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PubMed2000

The Cochrane Library: a resource for current reviews of clinical evidence.

The Cochrane Library is a tool for physicians and other health care practitioners seeking evidence to inform their decisions. The systematic reviews provide a high-quality synthesis of the current literature, saving time for busy people. To make the library more user-friendly, the collaboration plans to produce a consumer summary for each topic in the Database of Systematic Reviews and a cancer library aimed at the general public. In contrast to some of the questionable health-related resources on the Web, the Cochrane Library is an authoritative reference that can help physicians with everyday treatment decisions. The collaboration's commitment to keeping its resources up to date through vigorous support of reviewers should ensure that it remains a valuable Internet tool for physicians.

Databases as Topic↗
PubMed2000

Construction of a binary bacterial artificial chromosome library of Petunia inflata and the isolation of large genomic fragments linked to the self-incompatibility (S-) locus.

The Solanaceae family of flowering plants possesses a type of self-incompatibility mechanism that enables the pistil to reject self pollen but accept non-self pollen for fertilization. The pistil function in this system has been shown to be controlled by a polymorphic gene at the S-locus, termed the S-RNase gene. The pollen function is believed to be controlled by another as yet unidentified polymorphic gene at the S-locus, termed the pollen S-gene. As a first step in using a functional genomic approach to identify the pollen S-gene, a genomic BAC (bacterial artificial chromosome) library of the S2S2 genotype of Petunia inflata, a self-incompatible solanaceous species, was constructed using a Ti-plasmid based BAC vector, BIBAC2. The average insert size was 136.4 kb and the entire library represented a 7.5-fold genome coverage. Screening of the library using cDNAs for the S2-RNase gene and 13 pollen-expressed genes that are linked to the S-locus yielded 51 positive clones, with at least one positive clone for each gene. Collectively, at least 2 Mb of the chromosomal region was spanned by these clones. Together, three clones that contained the S2-RNase gene spanned approximately 263 kb. How this BAC library and the clones identified could be used to identify the pollen S-gene and to study other aspects of self-incompatibility is discussed.

Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial↗
PubMed2001

Assessment of Customer Service in Academic Health Care Libraries (ACSAHL): an instrument for measuring customer service.

OBJECTIVES: In a pilot study, the library had good results using SERVQUAL, a respected and often-used instrument for measuring customer satisfaction. The SERVQUAL instrument itself, however, received some serious and well-founded criticism from the respondents to our survey. The purpose of this study was to test the comparability of the results of SERVQUAL with a revised and shortened instrument modeled on SERVQUAL. The revised instrument, the Assessment of Customer Service in Academic Health Care Libraries (ACSAHL), was designed to better assess customer service in academic health care libraries. METHODS: Surveys were sent to clients who had used the document delivery services at three academic medical libraries in Texas over the previous twelve to eighteen months. ACSAHL surveys were sent exclusively to clients at University of Texas (UT) Southwestern, while the client pools at the two other institutions were randomly divided and provided either SERVQUAL or ACSAHL surveys. RESULTS: Results indicated that more respondents preferred the shorter ACSAHL instrument to the longer and more complex SERVQUAL instrument. Also, comparing the scores from both surveys indicated that ACSAHL elicited comparable results. CONCLUSIONS: ACSAHL appears to measure the same type of data in similar settings, but additional testing is recommended both to confirm the survey's results through data replication and to investigate whether the instrument applies to different service areas.

Consumer Behavior↗
PubMed1998

[Construction of a pufferfish bacterial artificial chromosome library].

OBJECTIVE: Study of human genome by taking advantage of investigating pufferfish's (Fugu rubripes), compact model vertebrate genome. METHODS: Construct a pufferfish bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library using Japanese pufferfish (Fugu rubripes) sperm DNA and pBelo BAC11 vector. RESULTS: The library consists of 23,040 clones, which have been arrayed in 240,96-well microtiter plates. 100 BAC clones have been selected at random and analyzed for estimation of the average insert size, which turns out to be 100 kb indicating its nearly 6-fold coverage of pufferfish haploid genome. Restrict analysis of 10 BAC clones show that these inserts are stable even propagated for at least 100 cell generations. CONCLUSIONS: The library accords with the demands of a BAC library.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Digital Libraries and Recent Medical Informatics Research. Findings from the IMIA Yearbook of Medical Informatics 2001.

