Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “EXPECTORANTS”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,711 records · Page 95Linked to original sources
PubMed1977

Acquired tracheobronchomalacia.

In a series of 2150 patients subjected to bronchoscopy 94 (4.5%) were found to have tracheobronchomalacia. Tracheomalacia alone was diagnosed in 21 patients (22%), tracheobronchomalacia in 59 (63%) and bronchomalacia alone in 14 (15%). Mild malacic changes were noted in 44 patients (47%), moderate in 38 (40.5%) and severe in 12 (12.5%). The main symptoms were dyspnoea (63%), chronic cough with expectoration (49%) and haemoptysis (33%), and the most frequent concurrent diseases chronic bronchitis (53%), bronchial cancer (27.5%) and pulmonary tuberculosis (19%). Bronchoscopy performed under local anaesthesia enabled the dynamics of the tracea and bronchi to be observed during spontaneous breathing and during coughing, and it is the best available diagnostic procedure. Histologically the number of longitudinal elastic fibres in the pars membranacea was clearly reduced throughout the whole tracheal area in one patient with tracheomalacia but no differences were found in the amount of collagen, mucopolysaccharides and elastin in the cartilages of trachea and bronchi. This disease seems to be associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases such as chronic bronchitis, and it apparently shares the same aetiological factors.

Aged↗
PubMed1977

[Therapy of chronic bronchial foreign bodies in children (author's transl)].

During infancy bronchoscopic removal of a foreign body firmly embedded in the granulation tissue sometimes causes considerable difficulties so that surgical procedures (bronchotomy) must be envisaged. On the basis of 4 observations, the distinct influence of daily prednisolone inhalations (25 mg of prednisolone) and antibiotic therapy on the retrogression of endobronchial granulation tissue has been proved: resulting in a spontaneous expectoration of the foreign bodies or in enabling the bronchoscopic removal of the foreign bodies. If chronic foreign bodies cannot be removed immediately and especially before undertaking surgical measures, treatment by prednisolone inhalation should be tried.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1996

[A study of surgical treatment in lung cancer over 75 years of age-effect of epidural anesthesia for protection of postoperative coughing disturbance].

29 patients over 75 years of age in 221 patients undergoing resection of lung cancer from January of 1990 through December of 1994 were studied for the occurrence of expectoration disturbance (atelectasis), the effect of epidural anesthesia for protection of it. Atelectasis was observed in 8 (27.6%) of 29. In a group received epidural anesthesia (EA) during the early postoperative phase, 1 of 5 patients developed atelectasis. In 192 patients below 75 years of age, atelectasis was observed in 40 (20.8%) of them, so in a group received epidural anesthesia (EA) during the early postoperative phase, only 2 of 42 patients (4.8%) developed atelectasis. This value was significantly lower than that value (25.3%) in a group without EA. In conclusion, in the group below 75 years of age, EA during the early postoperative phase may be useful in inhibiting the occurrence of atelectasis, an important one of the postoperative lung complications.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

[Extra-hospital consumption of anti-infective agents in a defined daily doses per thousand inhabitants per day].

OBJECTIVES: To analyse the non-hospital use of drugs against infection (excluding antivirals and antimycotics) in the province of Zaragoza during 1994 by means of the application of the concept of the defined daily dose (DDD) as a technical unit of measurement, and defined daily dose per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID) as an indicator to facilitate comparison. DESIGN: A retrospective observational study. SETTING: Primary care. PARTICIPANTS: All the prescriptions for medicines to combat infection filled outside the hospital (940,662 units) in the province of Zaragoza. These following subgroups: J01 Systemic antibiotics, J03 Systemic chemotherapy drugs, J04A Tuberculosis, G04A Antiseptic and urinary infection drugs and R05C1 Mucolytic and anti-infection expectorants. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: 8.6% of the total medicine prescribed in 1994 were drugs to combat infection, with 17.70 DID. The 4 most commonly prescribed subgroups were: penicillin, macrolides, tetracycline and cephalosporins. The 10 most commonly used active principals were, in descending order: amoxycillin, amoxycillin/clavulanic, erythromycin, cotrimoxazol, doxycyclin, cyprofloxacin, norfloxacin, roxythromycin, clarithromycin, pipemidic acid. CONCLUSIONS: The use of drugs to combat infection in our province is essentially no different from what other authors have observed. It would be interesting to carry out a follow-up study on the use of third-generation fluorquinolones and cephalosporins in primary care and to relate use of them to the evolution of resistance to anti-microbe drugs.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1996

[The spectrum of bronchopulmonary infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus].

