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At least 1,711 records · Page 95Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Toxicity of the explosive metabolites hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitroso-1,3,5-triazine (TNX) and hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine (MNX) to the earthworm Eisenia fetida.

Toxicity of hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine (MNX) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitroso-1,3,5-triazine (TNX) to earthworm was evaluated. Both MNX and TNX had lethal and sublethal effects on earthworms. Exposure to MNX- or TNX-contaminated soil caused a significant concentration-dependent decrease in earthworm survival and growth. The lowest observed lethal concentration (LOLC) for both MNX and TNX was 100 and 200 mgkg(-1) soil dry weight in the sandy loam soil and in the silt loam soil, respectively. No earthworms survived for 14 days in MNX- or TNX-spiked soil at 500 mgkg(-1) soil dry weight. After 7 days exposure, the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) for earthworm growth was 50 mgkg(-1) soil dry weight for TNX and 100 mgkg(-1) soil dry weight for MNX in both soil types. The LC20 and LC50 for MNX in sandy loam soil were 114 and 262 mgkg(-1) and for TNX, they were 114 and 254 mgkg(-1) soil dry weight, respectively. The corresponding values for MNX and TNX in silt loam soil were 234 and 390 mgkg(-1) soil dry weight, respectively, and 200 and 362 mgkg(-1) soil dry weight, respectively. After 35 days exposure, earthworm growth was reduced 8-39% by TNX in sandy loam soil, whereas TNX only inhibited earthworm growth 5-18% at the same concentration range in silt loam soil. LC20 and LC50 for TNX were slightly lower than for MNX; this indicates that TNX was more toxic than MNX. No significant morphological or developmental abnormalities were observed in earthworms surviving exposure.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Molecular nature of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus derived from explosive nosocomial outbreaks of the 1980s in Japan.

Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) with Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) genes is increasing worldwide. Nosocomial outbreak-derived (hospital-acquired) MRSA (HA-MRSA) in Japan in the 1980s was also largely PVL(+). PVL(+) HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA shared the same multi-locus sequence type (ST30) and methicillin resistance cassette (SCCmecIV), but were divergent in oxacillin resistance, spa typing, PFGE analysis or clfA gene analysis. PVL(+) HA-MRSA, which probably originated in PVL(+)S. aureus ST30, was highly adhesive (carrying cna and bbp genes), highly-toxic (carrying luk(PV) and sea genes) and highly drug-resistant. PVL(+) HA-MRSA was once replaced by other PVL(-) HA-MRSA (e.g., ST5), and is re-emerging as CA-MRSA.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2006

Evaluation of preliminary isotopic analysis (13C and 15N) of explosives A likelihood ratio approach to assess the links between semtex samples.

Currently, the use of isotopic ratio as corroborative evidence in criminal trials is explored. Beyond the analytical challenges that have been reported elsewhere, the crucial issue of the interpretation of analytical results in a fair and balanced way remains poorly documented. The aim of this paper is to propose a likelihood ratio approach for the evaluation of stable isotope data acquired from semtex samples. It will also lead to recommendations in relation to the acquisition of normalised international data.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Aqueous solubility and alkaline hydrolysis of the novel high explosive hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20).

The recently developed polycyclic nitramine CL-20 is considered as a possible replacement for the monocyclic nitramines RDX and HMX. The present study reports aqueous solubility data for CL-20, as well as the kinetic parameters for its alkaline hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide below and above its solubility limits. Aqueous solubility of CL-20 was measured in the temperature range of 4-69 degrees C and the data were fitted to a generalized solubility model. Alkaline hydrolysis experiments were conducted at 15, 20, 30 and 40 degrees C, with hydroxide concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 300 mM. Like RDX and HMX, alkaline hydrolysis of CL-20 follows second-order kinetics. CL-20 alkaline hydrolysis was found to proceed at a significantly faster rate than RDX. The temperature dependency of the second-order rate constants was evaluated using the Arrhenius model. The activation energy for CL-20 was found to be within close range of the activation energies reported for RDX and HMX.