The Yearbook of Medical Informatics is published annually by the International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA) and contains a selection of recent excellent papers on medical informatics research (http://www.med.uni-heidelberg.de/mi/yearbook/index.htm). The special topic of the just published Yearbook 2001 is "Digital Libraries and Medicine". Digital libraries have changed dramatically and will continue to change the way we work with medical knowledge. The selected papers present recent research and new results on digital libraries. As usual, the Yearbook 2001 also contains a variety of papers on other subjects relevant to medical informatics, such as Electronic Patient Records, Health Information Systems, Health and Clinical Management, Decision Support Systems, Education, as well as Image and Signal Processing. This paper will briefly introduce the contributions covering digital libraries and will show how medical informatics research contributes to this important topic.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

[NIES-90 microcystin producing algae strain genome library construction and one isolated gene analysis].

OBJECTIVE: To construct a plasmid microcystis genome library for microcystin (MC) pertaining gene family screening or microcystis strain specific gene screening. METHODS: Extracting genome DNA from MC producing strain NIES-90, then digesting DNA by HindIII and ligating to CIPase treated pUC18/HindIII fragment which later transformed to JM109. After checking the library by Xgal/Antibiotics plate, clones isolation, a few clones were sequenced and specific primers synthesized; finally, PCR was used to testify clone's NIES-90 strain specificity. RESULTS: Successfully constructed a NIES-90 genome plasmid library with following functions: a) cloning efficiency more than 95% by comparing the white/blue clones ratio in Xgal Plate; b) 200-700 bp average insert length with 3 x 10(5) independent clones by independent clones analysis; c) 10 times more coverage of original NIES-90 genome; d) strong strain specificity by cross PCR analysis of some clone's sequence in two different microcystis strains compared with FACHB-469. CONCLUSION: We successfully constructed a NIES-90 MC producing microcystis strain's genome plasmid library which could be used for screening MC pertaining gene family because of high strain specificity of some clones.

DNA, Plant↗
PubMed2001

Problem-based learning and the dental school library.

A major curriculum revision involving the utilization of problem-based learning was implemented at Indiana University School of Dentistry in the summer of 1997. Two of the main goals of this new student-centered curriculum were to promote critical thinking skills and to encourage a desire for lifelong learning, both of which were anticipated to increase student use of the library. This study examined circulation at the library for three years immediately prior to, and for three years immediately following, the curricular change. Results show that library circulation has increased significantly since the pedagogical change. This suggests that students in the new curriculum place more emphasis on the library as a learning resource than did their traditional curriculum counterparts.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2001

Construction and primary characterization of Echinococcus multilocularis protoscolex cDNA expression library.

OBJECTIVE: To construct a lambda gt11 cDNA expression library of Echinococcus multilocularis protoscolex isolated in China. METHODS: Echinococcus multilocularis protoscolex mRNA was extracted using a Quickprep MicromRNA purification kit based on combining of the disruptive and protective properties of guanidinium thiocyanate (GTC) with the speed and selectivity of oligo (dT)-cellulose chromatography in a spum-column with some modification. Purified mRNA (1.8 micrograms) was submitted to reverse transcription using random hexamers [pd(N6)]. The double-strand blunt-ended cDNAs were ligated with an EcoRI/Notl adaptor to form a cohesive EcoRI end. Subsequently the synthesized cDNA was inserted into vector lambda gt11 EcoRI arms. After being packaged in vitro, lambda gt11 was put to an infectious bacteria Echinococcus coli (E. coli) strain Y1090; the recombinants were screened by color selection. PCR amplification was performed to evaluate the size of insertion DNA fragments. RESULTS: The recombinant ratio was nearly 100% and approximately 1 x 10(6) clones could be derived from this lambda gt11 cDNA library. PCR results indicated that the insertion DNAs were about 1.48 kb. CONCLUSIONS: A lambda gt11 cDNA expression library consisting of a million recombinant clones has been constructed from Echinococcus multicularis protoscolex mRNA. Further studies on this library are deserved.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Construction and homologous detection of a DNA plasmid library specific for Z chromosome of quail].