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical spectrum of bronchopulmonary infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients infected with HIV. METHODS: A retrospective study of cases with P. aeruginosa pneumonia and tracheo-bronchitis in patients infected with HIV, diagnosed over a 5-year period (January 1990-December 1994) in a third level university hospital. RESULTS: Seven patients with pneumonia and 15 with tracheobronchitis were identified, with a mean age of 33 years. All patients were in an advanced stage of immunosuppression (median CD4 count 11/mm3) and 21 (95%) had AIDS. In 6 cases (86%) pneumonia was acquired in the community and no patient had severe neutropenia. Clinical presentation ranged from severe pneumonia with respiratory insufficiency and shock to subacute less severe disease. Two patients (29%) died in the first episode as a result of pneumonia. The combination of cough, purulent expectoration and fever was the usual presenting form of tracheo-bronchitis. Nine out of the 15 patients (60%) had been treated previously because of tracheo-bronchitis and/or bacterial pneumonia episodes not caused by P. aeruginosa. Twelve patients required hospital admission; ten patients (83%) because of tracheo-bronchitis symptoms. The initial response to therapy was satisfactory, but 12 (80%) relapsed, with 2.6 relapses per patient after a mean follow-up of 7.4 months. CONCLUSIONS: P. aeruginosa bronchopulmonary infections emerge in late stages of HIV disease. P. aeruginosa should be considered in the differential diagnosis of every patient with pneumonia and advanced AIDS, even in the absence of the traditionally reported risk factors. Initially, tracheo-bronchitis responds well to therapy, but its management is difficult because of the frequent relapses and the development of antibiotic resistance.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[An attempt to use ofloxacin in patients with mucoviscidosis].

The literature data and the data of the authors on the pathogenesis and pathogenetic and etiotropic therapy of mucoviscidosis are presented. The use of ofloxacin as an antibacterial agent in the complex treatment of mucoviscidosis is considered expedient. The drug was administered intravenously in a dose of 400 mg twice a day for 5 days followed by the oral use of the drug in the form of tablets according to the same scheme. The microbiological investigation of the sputum specimens revealed diagnostically significant titers of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella spp. The isolates except for one case (Ps.aeruginosa) were susceptible to ofloxacin. The treatment with ofloxacin in accordance with the above scheme resulted in a rapid improvement of the patient state: the intoxication lowered, the expectoration and the sputum viscosity decreased, the body temperature normalized by the 5th day. The drug tolerance after the intravenous and enteral administration was good. The intravenous injections of ofloxacin induced a 1.5-fold increase in the intensity of the neutrophil oxygen burst. After the drug enteral administration there was observed a 2-fold increase the intensity of the neutrophil oxygen burst.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1996

[Analysis of the diagnostic delay in tuberculosis].

OBJECTIVE: To identify the situations that influence in the delayed diagnosis of tuberculosis. PATIENTS AND METHOD: We studied 109 patients (87 non HIV-infected and 22 HIV-infected) who were diagnosed of tuberculosis in one year consecutively, using a questionnaire to obtain time intervals in which the whole diagnostic delay (WD) was divided. RESULTS: WD was higher than 1 month in 90 % of non HIV-infected patients. The delay due to the health system (SD) was higher (71% > 1 month) than the delay due to patient (PD; 30% > 1 month) and there was a negative correlation between both (R-0.73). In HIV+ group, WD was lower (59.1% > month) and, although PD was higher (40.9% > 1 month), the time that the system delayed the suspicion of the diagnosis was lower (5.5% > 1 month). In HIV-group there were the following significant differences: higher delay in the suspicion of diagnosis (DSD) (61.4% and 60.8% > 1 month) and shorter time to make the diagnosis (12.3% and 21.6% > 1 month) in sputum smear-positive patients and who had cavitary lesions; PD was higher (67.1% > 1 month) in patients with general symptoms and nearly none in patients with upper airways symptoms; and higher DSD in presence of nonspecific symptoms like cough or/and expectoration (68.6% > 1 month) or upper airways symptoms (100% > 1 month). As these clinical symptoms were consulted in primary care mainly, there was a higher SD (75.75 > 1 month) and DSD (58.1% > 1 month), and were increased when a promptly chest X-ray was not performed (87.1 and 68.7% > 1 month). CONCLUSIONS: Delayed diagnosis of tuberculosis is common. In non HIV-infected patients, it occurs mainly in the health system. Diagnostic delays contribute to raise advanced disease with more contagious potential.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Pulmonary edema of scuba divers.

