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PubMed1997

The interview that wins the job.

Obtaining a nursing position is often the first challenge for the graduate nurse. Understanding the interview process and making a plan that will ensure the graduate is placed in the best possible light is important for success in the interview process. This paper discusses getting ready for the interview, setting up the interview, dressing for the interview, the actual interview and following up the interview. Adherence to these guidelines can facilitate the graduate's success in obtaining the desired position.

Humans↗
PubMed1993

Structured interviews for assessing children.

Structured interviews provide a valuable means of obtaining and quantifying information about the mental status of children. This review indicates that children can reliably self-report and that the information they provide can concur with the opinion of adults knowledgeable about them. However, considerably more research is warranted before it may be assumed that these interviews are adequately reliable and valid. In general, it appears that the task of documenting the psychometric soundness of these interviews has not been taken seriously, as if content validity were sufficient. For example, except for the CAS and the DISC, there has been little effort to study contrast group validity (i.e. whether the interview even differentiates "known groups"). More specifically, review of the reliability and validity data relevant to DSM-III-R diagnoses provides support for the CAS, DICA, ISC and K-SADS, with the validity data for the DICA being weaker than for the others. One limitation of these data for the DICA, ISC and K-SADS is that the diagnoses were clinician-generated, rather than algorithm-generated. Unfortunately the processes for generating clinical diagnoses were not specified, except for criterion reference to DSM-III-R. The findings for the DISC and the DISC-R are notably weak. There is no evidence for DISC reliability, except for adolescents, and the validity studies have demonstrated only weak relationships. There has been limited study of the psychometric properties of symptom scales. In fact, for two interviews (i.e. DICA and ISC), there are no data available. Reliability for the DISC scales is adequate only for adolescents. Psychometric data have been generated for the CAS and the K-SADS, with considerably more studies conducted with the CAS. The relative paucity of interest in scale scores is striking given that they provide a continuous variable which can indicate extent of symptoms. Other measures of mental status, besides presence/absence of diagnosis, will become increasingly important as research in child psychopathology progresses toward more sophisticated studies (i.e. treatment effects, risk factors). These interviews are labor intensive and costly to the researcher as well as time-consuming and tedious for the children and parents. Given this commitment, researchers should invest in developing other ways of exploiting the richness of the data generated. An example is the CAS "content" scales, which generate scores reflecting on the child's functioning in various areas (e.g. school, friends, family). As the evolution of these interviews continues, it will be important to remain attentive to the developmental limitations of children.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Reactions of survivors of suicide victims to interviews.

Fifty-eight consecutive suicides committed between 1984 and 1987 by adolescents and young adults (age 15-29 years) in an urban community were the subject of retrospective investigations by means of interviews with survivors. The outcome of the survivors' crisis reactions and the interviewees' capacity to participate in the interviews were evaluated. Two weeks after a main interview, a follow-up interview dealing with the interviewee's reactions to the investigation was performed. The cautious interview procedure seemed very acceptable to the survivors. An initial contact about 2 months after the suicide is recommended. Tape-recording was generally tolerated. There was a relationship between a satisfactory outcome of the crisis and good quality of the information given by the interviewee, but survivors in severe crisis may also cooperate well and give information with good trustworthiness and precision. An unsatisfactory crisis outcome was significantly more common in interview subjects with post-traumatic stress disorder according to DSM-III-R. Many interviewees benefit from the single interview.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Organising the introduction of, and evaluating interviewing in, an admissions system.

This paper describes the admissions process, especially the organisation of an interviewing system. The method of application to Dental School is discussed and basic selection processes outlined. The introduction of a new interviewing system is explained and criteria for interview selection and marking defined. All interviewers received regular training; the content of training days is described together with the experience of those involved. Changes made to the interview marking system after 1 year are discussed. Criteria marked at interview were monitored against students' success in year 1 and 2 examinations. Results show that students who performed highly at interview for leadership were more likely to succeed in semester 2 of the course and in year 1 examinations overall.

