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At least 1,711 records · Page 95Linked to original sources
PubMed1979

Profile, data, and management of two learning resource centers, 1970--1978.

Eight years' data have been collected in the operation of learning resource centers (LRCs) for medical and dental students at the Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University. Data present evidence of high utilization of facilities and materials, including the successful use of small group cluster carrels. Management concepts and strategies to account for the data are identified and the LRC profile discussed for an understanding of how the strategies are implemented. These management concepts--responsiveness to students, interaction with faculty, and delivery of coordinated service--are transferable to other institutions and serve as guidlines for efficient management of LRC space, staff, equipment, and acquisition in support of medical and dental school curricula.

Libraries, Dental↗
PubMed2006

Reconstruction of the inventory of materia medica used by members of the Jewish community of medieval Cairo according to prescriptions found in the Taylor-Schechter Genizah collection, Cambridge.

The Taylor-Schechter (T-S) collection at Cambridge University Library is the biggest of all Cairo Genizah collections in the world. The importance and the potential of research into the medical aspects of the Genizah documents were clear to researcher since the early 1960s. A few works have been published since, usually focusing on one subject, or even important single manuscripts. The current research concerned mainly with one aspect of the history of medicine of the Jewish community of Cairo (as a reflection of Eastern medieval societies), namely the practical uses of natural substances for medicine. The most interesting and original information is undoubtedly to be found in the 141 prescriptions, as they reflect the medical reality that actually existed. And indeed, 242 substances were recorded in the prescriptions identified: 195 substances of plants origin (80.6%), 27 inorganic materials (11.2%) and 20 substances of animal origin (8.2%) were recorded as being in practical used for medicinal purposes. The most frequently mentioned substances were the rose, myrobalan, sugar, almonds, and endive. The most prevalent ailments: eye diseases, headache, constipations (purgative), cough, skin diseases, stomach, fever, gynaecological problems, haemorrhoids, liver ailments, lice, swellings, dental trouble, ulcers, and problems of the urinary tract.

Cough↗
PubMed1998

Cloning, expression, and characterization of mouse tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI).

Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) acts to regulate the initiation of coagulation by first inhibiting factor Xa. The complex of factor Xa/TFPI then inhibits the factor VIIa/tissue factor complex. The cDNA sequences of TFPI from several different species have been previously reported. A high level of similarity is present among TFPIs at the molecular level (DNA and protein sequences) as well as in biochemical function (inhibition of factor Xa, VIIa/tissue factor). In this report, we used a PCR-based screening method to clone cDNA for full length TFPI from a mouse macrophage cDNA library. Both cDNA and predicted protein sequences show significant homology to the other reported TFPI sequences, especially to that of rat. Mouse TFPI has a signal peptide of 28 amino acid residues followed by the mature protein (in which the signal peptide is removed) which has 278 amino acid residues. Mouse TFPI, like that of other species, consists of three tandem Kunitz type domains. Recombinant mouse TFPI was expressed in the human kidney cell line 293 and purified for functional assays. When using human clotting factors to investigate the inhibition spectrum of mouse TFPI, it was shown that, in addition to human factor Xa, mouse TFPI inhibits human factors VIIa, IXa, as well as factor XIa. Cloning and expression of the mouse TFPI gene will offer useful information and material for coagulation studies performed in a mouse model system.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

A selected, annotated list of materials that support the development of policies designed to reduce racial and ethnic health disparities.

Research documents the existence of racial and ethnic health disparities. As a result, policy makers are seeking to address these disparities. This list is a starting point for building or updating a collection that supports this policy development process. It is written for health policy librarians and researchers and includes annotated recommendations for books, periodicals, government publications, and Websites. Entries for print publications are primarily from 1998 to 2003.

Book Selection↗
PubMed2001

Standardized measurements and differential spectroscopy in microplates.