A simple method was used to adapt a standard light microscope for the collection of quail Z chromosomes from mitotic-metaphase spreads. The microisolated chromosomes were subjected to proteinase K treatment in a collection drop to release DNA, which was then amplified using a degenerate oligonucleotide-primed PCR (DOP-PCR) strategy. Size distributions of the PCR products were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis, and smears of DNA revealed that ranged in size from 200-1 400 bp, without any evidence of preferential amplification. The second-round PCR products were cloned into pBluescript plasmids to construct a Z chromosome-specific DNA library. The size range of the cloned inserts was 200-1 400 bp. Using inserted fragments from the library as probes, chromosome painting was performed on quail chromosomes. The results showed that Z chromosomes of quail were completely covered by strong signals and there were little signals on other chromosomes. It was indicated that inserted DNA of the library was specific to the Z chromosome of quail. The library can be used as chromosome painting probe to detect conserved syntenic groups on the chromosomes of other related species and study mechanisms of sex-chromosomes evolution in birds.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Preparation of DNA libraries of Plasmodium falciparum for searching calmodulin binding protein genes, GOGAT and Pfmyo A].

A cDNA library of Plasmodium falciparum (Colombian strain FCB2) asexual stage was constructed in the lambda ZipLox vector. The lambda ZipLox library and a lambda ZAPII (Dd2 strain) were screened for genes coding for proteins that bind with or are related to calmodulin (CaM). Screening was accomplished with Hot start PCR assays and hybridization with radiolabeled probes. Actin I, CaM, glutamate synthase (GOGAT) and the three myosin clones--Pfmyo A, Pfmyo B and Pfmyo C--were identified. The clones coding for actin I, CaM and GOGAT were retrieved from the lambda ZipLox library, and the GOGAT and Pfmyo A clones from the lambda ZAP II library. The GOGAT clone contained an insert of 2,413 base pairs corresponding to 24.8% of the reported sequence. The Pfmyo A insert was 2,457 base pairs long, and represented the complete mRNA coding for this gene. Finally, the first report of a complete cDNA clone containing the P. falciparum myosin A is presented.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Construction and identification of cDNA library of E.coli mRNA with poly(A) tracts].

OBJECTIVE: To construct and identify the cDNA library of E.coli mRNA with poly(A) tracts. METHODS: The cDNA library of E.coli was constructed by restriction display-PCR (RD-PCR) technique, followed by sequencing and bioinformatics analyses. RESULTS: cDNA library of E.coli mRNA with poly(A) tracts was successfully constructed, and 66 gene fragments were sequenced. CONCLUSION: The constructed cDNA library of E.coli mRNA with poly(A) tracts contains a low rate of repetition and is of high quality.

Cloning, Molecular↗
PubMed2002

[Construction of a cDNA subtractive library of rat brain after repeated +Gz exposure].

Objective. To construct a cDNA subtractive library of rat brain after repeated + Gz exposures with suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH). Method. Wistar [correction of Wister] rats were randomly divided into control group and repeated +Gz exposure group. Using an animal centrifuge, control rats were exposed to +1 Gz and exposure rats were exposed to +10 Gz for three times, each for 1 min with 30 min interval in between. Brains were taken 6 h after the last centrifuge run and Poly (A) + RNA were isolated. Moreover, single-strand cDNAs and double-strand cDNAs were synthesized in turn. After Rsa I enzyme restriction, +Gz exposure rat brain cDNAs were divided into two groups and ligated to the specific adaptor 1 and adaptor 2R, respectively. Then +Gz exposure rat brain cDNAs were hybridized with the control rat brain cDNA twice and underwent nested PCR twice. The PCR product was ligated with T/A plasmid vectors to set up the subtractive library. Result. The cDNA subtractive library of rat brain after repeated +Gz exposures with high subtractive efficiency was set up successfully. Conclusion. The highly efficient cDNA subtractive library may provide a solid foundation for screening and cloning differentially expressed genes in rat brain after repeated exposures to +Gz.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Rapid construction of directional cDNA library from human nasopharynx].

