration, similar plasma glucose increments were observed in the two groups (from 4.74 +/- 0.53 to 7.16 +/- 0.77 mmol/l (p less than 0.05) in Type 1 diabetic patients and from 4.94 +/- 0.20 to 7.11 +/- 0.38 mmol/l (p less than 0.05) in normal subjects, respectively). At intermediate insulin levels (35 microU/ml) no significant differences were found between Type 1 diabetic patients and normal subjects, whereas plasma glucose levels rose from 4.98 +/- 0.30 to 6.27 +/- 0.66 mmol/l (p less than 0.05) in Type 1 diabetic patients, and from 5.05 +/- 0.13 to 6.61 +/- 0.22 mmol/l (p less than 0.05) in normal subjects. At high insulin levels (70 microU/ml) the lipolytic response was detectable only in Type 1 diabetic patients; the ketogenic response was reduced in both groups. During the third clamp, a significant rise in plasma glucose concentration during epinephrine infusion was observed in both groups. In conclusion this study shows that at low insulin levels Type 1 diabetic patients show an increased ketogenic response to epinephrine, despite their normal nonesterified fatty acid response. Instead, high insulin levels are able to restrict the ketogenic response to epinephrine in both normal and Type 1 diabetic subjects, although there is a still detectable lipolytic response in the latter. In the presence of plasma free insulin levels that completely restrict the ketogenic response in the same group, there is still a distinct glycaemic response. Plasma insulin levels in Type 1 diabetic patients are a major determinant of the metabolic response to epinephrine.

Acetoacetates↗
PubMed1985

Influence of the diet on the portal and lymph transport of decanoic acid in rats. Simultaneous study of its mucosal catabolism.

The absorption route of decanoic acid, a medium chain fatty acid, infused in the intestinal lumen in the presence and absence of long chain fatty acids, has been analyzed. Ex vivo perfusion of isolated intestinal loop and intestinal lymph fistula was the technique used. Decanoic acid infused alone was essentially transported through the portal system. If infused in association with monopalmitin, oleic or palmitic acid, up to 3% of decanoic acid could be diluted in the lymph. Moreover, decanoic acid oxidation by the mucosa increased significantly with palmitic acid and in contrast decreased with oleic acid. These data show that both intestinal absorption processes and mucosal oxidation of the medium chain fatty acids are modulated by the lipid components of the diet.

Animals↗