Microplates (MPs) are excellent devices for the parallel processing of multiple samples for the spectroscopic analysis of chromophores and turbidity, for luminometric measurements, for cell culture applications, or simply for sample storage, library organization, and other high-throughput (HTP) processes. Disadvantages include an ill-defined pathlength, meniscus formation, evaporation, and cross-contamination. Here, we have developed a novel MP and lid system which can serve to minimize these drawbacks. Cup-like lids are inserted into MP wells. Thereby, liquid is pushed aside. The flat bottoms of the cup-like lids guarantee a planar interface and a defined pathlength. In addition, the devised MP system allows for differential spectroscopic analysis of multiple samples comparable to measurements in tandem cuvettes. This was shown by the investigation of the binding of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide to dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase. The MP lid system described offers a low-cost solution for standardized spectrophotometric quantitations in any solvent compatible with the MP/lid material. In addition to the system's suitability for routine MP application, it should be advantageous as a simple and noninvasive method, i.e., no labeling and immobilization of analytes is required for detection of the interaction of molecules, for various HTP applications and drug screening purposes.

Binding Sites↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Kidney disease in medieval Serbian manuscripts from the Chilandar monastery (Mount Athos, Greece).

In the Chilandar monastery (Mount Athos, Greece) library, a collection of medical texts written in the Old Serbian Slavonic language was discovered in 1952. Because of its size and comprehensiveness, this manuscript was named the Chilandar Medical Codex. The Collection contains several manuscripts, which according to modern medical terminology, the manuscripts can be classified as texts on Internal Medicine, Infectious diseases, Toxicology, Pediatrics, Pharmacology and Surgery, belonging to different time periods. The oldest part, Text on uroscopy, is considered to have been written in 13th or 14th century and consists of 35 text pages divided into 62 paragraphs. Following the popular uroscopy methodology of macroscopic examination of urine, this text contains detailed descriptions of urine characteristics (color, consistency, sediment, odor), as well as a convincing Hippocratic description of urine formation from the filtration of metabolic and waste materials (involving the four humors) rather than blood and fumes (toxic metabolites) according to the theory of Theophilus Protospatharius and Isaac Israeli. Precise descriptions of normal and pathological urine characteristics are provided. Although kidney anatomy and function is unclear, the urinary bladder is very undoubtedly described as an organ for urine collection. In the Chilandar Medical Codex, there are about one hundred descriptions of kidney and urinary tract diseases and disorders. Many symptoms and syndromes such as hematuria, dysuria, pyuria, renal colic, anuria, polyuria, edema and dropsy, urine retention and fever, are incorporated in the broader clinical pictures of lithiasis of the kidney and/or bladder, pyelonephritis, cystitis, necrotic renal disease indicative of renal tuberculosis and tumors, acute and chronic nephritis, renal failure, and gout. Specific pharmacological prescriptions, mostly simple or compound herbal medicines, are given for each of those renal ailments.

Greece↗
PubMed2003

Biosynthetic processing of cathepsins and lysosomal degradation are abolished in asparaginyl endopeptidase-deficient mice.

Asparaginyl endopeptidase (AEP)/legumain, an asparagine-specific cysteine proteinase in animals, is an ortholog of plant vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE), which processes the exposed asparagine residues of various vacuolar proteins. In search for its physiological role in mammals, here we generated and characterized AEP-deficient mice. Although their body weights were significantly reduced, they were normally born and fertile. In the wild-type kidney where the expression of AEP was exceedingly high among various organs, the localization of AEP was mainly found in the lamp-2-positive late endosomes in the apical region of the proximal tubule cells. In these cells of AEP-deficient mice, the lamp-2-positive membrane structures were found to be greatly enlarged. These aberrant lysosomes, merged with the late endosomes, accumulated electron-dense and membranous materials. Furthermore, the processing of the lysosomal proteases, cathepsins B, H, and L, from the single-chain forms into the two-chain forms was completely defected in the deficient mice. Thus, the AEP deficiency caused the accumulation of macromolecules in the lysosomes, highlighting a pivotal role of AEP in the endosomal/lysosomal degradation system.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Cloning, restriction endonuclease mapping and partial sequence analysis of the genome of human herpesvirus 7 strain JI.

Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7) is a recently isolated herpesvirus that has been shown to be related to human cytomegalovirus and human herpesvirus 6 and to be a member of the betaherpesvirus subgroup. Here we report the cloning, restriction endonuclease mapping and partial sequence analysis of HHV-7 strain JI DNA. Virus particles were obtained from the supernatant of infected SupT1 cells, the DNA isolated by proteinase K treatment-phenol extraction, and full-length viral DNA was purified and isolated on a pulsed-field gel. Aliquots of this highly purified material were treated in the following ways: (i) sonicated and end-repaired to create short randomly sheared fragments for cloning into M13mp 18-Smal vector DNA; (ii) cut with EcoRI for cloning into EcoRI-cut lambda ZAPII or lambda DASHII vectors; (iii) cut with BamHI for cloning into BamHI-cut lambda ZAP-Express or lambda DASHII vectors. Partial nucleotide sequencing of the M13 clones followed by detection of open reading frames and their translation allowed the identification of homologues through FASTA searches of the database. Relevant M13 clones were used as probes to isolate corresponding lambda phage clones, which could tentatively be mapped to the genome on the basis of presumed genetic collinearity between HHV-7 and HHV-6. Genomic "walking' between EcoRI and BamHI lambda genomic libraries enabled overlapping neighbouring clones to be identified and mapped. Each of these clones was analysed to map BamHI, EcoRI, Sa/l, Smal and Xhol restriction endonuclease sites to provide complete endonuclease maps for the entire genome.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

The availability of health information in South Africa.

The South African Medical Research Council (MRC) has provided access to on-line health and biomedical information since 1976, when the MRC became an international partner of NLM. This was done to support research and health care when the Institute of Biomedical Communication was established. The institute has since reorganized and is now the Information Systems Division in the Research Systems Support Group MRC. he MRC and medical libraries in South Africa are able to access various automated services via telecommunication. The major systems available are MEDLARS, DIALOG, DATASTAR and BRS, with ECRI being the latest addition; most used are MEDLARS and DIALOG. New technologies (e.g., CD-ROM) have given more people access. This technology is not available to many people working in Primary Health Care (PHC), as they do not have access to computer networks. Beyond on-line is statistical and printed information, called "Gray Literature," not accessible through on-line systems as it is not published in conventional sources used to build databases. With a shift to Essential National Health Research and the focus on PHC and preventative medicine, demand for health information and "gray literature" is growing. The MRC collects and produces this material and has its own database called SAMED, which is to be made available to others as our contribution to health. It is hoped to make this available for inclusion in the proposed African Index Medicus presently investigated by the World Health Organization. Africa as a continent, and South Africa as a country, are experiencing major changes in health care and medical practice, and inevitably, provision of health information services. With South Africa's re-entry into the global village and its acceptance by the rest of Africa, it can be a key player in information provision to the rest of the continent. The MRC, as a major provider of Health information, can play a vital role in the information flow throughout Africa by continuously improving and expanding its services. A large proportion of South Africans live in rural areas where health care is provided by clinics not linked to information networks. This does not mean these clinics are excluded from the use of information. The major challenge is to find the ways and means of getting the relevant information to these clinics. Information is needed to help with patient care and continuing education. With this in mind, the MRC is evaluating different formats in which information can be supplied. Due to the lack of computer literacy, facilities, and financial constraints, it is better to supply printed information. With the spread of technology through the country and continent, it can be assumed that information flow and transfer will be more rapid. Repackaging of information means that it is possible to get the relevant information to the right people at the right time. The first such package developed is for hospital managers. With the help from experts in the field of PHC, it is hoped to develop packages aimed specifically at the CHWs and other workers in the field. All packages developed by the MRC are backed by a document provision service, using the most cost-effective route to obtain documents. A printed product must comply with certain criteria; these are: 1) purpose for which the information is needed; 2) kind of information needed and the format in which it is needed; 3) when the information is needed; 4) is the information to be supplied on an ongoing basis i.e., updated with latest information; 5) cost involved; and 6) how to get the information to the relevant user.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed2001

Eubacterial arylamine N-acetyltransferases - identification and comparison of 18 members of the protein family with conserved active site cysteine, histidine and aspartate residues.

