Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Judgment”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,711 records · Page 95Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Computers and clinical judgment: the role of physician networks.

In order to study the relationship between physician networks and utilization of a computer-based hospital information system (HIS), blockmodel analysis and multidimensional scaling were used to analyze and spatially represent the network of professional relations among 24 physicians in a private group practice. A blockmodel analysis of patient referrals, consultations, discussions, and on-call coverage identified four groups of physicians who share common locations and perform similar roles within the network. Investigation of the shared attributes of these groups supports this relational structure. The results suggest that the center-periphery model of diffusion of new ideas among professionals may be too simplistic. Instead, the communication network may involve multiple central cohesive subgroups of physicians who differentially initiate patient referrals and consultations with physicians in other subgroups. Network location was found to have a significant effect on the adoption and utilization of the HIS independently of background and practice characteristics of physicians. The results also suggest that adoption of an innovation and its implementation or utilization may involve separate processes that need to be differentiated in future research.

Computers↗
PubMed1978

Relationship of patient semantic pain descriptions to physician diagnostic judgments, activity level measures and MMPI.

A consecutive sample of chronic pain patients presenting themselves for evaluation was studied. A set of 25 bi-polar adjectives was developed from medical records of previous pain patients' descriptions of their pain. Using the Semantic Differential (S-D) method, each patient rated the extent to which his/her pain was best described by either of the adjective pairs. The S-D findings were then compared with three other data sets and those data sets were compared with each other. First, six physicians classified each patient along an "organic"--"non-organic" continuum based on ratings derived from the full set of medical diagnostic labels each patient had accrued. Secondly, each patient, prior to examination, had completed up to two weeks of diary forms at home on which were recorded amount and distribution of time among sitting, standing/walking, and reclining. Finally, each patient completed a Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Few and only marginally significant relationships between patient semantic descriptions of their pain and the other measures were found. Secondly, physician agreement ot the "organic"--"non-organic" criterion, using diagnostic labels as their data, was statistically significant but clinically modest. The most substantial findings were between walking hours per week recorded on diary forms and five MMPI scales. Patients who walked more were less depressed, had fewer diffuse somatic complaints, and described themselves as less frustrated or angry and as less hypersensitive in interpersonal situations. The major conclusion of the study is that chronic pain patients present sets of interrelated problems too complex to be discriminated reliably by a single set of measures; particularly, by simple word sets.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1990

Clinical judgments in pain management.

From research reports published over the last 20 years, it appears that moderate to severe uncontrolled pain may be the norm for hospitalized patients despite recent advances in the management of pain. Research on the extent of under-management of pain and the factors associated with it is examined and summarized in this paper. Methodological imperfections of the research are identified. Several explanations for pain under-management have been proposed and these are reported. A clinical decision making model is also reviewed and it is suggested that this model could be applied to pain management problems. Further, it is suggested that this model may be very useful in developing educational interventions to improve health practitioners' clinical skills in pain management.

Analgesia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Judgment of intoxication by untrained social drinkers across drinking settings.

Subjects' perceptions of cues used to judge intoxication across different drinking setting were investigated. Drinkers at a fraternity dance party and in a college town bar rated the importance of 18 cues for making estimations of their level of intoxication. Results indicated that 11 of the 18 cues were rated as more important in the party situation than in the bar situation. These results suggest that subjects apply cues to intoxication differently in different situations.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗
PubMed2006

Remember-Know judgments and retrieval of contextual details.

The Remember-Know (R-K) task is commonly used to differentiate between recollection and familiarity-based recognition memory. To further validate this test, we assessed the number of contextual details available to participants after giving R or K responses. We also examined the effect of retention interval on the episodic character of memories by administering the R-K task after both 10-minute and 1-week retention intervals. At 1 week, items receiving R responses were accompanied by a significant number of episodic details, while K responses were not. A large number of items that received R responses at the 10-minute delay received K responses at 1 week, and these items were not accompanied by episodic detail during the later test. Items that were judged familiar at 10-minutes but were labeled as recollected at 1 week were also not accompanied by significant memory of the study episode, suggesting that these items were recollected from the first test session. Overall, the data are consistent with the idea that R responses, unlike K responses, are accompanied by memory for episodic detail, and that the loss of memory for episodic detail over time parallels the conversion of R responses to K responses.

Cues↗
PubMed2006

Save the last dance II: unwanted serial position effects in figure skating judgments.

Serial position effects may occur whenever options are judged in sequence, as is the case in figure skating competitions. International figure skating competitions consist of at least two rounds, with serial position being randomized in the first round. Figure skaters with better scores in the first round perform later in the second round. Despite the initial randomization of serial position, figure skaters who perform later in the first round receive better scores in first and in the second round. The findings presented here replicate those of Bruine de Bruin (2005) [Save the last dance for me: unwanted serial position effects in jury evaluations. Acta Psychologica, 118, 245-260], using a larger dataset, and addressing potential concerns about Bruine de Bruin's analyses.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Cortical correlates of false expectations during pain intensity judgments--a possible manifestation of placebo/nocebo cognitions.