OBJECTIVE: To construct a directional cDNA library from human adult nasopharynx by SMART (switching mechanism at 5' end of RNA transcript) technique. METHODS: The total RNA was separated from human adult nasopharynx epithelial tissue and the first-strand cDNA was synthesized through reverse transcription by a modified oligo(dT) primer(contained sfi IB site) while the SMART oligonucleotide(contained sfi IA site) was utilized as a template so that the first-strand cDNA could be extended over the 5' end of mRNA. The double-strand cDNA was amplified by LD-PCR(long-distance PCR) with the above two primers and then digested by sfi I (IA & IB) restriction enzyme. After cDNA size fractionation through CHROMA SPIN column, the double-strand cDNA was ligated into the sfi I-digested lambda TripIEx2 vector and then the recombinant DNA was packaged in vitro. RESULTS: The unamplified human adult nasopharynx cDNA library consists of 1.5 x 10(6) independent clones in which the percentage of recombinant clones is about 100%. The titer of the amplified cDNA library is 3.8 x 10(9) pfu/ml and the average exogenous inserts of the recombinants is 1.5 kb. CONCLUSION: These results shows that the human adult nasopharynx cDNA library has an excellent quality and lays solid foundation for screening and cloning new tumor suppressor genes of nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC) and tissue-specific genes of human nasopharynx.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Construction and identification of the cDNA phage expression library for human colorectal cancer antigens].

OBJECTIVE: To construct a cDNA phage expression library for human colorectal carcinoma antigens. METHODS: After the total RNA was extracted from human colorectal cancer tissues, the single-strand and double-strand cDNA were synthesized through reverse transcriptase PCR and long-distance PCR, with the cDNA fragments smaller than 500 bp removed and the remaining cDNA combined with the right and left arms of dephosphorylated lambdaTriplEx2 phage vector. The recombinant phage were then packaged in vitro by MaxPlax Packaging extract, and a small portion of the packaged phage was used to infect E.coli XL1-Blue. Titer measurement was performed so as to determine the capacity of the library. SfiI restriction endonucleases was used to cut the recombined phage DNA in order to identify the size of inserted cDNA. RESULTS: The constructed cDNA phage expression library for human colorectal cancer antigens consisted of 2.39 x 10(6) pfu/ml bacteriophages with a recombination rate of 97.5% and the length of the inserted cDNA fragment ranged from 600 to 4,000 bp with an average of 1,400 bp. CONCLUSION: The cDNA phage expression library of human colorectal cancer antigens is successfully constructed to meet the currently recognized standards, and can be well applicable in screening cDNA-cloned genes of human colorectal cancer-associated antigens by immunoscreening.

Antigens, Neoplasm↗
PubMed2003

The Association of Academic Health Sciences Libraries Annual Statistics: an exploratory twenty-five-year trend analysis.

This paper presents an exploratory trend analysis of the statistics published over the past twenty-four editions of the Annual Statistics of Medical School Libraries in the United States and Canada. The analysis focuses on the small subset of nineteen consistently collected data variables (out of 656 variables collected during the history of the survey) to provide a general picture of the growth and changing dimensions of services and resources provided by academic health sciences libraries over those two and one-half decades. The paper also analyzes survey response patterns for U.S. and Canadian medical school libraries, as well as osteopathic medical school libraries surveyed since 1987. The trends show steady, but not dramatic, increases in annual means for total volumes collected, expenditures for staff, collections and other operating costs, personnel numbers and salaries, interlibrary lending and borrowing, reference questions, and service hours. However, when controlled for inflation, most categories of expenditure have just managed to stay level. The exceptions have been expenditures for staff development and travel and for collections, which have both outpaced inflation. The fill rate for interlibrary lending requests has remained steady at about 75%, but the mean ratio of items lent to items borrowed has decreased by nearly 50%.