Arylamine N-acetyltransferases (NATs) are enzymes involved in the detoxification of a range of arylamine and hydrazine-based xenobiotics. NATs have been implicated in the endogenous metabolism of p-aminobenzoyl glutamate in eukaryotes, although very little is known about the distribution and function of NAT in the prokaryotic kingdom. Using DNA library screening techniques and the analysis of data from whole-genome sequencing projects, we have identified 18 nat-like sequences from the Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. Recently, the three-dimensional structure of NAT derived from the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium (PDB accession code 1E2T) was resolved and revealed an active site catalytic triad composed of Cys(69)-His(107)-Asp(122). These residues have been shown to be conserved in all prokaryotic and eukaryotic NAT homologues together with three highly conserved regions which are found proximal to the active site triad. The characterization of prokaryotic NATs and NAT-like enzymes is reported. It is also predicted that prokaryotic NATs, based on gene cluster composition and distribution amongst genomes, participate in the metabolism of xenobiotics derived from decomposition of organic materials.

Amino Acid Motifs↗
PubMed2001

Prokaryotic DNA polymerase I: evolution, structure, and "base flipping" mechanism for nucleotide selection.

Accurate transmission of DNA material from one generation to the next is crucial for prolonged cell survival. Following the discovery of DNA polymerse I in Escherichia coli, the DNA polymerase I class of enzymes has served as the prototype for studies on structural and biochemical mechanisms of DNA replication. Recently, a series of genomic, mutagenesis and structural investigations have provided key insights into how Pol I class of enzymes function and evolve. X-ray crystal structures of at least three Pol I class of enzymes have been solved in the presence of DNA and dNTP, thus allowing a detailed description of a productive replication complex. Rapid-quench stop-flow studies have helped define individual steps during nucleotide incorporation and conformational changes that are rate limiting during catalysis. Studies in our laboratory have generated large libraries of active mutant enzymes (8000) containing a variety of substitutions within the active site, some of which exhibit altered biochemical properties. Extensive genomic information of Pol I has recently become available, as over 50 polA genes from different prokaryotic species have been sequenced. In light of these advancements, we review here the structure-function relationships of Pol I, and we highlight those interactions that are responsible for the high fidelity of DNA synthesis. We present a mechanism for "flipping" of the complementary template base to enhance interactions with the incoming nucleotide substrate during DNA synthesis.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Analysis of a mammography teaching program based on an affordance design model.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The wide use of computer technology in education, particularly in mammogram reading, asks for e-learning evaluation. The existing media comparative studies, learner attitude evaluations, and performance tests are problematic. Based on an affordance design model, this study examined an existing e-learning program on mammogram reading. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The selection criteria include content relatedness, representativeness, e-learning orientation, image quality, program completeness, and accessibility. A case study was conducted to examine the affordance features, functions, and presentations of the selected software. Data collection and analysis methods include interviews, protocol-based document analysis, and usability tests and inspection. Also some statistics were calculated. RESULTS: The examination of PBE identified that this educational software designed and programmed some tools. The learner can use these tools in the process of optimizing displays, scanning images, comparing different projections, marking the region of interests, constructing a descriptive report, assessing one's learning outcomes, and comparing one's decisions with the experts' decisions. Further, PBE provides some resources for the learner to construct one's knowledge and skills, including a categorized image library, a term-searching function, and some teaching links. Besides, users found it easy to navigate and carry out tasks. The users also reacted positively toward PBE's navigation system, instructional aids, layout, pace and flow of information, graphics, and other presentation design. CONCLUSION: The software provides learners with some cognitive tools, supporting their perceptual problem-solving processes and extending their capabilities. Learners can internalize the mental models in mammogram reading through multiple perceptual triangulations, sensitization of related features, semantic description of mammogram findings, and expert-guided semantic report construction. The design of these cognitive tools and the software interface matches the findings and principles in human learning and instructional design. Working with PBE's case-based simulations and categorized gallery, learners can enrich and transfer their experience to their jobs.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2001

Phage display combinatorial libraries of short peptides: ligand selection for protein purification.

