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PubMed1985

[Biological evaluation of an infant food based on soybean, rice and banana].

An infant food, a mixture of soy, rice and banana was biologically evaluated in three studies carried out in Sprague-Dawley rats. In the first assay, the caloric supplementation and milk protein complementation effect on the nutritive value of the product was studied. Results indicated that an equal nutritive value as that of milk is obtained when 50% of the vegetable protein is replaced by animal protein. The fact that caloric supplementation does not exert any positive effect on the nutritive value of the infant food, under the conditions of the study, was also confirmed. In the second assay, the effect of amino acid (lysine and methionine) supplementation was evaluated. Results revealed a significant improvement of the product quality with lysine supplementation, a finding that implies thermal protein damage caused by industrial processing. In the third study, whole milk supplementation effect at the levels that the product could be offered in school lunch programs and Nutrition and Education Centers was investigated. Such values, as determined, correspond to 343 to 655 ml of fluid milk per 100 g of the cereal product. It was also found that milk complements and improves the nutritive value of the product at equal statistical (P less than 0.05) values as those of milk.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Components of effective clinical-nutrition training: a national survey of graduate medical education (residency) programs.

A national survey was conducted by The American Society for Clinical Nutrition's Committee on Medical/Dental School and Residency Nutrition Education to assess the context in which nutrition training is provided in medical residency programs. Accreditation guidelines for residency programs suggested eight nutrition components that were endorsed by content experts for inclusion in residency training. Directors and nutrition educators from all accredited residencies in the United States were surveyed to determine the perceived importance of the components and the extent to which the components were actually present. The eight components appear to be relevant for exemplary nutrition training at the residency level. An important identified need is to train and involve more clinical-nutrition faculty members in residency programs.

Education, Medical, Graduate↗
PubMed1981

Nutrition and rural development.

This paper summarizes the conceptual and methodological work carried out by a team of FAO staff and consultants in a continuing effort to introduce nutritional considerations into the planning and execution of agricultural programmes and projects. Guidelines were prepared on the basis of experience acquired to various case-studies and are currently being applied in field projects.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1997

Using cost-effectiveness analysis to evaluate targeting strategies: the case of vitamin A supplementation.

Given the demonstrated efficacy of vitamin A supplements in reducing childhood mortality, health officials now have to decide whether it would be efficient to target the supplements to high risk children. Decisions about targeting are complex because they depend on a number of factors; the degree of clustering of preventable deaths, the cost of the intervention, the side-effects of the intervention, the cost of identifying the high risk group, and the accuracy of the 'diagnosis' of risk. A cost-effectiveness analysis was used in the Philippines to examine whether vitamin A supplements should be given universally to all children 6-59 months, targeted broadly to children suffering from mild, moderate, or severe malnutrition, or targeted narrowly to pre-schoolers with moderate and severe malnutrition. The first year average cost of the universal approach was US$67.21 per death averted compared to $144.12 and $257.20 for the broad and narrow targeting approaches respectively. When subjected to sensitivity analysis the conclusion about the most cost-effective strategy was robust to changes in underlying assumptions such as the efficacy of supplements, clustering of deaths, and toxicity. Targeting vitamin A supplements to high risk children is not an efficient use of resources. Based on the results of this cost-effectiveness analysis and a consideration of alternate strategies, it is apparent that vitamin A, like immunization, should be provided to all pre-schoolers in the developing world. Issues about targeting public health interventions can usefully be addressed by cost-effectiveness analysis.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2000

National immunisation days for polio eradication in Uganda: did immunisation cards increase coverage?

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the effect of cards and of vitamin A supplementation on coverage for National Immunisation Days (NIDs). DESIGN: A retrospective ecological study. SETTING: A countrywide NIDs coverage before and after introduction of the NIDs cards and vitamin A supplementation in all districts of Uganda. METHODS: NIDs for polio eradication commenced in Uganda in 1996. Two rounds, one month apart are implemented yearly. During the second round of 1998 NIDs, cards were introduced nationally and vitamin supplementation was introduced in 24 of the 45 districts. We compared NIDs coverage before and after NIDs cards and NIDs coverage in districts that implemented vitamin A to those that did not. RESULTS: After introduction of NIDs cards, the national coverage rose from 97.7% to 106.9%, an increase of 9.2%. In those districts that implemented vitamin A supplementation, the NIDs coverage rose from 100.1% to 111.5%, an increase of 10.4%. In those districts that did not implement vitamin A, the NIDs coverage rose by 6.7% from 94.5% to 102.2%. Before the introduction of cards and vitamin A in 1996 and 1997, the NIDs coverage was between 92-96%. CONCLUSION: NIDs cards and vitamin A supplementation could have increased the NIDs national coverage.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1997

The cost-effectiveness of alternative methods of nutrition education for hypercholesterolemic children.