Bridged-Ring Compounds↗
PubMed2004

Explosive-aggressive behavior related to bilateral subthalamic stimulation.

We describe a patient with Parkinson's Disease who underwent bilateral subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation and later presented with episodes of aggressive behavior disorder with disturbed impulse control and an inability to control anger likely related to the deep brain stimulation "switch-on stimulation". We hypothesize that increasing voltage intensity could influence neighboring passing fibers coming from basal limbic system that are involved in the regulation of affect and emotional behavior. We suggest investigating these neuropsychological disturbances considering their influence on quality of life after surgery.

Aggression↗
PubMed2004

Autoantibody explosion in systemic lupus erythematosus: more than 100 different antibodies found in SLE patients.

OBJECTIVE: Description of the various autoantibodies that can be detected in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS: A literature review, using the terms "autoantibody" and "systemic lupus erythematosus", was conducted to search for articles on autoantibodies in SLE, their target antigens, association with disease activity, or other clinical associations. RESULTS: One hundred sixteen autoantibodies were described in SLE patients. These include autoantibodies that target nuclear antigens, cytoplasmic antigens, cell membrane antigens, phospholipid-associated antigens, blood cells, endothelial cells, and nervous system antigens, plasma proteins, matrix proteins, and miscellaneous antigens. The target of autoantibody, the autoantigen properties, autoantibody frequencies in SLE, as well as clinical associations, and correlation with disease activity are described for all 116 autoantibodies. CONCLUSIONS: SLE is the autoimmune disease with the largest number of detectable autoantibodies. Their production could be antigen-driven, the result of polyclonal B cell activation, impaired apoptotic pathways, or the outcome of idiotypic network dysregulation.

Autoantibodies↗
PubMed1978

Explosive intraocular foreign bodies.

We examined two patients, each with a foreign body composed of smokeless gunpowder in the vitreous body of one eye and multiple similar foreign bodies in the eyelids, conjunctiva, and cornea. No damage to the eye was caused by the retention of these foreign bodies for over three years in one case and two years in the other. The composition of these foreign bodies appeared to be nontoxic to the eye and thus, extraction of the foreign bodies did not seem to be necessary.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Applications of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in metabolic studies of explosives.

Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used for the detection and identification of metabolites of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in urine and blood. The metabolites were found in the urine of rats and in the blood of rabbits fed with TNT, in the urine of rats exposed to TNT by skin absorption and in the urine of TNT munition workers. The detected metabolites, formed by reduction processes, included 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene, 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene, 2,4-diamino-6-nitrotoluene and 2,6-diamino-4-nitrotoluene, in addition to untransformed TNT.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Anaerobic incorporation of the radiolabeled explosive TNT and metabolites into the organic soil matrix of contaminated soil after different treatment procedures.

Four bioreactor designs were performed to evaluate the level of incorporation of 14C-labeled 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and metabolites into the organic soil matrix of different anaerobically treated contaminated soils. The contaminated soils were amended with molasses slivers (80:20% per weight) as auxiliary substrate to enhance microbial activity. After 5 weeks (bioreactors 1 and 2), 8 weeks (bioreactor 3) and 12 weeks (bioreactor 4) of anaerobic incubation, we determined 41%, 58%, 72%, and 54%, respectively, of the initially applied radioactivity immobilized in various soil fractions. After alkaline hydrolyses of the solvent-extracted soils, low quantities of radiolabel were found in the humic and fulvic acid fractions, whereas the bulk of 14C activity was found to be strongly bound to the humin fraction (solid soil residues). The amounts of solvent extractable radioactivity were 53%, 40%, 16%, and 29% for bioreactors 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The level of TNT transformation at the end of the experiments was within 90-94%. Regarding the results presented in this study, we can assume that there is the possibility of high incorporation levels of TNT metabolites into the soil organic matrix mediated by microbial cometabolism under strictly anoxic conditions.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