Communication↗
PubMed2003

Lay versus expert interviewers for the diagnosis of migraine in a large sample of elderly people.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the agreement between lay interviewers and experts in the diagnosis of migraine by questionnaire. SUBJECTS: A population based sample of 1188 individuals aged 64 to 73 years. METHODS: Participants who declared that they had recurrent headaches (n = 238) answered a structured questionnaire by lay interviewers with special training in migraine. A migraine expert subsequently interviewed all the headache sufferers using the same questionnaire. Migraine was defined according to the International Headache Society criteria. RESULTS: In comparison with the expert, the diagnosis derived by the lay interviewers had high values for specificity (97%) and positive predictive value (86%), and a low sensitivity (50%) and negative predictive value (57%). Agreement between the expert and the lay interviewers was low, with a kappa value of 0.36 (95% confidence interval 0.26 to 0.47). The most serious discrepancies concerned the duration of attacks, the worsening of headaches by physical activity, the presence of nausea or vomiting, and the unilaterality of headaches. As a result, the lifetime prevalence of migraine headaches was greatly underestimated by lay interviewers (6.5%) in comparison with the expert (11.1%). CONCLUSIONS: A low level of agreement between lay interviewers and a headache expert in the diagnosis of migraine headaches by structured questionnaire may result in a substantial underestimation of migraine prevalence.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Informal confidential voting interview methods and temporal changes in reported sexual risk behaviour for HIV transmission in sub-Saharan Africa.

OBJECTIVES: Reliable data on sexual behaviour trends are needed to evaluate HIV interventions in sub-Saharan Africa but are difficult to obtain due inter alia to social desirability bias. The objective of this paper is to assess whether the use of informal confidential voting interviews (ICVI) was associated with greater reporting of socially proscribed behavioural risk factors for HIV infection than were conventional interviewing methods. METHODS: Comparison of changes in reports of risk behaviours for HIV infection in ICVI versus face to face interviews (FTFIs) between the first two rounds of a large scale, longitudinal, population based survey in Manicaland, Zimbabwe. Examination of factors that could contribute to observed changes in the effect of ICVI, including temporal changes in response error and social desirability, and factors affecting statistical power to detect differences between methods-that is, reductions in the prevalence of risk behaviours and sample size. RESULTS: Enhanced reporting of HIV associated risk behaviours in ICVI interviews was not so apparent in the second round as in the first round of the survey, particularly for less frequently reported behaviours. Levels of reported HIV associated risk behaviour and sample sizes both declined between the two survey rounds. The level of response error was higher in ICVI interviews than in FTFI interviews but did not alter over time. CONCLUSION: ICVI interviews can reduce social desirability bias in data on HIV associated risk behaviours. The extent and direction of change in net reduction in bias over time remains uncertain and will depend on local circumstances.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Consistency in the reporting of sexual behaviour by adolescent girls in Kenya: a comparison of interviewing methods.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate in a district in Kenya the level and consistency of reporting of sexual behaviour among adolescent girls randomly assigned to two modes of survey interview: face to face interview and audio computer assisted self-interview (ACASI). METHODS: The analysis is based on a subsample of over 700 never married girls aged 15-21 years in Kisumu, Kenya, drawn from a population based survey of over 2100 respondents. A questionnaire with 69 questions was used, two thirds of which were considered sensitive, including questions about risky sexual behaviour, alcohol and drug use, contraceptive practice, pregnancy, induced abortions, and births. RESULTS: ACASI produced significantly higher reporting of sex with a relative, stranger, or older man, and higher reporting of coerced sex. However, differences by mode for ever had sex and sex with a boyfriend were not significant. Relative to ACASI, the interviewer administered mode produced highly consistent reporting of sexual activity, both within the main interview and between the main and exit interviews. CONCLUSIONS: Both the mode of survey administration and the probing for various behaviours significantly affect the observed prevalence of sexual activity. The ACASI results suggest that adolescent girls in Kenya have more complex and perilous sex lives than traditional face to face surveys of sexual activity indicate. The level of consistency in the interviewer mode is argued to be suspect, particularly given the much lower levels of reporting, relative to ACASI, for types of sexual partners and coerced sexual activity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

An interviewing course for a psychiatry clerkship.