We investigated the effects of expectation on intensity ratings and somatosensory evoked magnetic fields and electrical potentials following painful infrared laser stimuli in six healthy subjects. The stimulus series contained trials preceded by different auditory cues which either contained valid, invalid or no information about the upcoming laser intensity. High and low intensities occurred equally probable across cue types. High intensity stimuli induced greater pain than low intensity across all cue types. Furthermore, laser intensity significantly interacted with cue validity: high intensity stimuli were perceived less painful and low intensity stimuli more painful following invalid compared to valid cues. The amplitude of the evoked magnetic field localized within the contralateral secondary somatosensory cortex (SII) at about 165 ms after laser stimuli varied also both with stimulus intensity and cue validity. The evoked electric potential peaked at about 300 ms after laser stimuli and yielded a single dipole source within a region encompassing the caudal anterior cingulate cortex and posterior cingulate cortex. Its amplitude also varied with stimulus intensity, but failed to show any cue validity effects. This result suggests a priming of early cortical nociceptive sensitivity by cues signaling pain severity. A possible contribution of the SII cortex to the manifestation of nocebo/placebo cognitions is discussed.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2006

Selective temporal attention enhances the temporal resolution of visual perception: Evidence from a temporal order judgment task.

We investigated whether attending to a particular point in time affects temporal resolution in a task in which participants judged which of two visual stimuli had been presented first. The results showed that temporal resolution can be improved by attending to the relevant moment as indicated by the temporal cue. This novel finding is discussed in terms of the differential effects of spatial and temporal attention on temporal resolution.

Attention↗
PubMed2005

Neural circuitry of judgment and decision mechanisms.

Tracing the neural circuitry of decision formation is a critical step in the understanding of higher cognitive function. To make a decision, the primate brain coordinates dynamic interactions between several cortical and subcortical areas that process sensory, cognitive, and reward information. In selecting the optimal behavioral response, decision mechanisms integrate the accumulating evidence with reward expectation and knowledge from prior experience, and deliberate about the choice that matches the expected outcome. Linkages between sensory input and behavioral output responsible for response selection are shown in the neural activity of structures from the prefrontal-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop. The deliberation process can be best described in terms of sensitivity, selection bias, and activation threshold. Here, we show a systems neuroscience approach of the visual saccade decision circuit and the interaction between its components during decision formation.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Dissociating size representation for action and for conscious judgment: Grasping visual illusions without apparent obstacles.

Visual illusions provide important evidence for the co-existence of unconscious and conscious representations. Objects surrounded by other figures (e.g., a disc surrounded by smaller or larger rings, Ebbinghaus/Titchener illusion) are consciously perceived as different in size, while the visuo-motor system supposedly uses an unconscious representation of the discs' true size for grip size scaling. Recent evidence suggests other factors than represented size, e.g., surrounding rings conceived as obstacles, affect grip size. Use of the diagonal illusion avoids visual obstacles in the path of the reaching hand. Results support the dual representation theory. Grip size scaling follows actual size independent of illusory effects, which clearly bias conscious perception in direct comparisons of lengths (Experiment 1) and in finger-thumb span indications of perceived length (Experiment 2).

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Anxiety, depression, and judgments about the probability of future negative and positive events in children.

Probability bias refers to the phenomenon that high-anxious individuals estimate future negative events as far more likely to occur, and in particular to themselves, than low-anxious individuals. The present study further examined this cognitive bias in a sample of non-clinical children aged between 10 and 13 years. Participants completed a scale for measuring symptoms of DSM-defined anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder, and a modified version of the Subjective Probability Questionnaire in order to assess probability estimates of future negative and positive events. Results showed that children's anxiety and depression symptoms were positively associated with probability estimates of future negative events, but only when these events referred to children themselves. Further, when controlling for concurrent depression symptoms, anxiety remained significantly linked to probability ratings of self-referent negative events. When controlling for concurrent anxiety symptoms, depression was no longer linked to probability estimates of negative events. Finally, depression symptoms were negatively related to probability ratings for future positive events.

Anxiety↗
PubMed2006

A common representational system governed by Weber's law: nonverbal numerical similarity judgments in 6-year-olds and rhesus macaques.

This study compared nonverbal numerical processing in 6-year-olds with that in nonhuman animals using a numerical bisection task. In the study, 16 children were trained on a delayed match-to-sample paradigm to match exemplars of two anchor numerosities. Children were then required to indicate whether a sample intermediate to the anchor values was closer to the small anchor value or the large anchor value. For two sets of anchor values with the same ratio, the probability of choosing the larger anchor value increased systematically with sample number, and the psychometric functions superimposed when plotted on a logarithmic scale. The psychometric functions produced by the children also superimposed with the psychometric functions produced by rhesus monkeys in an analogous previous experiment. These examples of superimposition demonstrate that nonverbal number representations, even in children who have acquired the verbal counting system, are modulated by Weber's law.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Human auditory event-related potentials predict duration judgments.

Internal clock models postulate a pulse accumulation process underlying timing activities, with more accumulated pulses resulting in longer perceived durations. We investigated whether this accumulation is reflected in the amplitude of event-related brain potentials (ERPs) elicited by auditory stimuli with durations of 400-600 ms. In a duration discrimination paradigm, we found more negative amplitudes to physically identical stimuli when they were judged as longer than the memorized standard duration (500 ms) as compared to being classified as shorter. This sustained negativity was already developing during the first 100 ms after stimulus onset. It could not be explained as a bias to respond with a particular hand (lateralized readiness potential), but rather reflects a processing difference between the tones to be judged as shorter or longer. Our results are in line with models of time processing which assume that higher numbers of accumulated pulses of a temporal processor result in an increase in perceived duration.

Acoustic Stimulation↗