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PubMed1998

Grandparents' visitation rights and custody.

Grandparents have traditionally played a central role in the family kinship system. Today the altered patterns of marriage and parenting have had an impact on family structures, including intergenerational family relationships. Grandparent visitation statutes have been established in all 50 states to permit grandparents to seek court-ordered visitation with their grandchildren. Court-ordered visitation, over the objection of a custodial parent, is a controversial legal development that continues to be litigated. All states also have laws that authorize third-party custody, including grandparent custody, in certain circumstances. Grandparents are increasingly involved in third-party custody disputes with the parents of their grandchildren. These disputes most commonly involve grandparents who have already been raising their grandchildren for several years under an informal arrangement. These disputes may pit the child's and grandparents' interest in continuity and care against the parents' interest in family integrity. In other custody disputes grandparents are challenging the parents' fitness for custody. There are a number of different custodial relationships that can be created between grandparent and grandchild, including informal custody, foster care, guardianship, and adoption. In custody disputes between a grandparent and a parent, there may be a tension between awarding custody according to the parent's natural right and awarding custody according to the child's best interest.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Dead mothers and injured wives: the social context of maternal morbidity and mortality among the Hausa of northern Nigeria.

Northern Nigeria has a maternal mortality ratio greater than 1,000 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. Serious maternal morbidity (for example, vesico-vaginal fistula) is also common. Among the most important factors contributing to this tragic situation are: an Islamic culture that undervalues women; a perceived social need for women's reproductive capacities to be under strict male control; the practice of purdah (wife seclusion), which restricts women's access to medical care; almost universal female illiteracy; marriage at an early age and pregnancy often occurring before maternal pelvic growth is complete; a high rate of obstructed labor; directly harmful traditional medical beliefs and practices; inadequate facilities to deal with obstetric emergencies; a deteriorating economy; and a political culture marked by rampant corruption and inefficiency. The convergence of all of these factors has resulted in one of the worst records of female reproductive health existing anywhere in the world.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Sex ratio and parental age gap.

We tested the hypothesis that a large age difference between parents can shift the sex ratio at birth in favor of males, as Manning et al. (1997) suggested in their analysis of English and Welsh data. Among children born in Lombardy (northern Italy) in 1990 and 1991, we observed an anomalous excess of males born to a particular subsample of parents with a wide age gap (> 15 yr) between them; in the overall sample the father-mother age gap does not significantly contribute to the determination of the child's sex.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The doctor's troubled marriage.

BACKGROUND: Reports about the health of doctors have included claims of an increased risk of unhappy marital and family relationships. Recent studies cast doubt on these pessimistic conclusions but certain patterns of troubled marriages seem to exist as do certain stressors, to which doctors may be particularly susceptible. OBJECTIVE: To describe the individual and interpersonal dynamics of problematic marriages commonly encountered among medical practitioners and to review some common stressors in medical marriages in general. DISCUSSION: Three commonly encountered patterns of troubled marriages are described and the ways they develop in the context of medical training and practice. The large increase in the number of women doctors in the past 20 years has brought new challenges to women and men seeking to balance their family and professional commitments.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Pattern formation in integrative biology--a marriage of theory and experiment.

The interdisciplinary challenge to discover the underlying mechanisms in the generation of biological pattern and form are central issues in development. In this review we briefly discuss the philosophy of such an integrative biology approach. We then describe one pattern formation approach which has intimate ties to experiment, namely the mechano-chemical theory. We discuss, by way of example, the successful use of such a framework in the formation of cell-matrix networks, intimately associated with angiogenesis. All of the model parameters are estimated from experiment and the results of the model analysis compare well with experiment. We conclude with some general views on the use of models in biology.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Consanguineous marriage within social/occupational class boundaries in Pakistan.

Data on patterns of consanguineous marriage were collected from 5340 families resident in eight cities in the Pakistan province of Punjab. To assess whether social and/or occupational class was interacting with consanguinity, information also was obtained on the hereditary qaum to which each family belonged. In the present generation 46.5% of all marriages were contracted at the level of second cousin or closer, with an average coefficient of inbreeding (F) of 0.0286, and the results indicated that in each of the seventeen qaums there was strong preference for marriage to a close biological relative. However, significant differences existed in the distribution of consanguineous marriage by qaum membership, which could interfere with the interpretation of studies into the biological effects of inbreeding.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1997

[Diagnosis and treatment in infertile marriage].

The paper gives data on the frequency and pattern of infertile marriage by referrals to the clinic of infertility, Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. Tubuloperitoneal disorders are the leading and challenging abnormality in aphoria. Endometriosis and endocrine types of infertility occupy the second place in their incidence. Emphasis is laid on the role of laparoscopy in the complex examination of infertile females. Analysis of the causes of male infertility suggests that abnormalities resultant from sexually transmitted diseases are prevalent. The diagnosis and treatment of marriage infertility caused by immunological and psychogenic factors call for further development.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Early marriage and early motherhood in Nepal.