A library of heptapeptides displayed on the surface of filamentous phage M13 was evaluated as a potential source of affinity ligands for the purification of Rhizomucor miehei lipase. Two independent selection (biopanning) protocols were employed: the enzyme was either physically adsorbed on polystyrene or chemically immobilized on small magnetic beads. From screening with the polystyrene-adsorbed lipase it was found that there was a rapid enrichment of the library with "doublet" clones i.e. the phage species which carried two consecutive sequences of heptapeptides, whilst no such clones were observed from the screening using lipase attached to magnetic beads. The binding of the best clones to the enzyme was unambiguously confirmed by ELISA. However the synthetic heptapeptide of identical sequence to the best "monomeric" clone did not act as a satisfactory affinity ligand after immobilization on Sepharose. This indicated that the interaction with lipase was due to both the heptapeptide and the presence of a part of the phage coat protein. This conclusion was further verified by immobilizing the whole phage on the surface of magnetic beads and using the resulting conjugate as an affinity adsorbent. The scope of application of this methodology and the possibility of preparing phage-based affinity materials are briefly discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1990

Drosophila melanogaster troponin-T mutations engender three distinct syndromes of myofibrillar abnormalities.

In vertebrates troponin complexes interact co-operatively with tropomyosin dimers to modulate skeletal muscle contraction. In order further to investigate troponin assembly and function in vivo, we are developing molecular genetic approaches. Here we report characterization of the gene that encodes Drosophila tropinin-T and analyses of muscle defects engendered by several mutant alleles. We found that the Drosophila troponin-T locus specifies at least three proteins having sequences similar to vertebrate troponin-T. All are significantly larger than any avian or mammalian isoforms, however, due to a highly acidic carboxy-terminal extension. Comparisons of the chromosomal arrangements of vertebrate and Drosophila troponin-T genes revealed that the location of one intron-exon boundary is conserved. This observation and the similarity of vertebrate and Drosophila troponin-T primary sequences suggest that the respective proteins are homologous, and that troponin-T pre-dates the divergence of vertebrate and invertebrate organisms. In situ hybridization of the Drosophila troponin-T gene to polytene chromosomes demonstrated that it resides within subdivision 12A of the X chromosome, precisely where upheld and indented thorax flight muscle mutations have been mapped previously. We determined the nucleotide sequences of troponin-T genes in five extant mutants. All have deleterious alterations, directly establishing that upheld and indented thorax muscle abnormalities are due to defective troponin-T. Two of the alleles, upheld2 and upheld3, apparently disrupt RNA splicing and eliminate most or all troponin-T from flight and jump muscles, while the remaining three alleles change the identities of single amino acids of troponin-T. Electron microscopy of mutant muscles revealed that the two null alleles eliminate thin filaments, except where they are bound by electron-dense material presumed to be Z-disc proteins. Two of the point mutations, upheld101 and indented thorax3, do not perturb assembly of myofibrils, but cause their degeneration within days after muscles begin to be utilized. The final mutation, upheldwhu, reduces the diameter of the myofibril lattice by approximately one-half. We propose hypotheses to explain how each troponin-T mutation engenders the observed myofibrillar defects.

Alleles↗
PubMed2006

MicroArray Facility: a laboratory information management system with extended support for Nylon based technologies.