OBJECTIVES: This study compared the cost-effectiveness, from the family's perspective, of a parent-child auto-tutorial nutrition education program with that of counseling by a dietitian after identification of hypercholesterolemic children in pediatric offices. METHODS: Personnel, parent time, equipment, and laboratory costs associated with the interventions were analyzed. Reductions in dietary fat as a percentage of total calories were analyzed by means of 24-hour dietary recalls and in plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol at 3 and 12 months postintervention. RESULTS: Average costs totaled $208.08 for the parent-child auto-tutorial program and $213.28 for counseling. While the parent-child program was somewhat less cost-effective in terms of dietary change, it was more cost-effective in terms of lipid reduction at 3 months, although this advantage disappeared by 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: Modest reductions in fat in the diet and in plasma lipid levels were achieved at costs that also appear modest in comparison with treatment of elevated cholesterol in adulthood. Follow-up interventions may be needed to sustain effects, while longitudinal studies are needed to assess the long-term cost benefit.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Community teamwork in nutrition education: an example in Canada's north.

The nutrition education program, sponsored by the Hudson's Bay Company, in remote northern communities, both Inuit and Indian, is described. The program identifies nutritious foods in the company's community stores by coding in the colours associated with the food groups of Canada's Food Guide. It involves the cooperation of key individuals from the community and various community agencies and organizations.

Canada↗
PubMed1994

Socio-economic causes and cultural explanations of childhood malnutrition among the Chagga of Tanzania.

This study provides an in-depth analysis of the complexity of factors involved in selective child survival among the Chagga people of Mt Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Carried out during the first of a series of post-independence economic crises, the study analyzes the impact of fluctuations in world economy, ecological stresses, demographic pressures, and class formation in creating conditions of poverty and lessening the ability of many Chagga to provide adequate care for their children. Qualitative and quantitative information are given from a follow-up study of families whose children were placed in a nutrition rehabilitation program during the drought of 1972-73. Four cases from that study further demonstrate the impact of macroeconomic forces on individuals and provide material for analyzing a complex pattern of cultural beliefs which made up part of the Chagga people's explanations for child malnutrition.

Child↗
PubMed1997

Food security and nutrition programme, Benin.

From 1990 to 1994, the Benin government and the World Bank planned a pilot project that aimed to improve household food security through production and income-generating activities. Results showed that stocking (reducing losses) and selling food crops promoted access to food in villages, and the small development project--building roads and bridges--increased movement and rendered food more accessible. This pilot project resulted in a 5-year program, which incorporates nutrition in addition to the household food security objectives. The nutrition component of this program aims to reduce malnutrition through education and the empowerment of women to take charge of the problems in their village. Areas where food production does not cover the needs of the population are identified and targeted using national statistical data.

Africa↗
PubMed1996

[Effect of measuring bone mineral density on calcium intake].

The diet in Japan has improved, but calcium intake has not increased for the past ten years, and it remains insufficient. To prevent osteoporosis, instruction in nutrition is directed at increasing calcium intake. We studied the effect of measuring bone mineral density on calcium intake in people receiving nutrition education. Intake of other nutrients was also measured. The subjects were 87 healthy women living in an agricultural region (Yamanashi Prefecture). They were members of a group formed to improve the diet of people in their area. For three days in October 1992 and in August 1994 food-weight records were obtained. A total of 76 of the 87 women chose to have their bone mineral density measured. The measurements before the first nutrition assessment in 1992. The intake of almost all nutrients tended to be greater in 1994 than in 1992. Calcium intake exceeded the minimum daily requirement (600mg). Calcium intake increased between 1992 and 1994 only in the subjects whose bone mineral density had been measured. Calcium intake decreased in the other subjects. Therefore, nutrition education programs aimed at preventing osteoporosis may be more effective if bone mineral density is measured. In addition, an appropriate balance of other nutrients can be maintained as the intake of calcium is increased.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Child food insecurity and iron deficiency anemia in low-income infants and toddlers in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: Examine the association between child-level food insecurity and iron status in young children utilizing community-based data from the Children's Sentinel Nutrition Assessment Program (C-SNAP). METHODS: A cross-sectional sample of caregivers of children < or =36 months of age utilizing emergency department (ED) services were interviewed between 6/96-5/01. Caregiver interviews, which included questions on child-level food security, were linked to a primary clinic database containing hemoglobin, red blood cell distribution width, mean corpuscular volume, free erythrocyte protoporphyrin and lead values. Children a priori at-risk for anemia: birthweight < or =2500 g, with HIV/AIDS, sickle cell disease, or lead values > or =10.0 ug/dL, and children < or =6 months of age were excluded from the analysis. Only laboratory tests 365 days prior or 90 days after interview were examined. Iron status was classified in four mutually exclusive categories: 1) Iron Sufficient-No Anemia (ISNA), 2) Anemia (without iron deficiency), 3) Iron Deficient-No Anemia (IDNA), 4) Iron Deficient with Anemia (IDA). RESULTS: 626 ED interviews linked to laboratory data met the inclusion criteria. Food insecure children were significantly more likely to have IDA compared to food secure children [Adjusted Odds Ratio = 2.4, 95% CI (1.1-5.2), p = 0.02]. There was no association between child food insecurity and anemia without iron deficiency or iron deficiency without anemia. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest an association between child level food insecurity and iron deficiency anemia, a clinically important health indicator with known negative cognitive, behavioral and health consequences. Cuts in spending on food assistance programs that address children's food insecurity may lead to adverse health consequences.