OBJECTIVE: Taking a psychiatric history is a key educational objective in the psychiatry clerkship. Medical students arrive on psychiatry clerkships unprepared for the unique challenges of psychiatric interviewing. This paper describes an interviewing course for psychiatry clerks that combines practice, observation, and feedback in a small group setting. METHODS: A quasi-experimental cohort design with medical student self-ratings as the dependent variable. RESULTS: Students' self-perceived skill in interviewing and differential diagnosis improved more than students who did not have the interviewing course. Students' self-perceived skills also correlated significantly with the number of times they observed interviews. CONCLUSION: Clerkship directors in psychiatry should provide students with opportunities to practice interviewing skills, observe interviews, and receive feedback.

Cohort Studies↗
PubMed1983

An analysis of physician-parent communication in pediatric prenatal interviews.

Thirty-three prenatal interviews done in the offices of four practicing pediatricians were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed for content by two separate methods. Interviews with the individual pediatricians varied markedly in length and were significantly longer if the father was present. Pediatricians took charge of the interviews by asking more questions than parents and by talking twice as much as parents. A relatively small number of topics (medical care of the infant, infant feeding, business aspects of the pediatrician's practice, and history of the current pregnancy) occupied a majority of the interview time. Although interviews with individual pediatricians tended to include a standard set of topics, any given visit was individualized to address parents' issues. Follow-up interviews with mothers showed that they were highly satisfied with the visits and perceived the doctors as having been warm and friendly. Mothers' highly favorable reactions were achieved in spite of the fact that interview style was generally doctor-active/parent-passive, indicating that, in some medical settings, this approach may be quite appropriate.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The effect of the initial family interview on a pediatric practice.

To examine the effect of initial family interviews by health care providers on patients' use of health services, 177 patients and their families were randomly assigned to an interviewed (I) or a non-interviewed (NI) subgroup. Initial interviews would encourage families to bring their children in for health supervision visits, but discourage families from making after-hour telephone calls, using the emergency room and bringing the children to the clinic frequently for problem visits. The I families had an initial interview, attended by all family members. Both a physician and a nurse elicited patient histories and explained use of the emergency room, when to make after-hour calls, how to schedule appointments and other information about the clinic. If I families failed to have an initial interview, they were deleted from the study. In the NI subgroup, patient histories were elicited during a routine health supervision visit without the entire family in attendance, and information about emergency room visits, after-hour calls and appointment scheduling was provided during the same visit. After one year (1987) into the study and two years (1988) into the study, all patient charts were examined. Data analysis was performed using analysis of variance for repeated measures (ANOVA) and step-wise multiple regression of Statistical Analysis System. For 1987, the interview intervention explained a significant (p = 0.01) amount of variance in the number of problem visits (less in I) after controlling for months in the study and age of the child.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Family↗
PubMed1990

Verbal communication skills and patient satisfaction. A study of doctor-patient interviews.

This research attempted to quantify specific behaviors in the physician's initial interviewing style and relate them to patients' perception of satisfaction. Five physicians were tape recorded during their initial interviews with 52 adult patients. The patients were asked to complete the Medical Interview Satisfaction Scale, a 29-item instrument with a 7-point response scale. These interviews were transcribed, timed, coded, and analyzed with the use of the Computerized Language Analysis System. Selected variables of the language dimensions were entered as the predictor variables in a multiple regression, along with satisfaction scores as the dependent variables. Twenty-seven percent of the variance (p less than .01) in the satisfaction scores of initial interviews were explained by three aspects of a physician's language style: (a) use of silence or reaction time latency between speakers in an interview, (b) whether there was language reciprocity as determined through the reciprocal use of word-lists, and (c) the reflective use of interruptions within an interview. Considering the complexity of human communication, the fact that three variables were identified, which accounted for 27% of the variance in patients' satisfaction, is considered a substantial finding.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Structured interview assessment of symptoms and concerns in palliative care.

