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At least 1,711 records · Page 95Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

The currently accepted model of primary energy conversion in the plant photosystems must be substantially modernized.

According to the current model of primary events in plants, electronic excitations generated in antenna chlorophylls (Chl) by the light rapidly migrate within vast Chl ensembles, reach the reaction centres (RCs) and initiate the primary photoreactions of electron transfer from the RC special pairs (P700 and P680 in plant photosystems). A minor portion of electronic excitations is lost en route, in particular, via fluorescence of Chl a. A number of fluorescence parameters in vivo had been reliably established in many independent studies. Based on these parameters, the author calculated a dimensionless value, the ratio of fluorescence yields emitted by PS-2 and PS-1 Chl a ensembles. The ratio proved to differ 5-10 times from that obtained in experiments. Such a divergence seems to indicate an internal discrepancy in the currently used model. The author proposes a substantial modernization of the model by introducing a new subpicosecond state for RCs, which precedes the primary reaction of electron transfer from the RC special pairs.

Electron Transport↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Characteristics and aims of modern centers of audio-phonetics].

The organisation and aims of a modern audiology and phoniatrics centre are described. In children the centre identifies hearing defects as early as possible, and provides for re-education, to facilitate acceptance in normal society. In adults the centre arranges schemes for the prevention or limitation of occupational deafness, and makes a precise assessment of the degree of severity and type of lesione encountered as a result of any other aetiopathogenic factors, suggesting the most appropriate forms of therapy (medical, surgical or prosthesis). Conventional audiometry methods are employed, together with the most recent types of objective audiometry (psychogalvanometry, electroencephaloaudiometry, electrocochleography).

Audiometry↗
PubMed2001

[Birth environmental modification: needs of mother and child in modern obstetrics].

This paper evaluates changes which all ready has been done and still are taking place in obstetrics according to World Health Organisation recommendations in relation to women's increasing expectation from obstetric hospitals and maternity units. The needs of parturients and theirs children are not in contrary to the needs of modern obstetrics. An attempt has been done to disclose concurrent points to work up the best obstetrics health care model after 2000 year. The author emphasizes that progressive technicalization in obstetrics could not indicate its dehumanization.

Environment↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Medicine in ancient Egypt, a fascinating level of modernity].

Our knowledge about ancient Egyptian medicine (throughout more than three millennia) comes from some papyri, as those of Ebers and Smith, thousands of mummies or skeletons and multiple temples and tumbs decorations. Doctors were initially priests and embalmers which explain their good level in anatomy. The most famous of all, imhotep, who was also architect and minister, became a god of medicine. First hospitals developed from temples. Modern investigation tools are useful for studying on human remains the most prevalent diseases at these times which are comparable with our current medical problems. An increasing number of scientific data, which some examples are reported herein, argue in favor of a fascinating level of advancement of ancient Egyptian medicine in the field of diagnosis and therapy.

Anatomy↗
PubMed1996

[A brief history of western hospital in modern Shanghai].

This paper introduces the brief history of western hospital in modern Shanghai. It deals with this problem under the following three headings: missionary western hospital, public western hospital and private western hospital.

China↗
PubMed1995

[Modern history of gynecology in China].

Dealing with the modern history (1850-1949) of the establishment and development of Gynecology in China, this paper claims that the sprouting period covers the time prior to 1899. After 1991 Gynecology developed steadily due to the advancement of surgery, pathology, bacteriology and anesthesiology. During this period, there were definite improvements in Gynecology diagnosis, treatment of pelvic inflammation and gynecological endocrinology.

China↗
PubMed1992

[Dr. Choi Myung-Hak, the first modern Korean anatomist].