Annual Reports as Topic↗
PubMed2003

[Construction and significance of directional expression cDNA library from myeloid leukemia cell line U937].

To construct the cDNA expression library from human U937 cell, total RNA and purified mRNA in myeloid leukemia cell line U937 were extracted. The first and second strand of cDNA were synthesized through reverse transcription. After blunting the cDNA termini, the cDNA fragments were connected with EcoR I adapters, and the end of EcoR I adapters was phosphorylated. Then the cDNAs were digested by Xho I, and the fragments smaller than 400 bp were removed by Sephacryl-S400 spin column, the fragments longer than 400 bp were ligated with lambdaZAP vector. The recombinants were packaged in vitro, and a small portion of packaged phage was used to infect E coli XL1-Blue-MRF' for titration. The recombinants were examined by color selection. In order to evaluate the size of cDNA inserts and the diversity of library, the pBK-CMV phagemid was excised from the ZAP expression vector by using ExAssist helper phage with XLOLR strain, and then the pBK-CMV phagemid was digested by Xho I and EcoR I. The results showed that the U937 cell line cDNA library consisting of 2.87 x 10(6) recombinant bacteriophages was constructed. The average size of exogenous insert in the recombinants was about 1.7 kb. It is concluded that the constructed cDNA library can be used to screen target clones.

Gene Library↗
PubMed1992

[Isolation and analysis of brain-specific sequences from cDNA libraries for various segments of the human brain].

The cDNA libraries in gt10 were constructed from total poly(A)+RNA of human forebrain cortex, cerebellar cortex and medulla oblongata. We selected the clones which gave hybridization signal with brain cDNA only, or gave no signal from these libraries. Expression pattern and structure of two brain-specific clones Hfb1 from forebrain library and Hmob3 from medulla oblongata library were analyzed in detail. Hfb1 hybridized to two different transcripts (about 5 and 2 kb) from frontal cortex, but to a single (longest) from cerebellum. Hfb1 sequence includes 958 nucleotides. Comparison of Hfb1 with the Gene Bank revealed no homology with the sequences present in the Bank. At 3'-end there is poly(A) tail of 24 bases, there is the AATCAA sequence 55 nucleotides upstream which probably serves as a polyadenylation signal. However, AATCAA directs polyadenylation in vitro with very low efficiency. We found no open reading frame in the clone and this is in agreement with the data indicating that brain-specific RNAs has extremely long 3'-untranslated regions. Hmob3 was partially sequences. We compared its primary structure with the sequences from the Gene Bank and revealed no homology. Hmob3 expresses in different parts of human brain and in sceletal muscle but does not express in other tissues.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1992

Research in health sciences library and information science: a quantitative analysis.

A content analysis of research articles published between 1966 and 1990 in the Bulletin of the Medical Library Association was undertaken. Four specific questions were addressed: What subjects are of interest to health sciences librarians? Who is conducting this research? How do health sciences librarians conduct their research? Do health sciences librarians obtain funding for their research activities? Bibliometric characteristics of the research articles are described and compared to characteristics of research in library and information science as a whole in terms of subject and methodology. General findings were that most research in health sciences librarianship is conducted by librarians affiliated with academic health sciences libraries (51.8%); most deals with an applied (45.7%) or a theoretical (29.2%) topic; survey (41.0%) or observational (20.7%) research methodologies are used; descriptive quantitative analytical techniques are used (83.5%); and over 25% of research is funded. The average number of authors was 1.85, average article length was 7.25 pages, and average number of citations per article was 9.23. These findings are consistent with those reported in the general library and information science literature for the most part, although specific differences do exist in methodological and analytical areas.

Humans↗