OBJECTIVE: Assessment in palliative care requires a multidimensional review of physical symptoms and psychosocial concerns in a format appropriate for patients with advanced illness. In this study, we describe the initial development and validation of a structured interview for assessing common symptoms and concerns faced by terminally ill individuals. METHOD: We constructed a 13-item Structured Interview for Symptoms and Concerns (SISC) based on a review of end-of-life issues and administered it to 69 patients receiving palliative care for advanced cancer. Along with the interview, each participant completed visual analog scales (VAS) addressing the same constructs. Test-retest and interrater reliability were determined, as was the concordance between interview ratings and VAS scores. RESULTS: Overall, the interview items had excellent interrater reliability (intraclass correlations were > 0.90) and at least moderate temporal stability (test-retest correlations ranged from 0.50 to 0.90). Concurrent validity was evident in the good concordance between interview items and VAS measures (correlations were > 0.70). The SISC was also sensitive to individual differences between subgroups of participants who did or did not meet diagnostic criteria for anxiety or depressive disorders. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that structured interviews provide a reliable and valid approach to assessment in palliative care and may be an appropriate alternative for some research applications.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1984

Rheumatic diseases in a health interview survey and in in-patient care. A record linkage study on two registers.

A record linkage was performed between the in-patient register of Stockholm County and the Stockholm County sample of a national health interview survey. The purpose was to describe and compare characteristics of the two registers, particularly as regards rheumatic diseases. All persons included in the health interview survey of 1977-78 were sought in the in-patient register for the same period. 37% of the population had reported long-term illness in the health interview survey and 22% had been hospitalized, according to the in-patient register. 11% reported a rheumatic disease in the health interview survey, but only 2% were hospitalized with a rheumatic diagnosis. Persons who reported a rheumatic disease in the health interview survey were compared with persons hospitalized with a rheumatic diagnosis by using items in the health interview survey on perceived health, physical mobility and work capacity. The most important difference between the groups was a much higher proportion of disabled persons in the hospitalized group. Perceived health was reported very similarly in the two groups. The reports on hospital episodes in the health interview survey were validated against the in-patient register. An under-reporting of 13% and several inaccuracies in the timing of the hospital episodes were found.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Reliability of an interview approach to the Functional Independence Measure.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the reliability of an interview approach to the Functional Independence Measure (FIM). DESIGN: Two raters were present at the same time during the interviews in the home and did independent ratings of the 18 FIM items. The interview procedure was repeated within a week by another two raters in the clinic. SUBJECTS: Sixty-three stroke survivors (median age 63 years, range 18-71 years) were studied approximately two years after onset. RATERS: Three occupational therapists and one nurse. METHODS: Reliability was calculated as unweighted kappa statistics, percentage agreement (PA), and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS: Best agreement was found in the motor items of FIM. The kappa statistics showed good to excellent inter-rater values during the same interview except for the Social interaction item. The ICCs based on sum-score for motor (0.92) and social-cognitive items (0.75) respectively, were similar to those reported in the literature. The repeated interview by different raters showed less stable agreement according to kappa values for the items dealing with transfers, locomotion and social-cognition. CONCLUSIONS: FIM assessments showed high inter-rater agreement for the same interview setting (home as well as clinic), but the stability of the measure over time with a repeated interview by different raters was somewhat less satisfactory.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Examining the influence of using same versus different questions on the reliability of the medical school preadmission interview.

BACKGROUND: Researchers generally recommend a structured format for the medical school preadmission interview (MSPI). However, the relative benefits of various elements of structure remain unexamined. PURPOSE: In this study, we compared the performance of a highly structured interview format with a semistructured format. Specifically, we examined how the reliability of interview ratings is likely to change when using the same versus different questions for each applicant being interviewed. METHOD: Variance components from a generalizability (G) study of a structured interview are used in decision studies to compare the relative efficiency of using the same versus different questions for each applicant. RESULTS: Using different questions for each interviewee is practically as reliable as using the same questions for all applicants (G = .55 vs. .57, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Because there are a number of drawbacks to using the same questions for all applicants (i.e., security and validity) and little advantage in terms of increased reliability, the semistructured question format should be considered when conducting the MSPI. A suggested method of implementing a semistructured interview is by presenting each applicant a set of questions randomly drawn from a pool of interview questions.