Aid to Families with Dependent Children↗
PubMed2005

Occurrence and biological significance of proanthocyanidins in the American diet.

Dietary intake of proanthocyanidins (PAs) has been largely unknown because of the lack of reliable values for their content in foods. Recent development of an analytical method for PAs has allowed the quantification of individual oligomers and polymers. This method has been employed to analyze food samples collected under the USDA National Food and Nutrition Analysis Program. A database of the PA content in common foods and also infant foods has been established. It has been shown that PAs account for a major fraction of flavonoids ingested in the US diet and infants and children appear to ingest more PAs than adults on the basis of body weight. These data will provide an opportunity to examine the association between PA intake and health and disease outcomes in epidemiological studies. PA analysis and the significance of PAs in nutrition and diet are reviewed.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2006

Nutritional profile of the Brazilian Amputee Soccer Team during the precompetition period for the world championship.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the dietary and anthropometric profiles of the Brazilian amputee soccer players during the training period before the world soccer amputee championship, according to their positional roles in the game. METHODS: Fifteen male athletes participated in the study. Data on height, weight, skinfold thickness, and circumferences were collected to assess nutritional status. Dietary intake was obtained by using 6-d dietary records, analyzed by a Nutrition Support Program for total energy intake, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals. One-way analysis of variance was used to identify differences in groups (P < 0.05). RESULTS: Midfield players were heavier than the others, and this difference may have been caused by a large quantity of subcutaneous fat. Dietary data showed a low carbohydrate intake and high protein and fat intakes. No athlete met the recommendations for vitamin E, and forward players did not meet recommendations for calcium. CONCLUSION: Amputee athletes need an individualized nutritional orientation and the lack of information about disabled sports and athletes highlights the need for more studies in this area.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The prediction of postoperative septic complications by means of nutritional parameters. II. The verification of the predictive formula].

An assessment was made of the predictive capacity of the following predictive formulation named Nutritional Sepsis Risk: NSR = 14.26 - 1.76 (albumin) - 1.47 (risk area) This was done in a sample of 65 surgery patients with digestive pathology who were candidates for selective surgery. All had undergone a pre-operative nutritional evaluation program, based on anthropometric and analytical data and Retarded Hypersensitivity Cutaneous Tests (RHCT). NSR was calculated pre-operatively. Infections were assessed qualitatively and quantitatively using Elebeute and Stoner's sepsis index. There were a total of five post-operative infections (7.69%). The NSR intersection point was calculated with an ROC curve, situated in a score of 3. The NSR detected the five infections, so is 100% sensitive, with 70% specificity and, in the detection of the septic risk population, surpassed the other nutritional parameters, whether anthropometric or analytical, and the RHCTs, when they were studied individually.

Aged↗
PubMed1975

The point of diminishing returns in nutrition education through home visits by aides: an evaluation of EFNEP.

This three-year evaluation of field work with poor, rural homemakers by nutrition aides employed by the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) of the Maryland Cooperative Extension Service is based on successive annual interviews with 93 homemakers and a control group of 58 designated friends. The results suggest various points of diminishing returns beyond which behavioral and attitudinal changes brought about by the specific educational strategies are too small to justify continued visits to a homemaker. To sustain cost-effective home visits after the first year, more emphasis must be placed on reinforcement of first-year gains, and on expanding the scope of nutrition education to include more health education of other kinds.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Anthropometric characteristics and nutritional status based on body mass index of adult Bathudis: a tribal population of Keonjhar District, Orissa, India.

A cross-sectional study was undertaken to determine anthropometric profile and nutritional status based on body mass index (BMI) of adult Bathudis, a tribal population of Orissa, India. A total of 409 adult (aged >18 years) Bathudis of three villages of Anandapur, Keonjhar District, Orissa, India, were studied. Anthropometric measurements including height, weight, circumferences and skinfolds as well as BMI and waist-hip ratio (WHR) were measured. Overall, the extent of undernutrition (BMI < 18.5) was found to be very high (57.9%). Moreover, there was a significant (chi(2)= 8.09674, P = 0.01745) difference in the prevalence of undernutrition between men (52.7%) and women (64.5%). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the prevalence of adult undernutrition was found to be very high among the Bathudis, a tribal population of Keonjhar District, Orissa. These rates were much higher than those found in several tribal populations from other parts of India. Therefore, immediate nutritional intervention programs are needed for implementation among Bathudis. Moreover, further research is needed not only among this ethnic group but also other tribal populations of India to fully understand the causes and consequences of adult undernutrition.

Adult↗