Though it is known that the concept of anatomy was introduced in the age of Three Kingdoms, anatomy in modern sense meaning was introduced in late Chosun Dynasty by western missionary doctors. From that time on the lecture of anatomy was not given by anatomists until early 1910s. The first Korean anatomist of medical school graduates was Choi Myung Hak, graduated from Severance Union Medical College (SUMC) in 1926. He was born in 1898 at Ham Heung (Ham Gyung Nam Do Province), and entered SUMC in 1922 and graduated in 1926. He was in charge of anatomy for two years after graduation, and then he went to Kyoto Imperial University Medical College (KIUMC) and reserched under the direction of Dr. Ogawa in the field of experimental embryology and histology. He returned to Korea in 1930 and then became a lecturer in January 1931. His Doctorial thesis was recepted by KIUMC on April 18th 1932. So he became the first Korean Doctor of anatomy. He promoted to professor in February 1922. His publications can be seen in Folia anatomica Japonica. In 1934 he became a councillor of the Japanese Association of Anatomist. He resigned SUMC because of some kind of problem of the school. From that time on Chung, Il-Chun who was appointed as a lecturer in 1934 was in charge of department of anatomy.

Anatomy↗
PubMed1996

[Sixty years of study on modern Chinese medical history].

This author gives a general description to the study of modern Chinese medical history in the last six decades, which is divided into 3 stages of Initiation, Accumulation and Development, introducing representative works from all stages with emphasis laid on the achievements attained in the last stage.

China↗
PubMed1994

[Textbooks of western medicine in the early modernization period].

The first modern hospital, royal Kwang-Hye-Won (House of Extended Grace) was established in April of 1885, whose name was changed into royal Che-Jung-Won (House of Helpfulness) in several days. Private (not royal) Je-Jung-Won opened its Medical School in 1899. And the teachers composed of western missionaries taught some Korean student-assistants the Western medicine with English textbooks in English. With very low effectiveness of teaching due to language barrier, Dr. Avison, the principal of that school decided to write medical textbooks in Korean. At first he tried to translate Henry Gray's Anatomy of 1859. In the effort he referred some Chinese and Japanese medical books. With that reason, we can find many Japanese style medical terms in some medical books of his. On the other hand, Eui-Hak-Kyo (the Medical School) was established by the Government of Dae-Han Empire in 1899. The teaching staff of the school published medical textbooks in Korean, some of which were written by Japanese doctors. After the Japanese annexation of Korea in 1910, Japanese government forced teachers of the school to teach with Japanese medical books and to speak Japanese in teaching. ...

Education, Medical↗
PubMed1997

John Gregory (1724-1773) and his lectures on the duties and qualifications of a physician establishing modern medical ethics on the base of the moral philosophy and the theory of science of the empiric British Enlightenment.

In 1769/70 the Scottish physician and philosopher John Gregory (1724-1773) published Lectures On the Duties and Qualifications of a Physician. Gregory developed a truely ethical - in the sense of (moral) philosophically based - system of conduct in a physician. His concept of practising and teaching ethics in medicine and science is established on a very broad footing: combining Bacon's (1561-1626) general philosophy of nature and science with both, the general, likewise empirically based moral philosophy of his personal friend David Hume (1711-1776), and with the principles upheld by the so-called Common-Sense Philosophy. His Lectures had - particularly via the famous Code of Medical Ethics of Thomas Percival (1740-1804) - a decisive influence on our contemporary concepts of ethics in medicine and science. John Gregory is, without doubt, one of the most important and certainly the most comprehensive among the founders of what is known today as modern Bioethics.

Bioethics↗
PubMed1999

The life of Dr. Masao Sumita (1878-1946), a founder of modern orthopaedic surgery in Kyushu.

The life of Dr. Masao Sumita, who was the first professor of the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery at Kyushu University in Fukuoka during 1912-1925, was one of the founders of modern orthopaedic surgery in Japan. His technique of operative procedures had gained a national reputation, and the successful results of his operations of arthroplasty in over 300 joints, along with his other enormous academic achievements were reported. However, he was accused of conducting private clinic activities outside the university hospital, which was considered illegal as a national public official. The free attitude to medical practice that he had experienced during his stay in European countries, where conducting private clinic work, even outside the national university was approved, led to this unjustifiable incident in Japan. He was subsequently purged from the university due to this accusation. In his family life he was survived by his wife and four children. His life story seemed to the author to be a drama with rise and fall. Consequently, the author would like to reveal Sumita's outstanding academic achievements and real personal image as an ingenious surgeon and scholar, in spite of the sorrowful aspect of his life.