Educational Measurement↗
PubMed2003

Validation of the telephone and in-person interview versions of the 7-day PAR.

PURPOSE: To validate the 7-d Physical Activity Recall (PAR) telephone interview version and its activity intensity categories. METHODS: Seventy-four adults (47 women, 27 men), ranging in age (18-67) and activity levels, were interviewed by phone and in-person using the same PAR protocol. Each participant wore a TriTrac-R3D accelerometer for 10 d. Validity was assessed by comparing the phone and in-person PAR interviews with the TriTrac-R3D data. RESULTS: Sixty-nine adults (44 women, 25 men) were used for all statistical analyses. Intraclass correlations between the two PAR interviews for total minutes per week of activity were r = 0.96, and r = 0.94 for moderate, r = 0.97 for hard, and r = 0.97 for very hard intensity activities. Pearson product moment correlations between the phone PAR and TriTrac-R3D for total minutes per week of physical activity were r = 0.43, and r = 0.31 for moderate, r = 0.39 for hard, and r = 0.78 for very hard intensity activities. Pearson correlations between the in-person PAR and TriTrac-R3D for total minutes per week of physical activity were r = 0.41, and r = 0.33 for moderate, r = 0.43 for hard, and r = 0.74 for very hard intensity activities. Participants overestimated the amount of physical activity in both interviews as compared with the TriTrac-R3D. CONCLUSION: The phone and in-person versions of the PAR are equivalent measures for self-reported physical activity. Regardless of age, body mass index, or physical activity level both interview methods had similar estimates for total minutes per week of moderate, hard, and very hard activity. Correlations between each interview method and the TriTrac-R3D were lower for moderate and hard activities as compared with very hard activities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

'Let the heart speak out'--interviewing practices by psychiatrists from two different traditions.

In the present article, we investigate the extent to which professional theories that underlie, inform, and guide the interviewing practices of two psychiatrists (a neuropsychiatrist and a psychoanalyst) are discursively displayed in their ways of conducting a psychiatric interview. This study analyses excerpts from two audio-recorded psychiatric interviews held at the Institute of Psychiatry of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. It follows theoretical and methodological frameworks derived from interactional sociolinguistics. Ethnographic data and research interviews with both clinicians also ground our discussion. Using frame analysis as a central tool, we found that the psychiatrist who subscribes to a neuropsychiatric orientation displays a concern on assessing the patient's cognitive processes, and shifts topics away from the patient's delusions to (re)introduce the institutional frame of the psychiatric interview. By contrast, the psychiatrist who holds a psychoanalytic orientation towards interviewing not only listens attentively to very personal topics introduced by the patient, but also sustains and develops these topics. Most of all, she proposes and stays within conversational frames. In keeping a dual understanding about their practices in the interview situation, both doctors balance the need to follow the institutional agenda and the need to listen to the patient, despite their different theoretical orientations.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The advanced clinical skills program in medical interviewing: a block curriculum for residents in medicine.

OBJECTIVE: This study sought to demonstrate whether an intensive block curriculum would lead to learning of basic medical interviewing skills by first year residents in medicine. METHOD: Pairs of brief clinical interviews done before and after a four week block program in medical interviewing were rated using the Rhode Island Hospital Interview Checklist (RIC). The data were analyzed using the McNemar Test to look for possible improvement following the course. RESULTS: Of the nineteen categories measured, fourteen showed statistically significant improvement (p < .05) in Year 1 and twelve in Year 2. Combining the data for the two years gave statistically significant results in sixteen of the nineteen categories. CONCLUSIONS: An intensive block curriculum in medical interviewing led to a significant degree of learning of basic skills by first year medical residents as judged by interviews done at the end of the block. The intensive approach also allowed for a degree of personal growth and solidification of identity as a physician. These factors can be expected to influence interviewing proficiency as well.

Clinical Competence↗