BACKGROUND: High throughput gene expression profiling (GEP) is becoming a routine technique in life science laboratories. With experimental designs that repeatedly span thousands of genes and hundreds of samples, relying on a dedicated database infrastructure is no longer an option.GEP technology is a fast moving target, with new approaches constantly broadening the field diversity. This technology heterogeneity, compounded by the informatics complexity of GEP databases, means that software developments have so far focused on mainstream techniques, leaving less typical yet established techniques such as Nylon microarrays at best partially supported. RESULTS: MAF (MicroArray Facility) is the laboratory database system we have developed for managing the design, production and hybridization of spotted microarrays. Although it can support the widely used glass microarrays and oligo-chips, MAF was designed with the specific idiosyncrasies of Nylon based microarrays in mind. Notably single channel radioactive probes, microarray stripping and reuse, vector control hybridizations and spike-in controls are all natively supported by the software suite. MicroArray Facility is MIAME supportive and dynamically provides feedback on missing annotations to help users estimate effective MIAME compliance. Genomic data such as clone identifiers and gene symbols are also directly annotated by MAF software using standard public resources. The MAGE-ML data format is implemented for full data export. Journalized database operations (audit tracking), data anonymization, material traceability and user/project level confidentiality policies are also managed by MAF. CONCLUSION: MicroArray Facility is a complete data management system for microarray producers and end-users. Particular care has been devoted to adequately model Nylon based microarrays. The MAF system, developed and implemented in both private and academic environments, has proved a robust solution for shared facilities and industry service providers alike.

Cloning, Molecular↗
PubMed1984

Making the rough places plain: designing MEDLINE end user training.

Library personnel are frequently asked to design user education programs for orientation to medical databases online. These programs aim at promoting judicious use of online resources via searches conducted by librarian intermediaries or, more recently, at preparing end users to perform online searches themselves. This discussion will focus on factors considered in designing MEDLINE training for medical practitioners, including problems end users may encounter in extant user aids, and how these problems have been addressed in the new DIALOG Seminar for Medical professionals.

Health Occupations↗
PubMed1972

Nutrition information sources.

Medical personnel and medical librarians may tend to think of nutrition in medical terms and to forget its interdisciplinary aspects. For this reason, it is desirable for medical librarians to become familiar with a variety of sources of information on the composition of foods, nutrient values, food additives, and food protection. Many of these are government publications from such agencies as the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the National Research Council, and the Food and Agriculture Organization. Less familiar sources include nutrition materials from state agricultural experiment stations and extension services and important data published in a wide range of scientific or agricultural journals, which may be located through Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews, Food Science and Technology Abstracts, and the Bibliography of Agriculture. Sources of current information on nutrition research in progress include the Department of Agriculture's Current Research Information System (CRIS) and selective listings from the Smith-sonian Information Exchange.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed2002

Generic serial and parallel on-line direct-injection using turbulent flow liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.

The development of turbulent flow chromatography (TFC) has enabled considerable growth in the utility of on-line direct-injection technologies. TFC has now become established in a large number of varied analytical environments, particularly drug discovery/pharmacokinetics, metabolite profiling, combinatorial library purification, pre-clinical and clinical GLP applications. The utility of turbulent flow technology for in-house pre-clinical and clinical quantitative applications has necessitated extensive valve-cleaning procedures, and consequently lengthy cycle-times, to effectively remove the system carry-over. In-house requirements for assay validation require carry-over less than 20% of the lowest level of quantification (LLOQ), corresponding to 0.02% carry-over for a linear calibration range incorporating 3 orders. A generic turbulent flow chromatography protocol has been developed for drug discovery that incorporates polymeric turbulent flow extraction (cyclone) with C18-based reverse-phase chromatography. Further, multiple wash steps are incorporated within the methodology to meet in-house requirements for carry-over. Selection of novel switching-valve materials based on polyarylethyl ketone (PAEK) and Hastelloy/Valcon E autosampler injection hardware has enabled us to significantly impact the cycle-time required to reduce carry-over. Consequently, optimal usage of switching valves has enabled parallel operation for a generic on-line direct-injection methodology to successfully reduce the total cycle-time. Overall reductions from 4 min per sample to 90 s per sample are shown with comparable data quality using a proprietary target molecule from 0.1-100 ng/mL. This paper describes the hardware configuration and methodologies utilized to perform generic serial and parallel on-line direct-injection using a Turboflow HTLC 2300 system.

Chromatography, Liquid↗