This paper examines age patterns of first marriage and motherhood and covariates of early marriage, delayed consummation of marriage and early motherhood in Nepal using data from the 2000 Nepal Adolescent and Young Adult Survey (NAYA). Both unmarried and married male and female youths (age 14-22) were included in the survey. The analysis is based on 2800 urban youths and 5075 rural youths with complete information on the variables examined. Proportional hazard models are used to estimate covariates of early marriage and early motherhood, and logistic regression models are used to estimate covariates of delayed consummation of marriage. The results show that early marriage and early motherhood are quite common among Nepalese women, especially in rural areas. Early marriage is much less common among men. Delayed consummation of marriage is common among very young brides, especially in rural areas. The main covariates associated with early marriage and early motherhood are respondent's education, region of residence and ethnicity. The main covariates of delayed consummation of marriage are age at first marriage, region of residence and ethnicity. The study highlights the need to focus on less educated female youths in the Terai region in order to reduce the reproductive and child health risks associated with early marriage and early childbearing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

American marriage in the early twenty-first century.

During the past century the U.S. family system has seen vast changes--in marriage and divorce rates, cohabitation, childbearing, sexual behavior, and women's work outside the home. Andrew Cherlin reviews these historic changes, noting that marriage remains the most common living arrangement for raising children, but that children, especially poor and minority children, are increasingly likely to grow up in single-parent families and to experience family instability. Cherlin describes the economic and cultural forces that have transformed family life. Job market changes have drawn married women into the work force and deprived less-educated men of the blue-collar jobs by which they traditionally supported their families. And effective contraception and legalized abortion have eroded the norm of marriage before childbearing. Cherlin notes that sentiment in favor of marriage appears to be stronger in the United States than in other developed countries. The share of U.S. adults who are likely to marry is higher, but so is the share likely to divorce. U.S. children are also more likely to live in single-parent families at some time in their childhood. Although nearly all Americans, whether poor or well-to-do, hold to marriage as an ideal, today marriage is increasingly optional. To a greater extent than ever before, individuals can choose whether to form a family on their own, in a cohabiting relationship, or in a marriage. Given U.S. patterns of swift transitions into and out of marriage and high rates of single parenthood, American policymakers eager to promote marriage are unlikely to be able to raise U.S. family stability to levels typical of other developed countries. Consequently, a family policy that relies too heavily on marriage will not help the many children destined to live in single-parent and cohabiting families--many of them poor--during their formative years. Assistance must be directed to needy families, regardless of their household structure. Policymakers must craft a careful balance of marriage-based and marriage-neutral programs to provide adequate support to American children.

Birth Rate↗
PubMed1996

Gender, age and the marriage market: evidence on marriage in late adulthood in Russia.

"In this paper I explore one specific type of informal support, marital unions, and the ways in which patterns suggest differential access to this support mechanism based on age and sex. Through an examination of marriage patterns in the Russian Federation I show that women may be disadvantaged by low levels of access to marital unions past the age of 50 due to high differential mortality and age differentials at marriage. For both sexes, the probability of marital entrance is negatively related to age, but the negative influence of age follows different paths for men and women. In spite of high sex differentials in mortality, findings indicate that men, over 50 and outside of marital unions, are far more likely to marry than their female counterparts regardless of residence or age."

Age Factors↗
PubMed1991

From marriage to informal union: recent changes in the behaviour of French couples.

The author uses data from the 1986 Family History Survey conducted in France to examine patterns of entry into marriage and the range of informal unions that exist. "Since unmarried cohabitation is only recent for first unions, we shall confine our analysis to first unions and, for homogeneity, to those begun before the 30th birthday." She examines the effects of occupational status and social background on marriage decisions.

Behavior↗
PubMed2005

The age difference at marriage in England and Wales: a century of patterns and trends.

In the last 100 years the mean age difference at marriage in England and Wales has fluctuated in the range 2-3 years, but without exhibiting any long-run trend. Nevertheless, an age gap of 2-3 years is not typical. A 1-year gap is the most common in recent years and there is a good deal of variation between couples. Marriage partners are closer in age than would be predicted if men and women were matched at random by age. There is little evidence that the age difference is governed by strong social norms. Some explanations for diversity and change in the age difference are discussed.

England↗
PubMed1991

Patterns of entry into cohabitation and marriage among mainland Puerto Rican women.

This paper adds to our limited knowledge of racial and ethnic variation in union formation by describing and analyzing the first unions of mainland Puerto Rican women. Retrospective history data show that Puerto Ricans have shared in the post-1970 shift toward cohabitation. Puerto Rican women, however, are much more likely to enter informal first unions than the general population, and have a low propensity to transform informal unions into legal marriages. The paper examines the influence of family background and current activities on union timing and type. The relationship between partner attributes and the choice between formal and informal coupling is also considered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Age at first marriage and age at first birth.

This paper presents findings on patterns of age of 1st marriage and age of 1st birth for 41 countries participating in the World Fertility Survey program. The age distribution of 1st marriage and 1st birth is summarized with 3 statistics: the mean, the standard deviation, and the proportion ever experiencing the event. The particular method of estimation is based on a model that ensures that estimates for all cohorts are comparable, even though some women have completed their reproductive experience while others have not. The analysis provides insights into sources of error in the reporting of age at 1st birth. In addition, trends and cross-country patterns are documented and conclusions are drawn about the adequacy of these statistics for the description of patterns of age at 1st birth and age at 1st marriage.

Age Factors↗