General Surgery↗
PubMed1995

[Is Władysław Ołtuszewski a creator of modern phoniatrics in Poland?].

In 1880 Władysław Ołtuszewski founded the faulty articulation infirmary, which was functioning until 1892. He was also working (1884-1892) at the department of Dr Heryng, one of the pioneers of Polish laryngology. He was involved in a welfare work in Warsaw Charity Society. He supported his interest in physiopathology of speech with studies in foreign centres in Germany and France. In 1892 he founded the "Warsaw Therapeutic Institution for persons stricken with speech deviations". It was the first phoniatric infirmary. He was delivering lectures, talks and he published tens papers in field of speech physiopathology. He was indicating the connection of dysphasia with psychiatric disorders. The author has presented in his article the main assumptions of the most valuable book by Ołtuszewski: Study of the science on speech and its deviations, and speech hygiene, published in 1905, pointing out that compared with the books by foreign authors the contents of this one was much ampler and more modern. He has also presented the comprehensive picture of Ołtuszewski's scientific output and wide non-scientific interests.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed1998

[Pavie: one of the pioneers of modern medicine in Brazil].

This is a brief biography and analysis of Pavie's medical work, who at the beginning of our century, practiced medicine in the broad area of Minas Gerais (Brazil). As a consequence of his great professional activity and correspondence with European medical centres, he developed a highly sophisticated practice of medicine for the time, in a poor region far from any brazilian urban centres resources. The success of Pavie's innovative work became one of the first accounts of true modern medical pioneering in Brazil.

Brazil↗
PubMed1993

[History of professionalization of modern clinical pharmacist (2): reformation of medical systems before and after the French Revolution].

Paradoxically the medical reformation at the French Revolution is based on two concepts; one was the free medical and pharmaceutical practices without professional licence and another was the nationalistic centralization. The newborn nationalistically centralized institution was applied simultaneously in the field of politics and modern medicine. The physicians of "Société Royale de Médecine" started to investigate the epidemic diseases all over France in 1778. After the French Revolution, it soon developed into a larger public organization that represented the knowledge of medicine and the collegiate mind of the Société shared among the practicioners.

Clinical Medicine↗
PubMed1993

[Back to the origins of the modern physiology of human motion].

Curiosity and attention for human morphology are the main features of artistic expression during the age of Humanism. However, the need to discover the inner mechanism that links the outer shape with the bodily dynamics, led Leonardo to study myoarticular and skeleton functions, which were to be first dealt with by the iatrophysic school in the XVII century. The postulates of this school were to become the foundations of the modern physiology of the locomotive apparatus.

History, 15th Century↗
PubMed1994

[Hans Spemann, the founder of modern developmental biology].

Hans Spemann (1869-1941), Nobel laureate of 1935, is one of the most remarkable biologists of the 20th century and the founder of modern experimental embryology (developmental biology). His embryonic separation experiments contributed greatly to the long-lasting debate between the advocates of the theories of preformation vs. epigenesis, and his subsequent transplantation experiments laid the basis of the concept of embryonic induction. The first of these classic experiments can be precisely dated to May 8, 1921, when one of Spemannn's students, Hilde Pröscholdt, performed a transplantation experiment with a fragment of a new gastrula blastopore lip. The dates, operation strategies and findings have recently been confirmed when the original experimental protocols and slides were found. The findings and the idea of induction were published in 1924, and this fundamental paper is still widely quoted. As shown by a citation analysis, the article is today collecting an increasing number of quotations reflecting a Renaissance of the field. For the Finnish school of development biology, Spemann and his basic ideas have been of pivotal importance.

Embryology↗