A syndrome of acute pulmonary edema has been previously reported among scuba divers in cold, European waters. Because of the temperatures involved, the name "cold-induced pulmonary edema" was coined in the original 1989 description. We report six individuals who developed the identical syndrome, five while diving in Puget Sound and one in the Gulf of Mexico. The four women and two men ranged in age from 24 to 60 yr. They experienced one to six episodes apiece, each with the development severe dyspnea at depth without excessive exertion. Associated symptoms included cough, weakness, expectoration of froth, chest discomfort, orthopnea, wheezing, hemoptysis, and dizziness. Emergency medical evaluation of four divers revealed rales on examination and pulmonary edema on chest radiograph. In one diver with pulmonary edema on chest radiograph, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure was normal when measured acutely. Symptoms resolved either spontaneously over 1-2 days or with standard medial treatment for pulmonary edema. Prior history of cardiovascular disease was negative except for hypertension and mitral valve prolapse in one diver. Cardiac evaluations following recovery from the acute episodes were normal. Episodes in the cold waters of Puget Sound sometimes occurred despite the use of dry suits. Furthermore, one diver developed recurrent episodes in 27 degrees C water off Cozumel, Mexico. Development of pulmonary edema while scuba diving constitutes a distinct clinical entity which may occur in either "cold" or "warm" water. It is not associated with a decompression mechanism. Personnel caring for divers should be aware of the syndrome in order to provide optimal medical management.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

[Detection and dispensary care of groups of persons at increased risk of bronchogenic cancer disease in Czechoslovakia].

Epidemiological and clinical studies organized by the Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Research Institute, Prague, revealed that the main high-risk factors associated with the incidence of lung cancer in Czechoslovakia are as follows: are and sex, heavy cigarette smoking, persistent cough, expectoration and other symptoms of chronic respiratory disease, and lung lesions of tuberculosis or probably tuberculosis origin. The methods used in Czechoslovakia for lung cancer detection include photofluorography, which has been combined in some investigations with a standard questionnaire eliciting smoking habits and symptoms of respiratory disease. Cytological sputum investigation in suspicion to lung cancer was found to be a useful contribution to the diagnosis. The systematic dispensary control of persons with bronchogenic carcinoma or at high risk for this disease is provided by polyclinic Departments for Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases of the District Institutes of National Health in collaboration with general physicians, oncological and other specialized departments. Further studies on methods for detection and dispensary control of lung cancer high-risk groups represent an important research task.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Cholecystectomy under regional anesthesia in a patient with total Kartagener's syndrome.

A 41-year-old woman with complete Kartagener's syndrome developed cholecystitis in a left-sided gall bladder. Bilateral diffuse bronchiectasis ruled her unfit for general anesthesia; chronic cough, copious expectoration and dyspnea prevented her from lying down supine for more than a few minutes. Successful cholecystectomy was performed in a semi-reclined position using thoracic epidural anesthesia, the anatomy being the mirror image of that of a gall bladder in normal position. The gall bladder was full of stones and operative cholangiogram revealed a normal but transposed biliary system.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Coughs and colds: advising on what to take.

Take special care when recommending a product to people with a pre-existing medical condition (e.g., high blood pressure, stomach problems, asthma). It is safer to advise them to consult their pharmacist or doctor if there is a possibility of adverse drug interaction. Be aware of the possibility of overdosage (e.g., some patients take a large number of remedies simultaneously and may unwittingly be taking too much paracetamol, aspirin or ibuprofen). Green or yellow sputum suggests the patient has a bacterial infection in addition to a cold, and consulting a doctor is advisable. Enquire whether a cough is productive ("loose" or "chesty") or non-productive "dry, "tricky" or "irritating") so that you can advise on appropriate product. Productive coughs are helped by expectorants. Dry coughs are helped by suppressants. Cough preparations often contain antihistamine which may cause drowsiness, so be aware of this when advising a patient. For young children a paediatric formulation is advisable. Many of the main brands of cough and cold medicines have infant or junior varieties. Vapour products, often using substances like menthol placed on a tissue near the child but out of reach, can be very effective for blocked noses. Sugar-free preparations should be used for children (and adults) where possible, to avoid the risk of tooth decay. If patients suffer from repeated colds and coughs, and complain of feeling "run down", questioning may reveal that they have a poor diet. In that case, recommending a vitamin supplement or tonic and advice on a healthier diet may be appropriate. A persistent cough should receive medical attention.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Respiratory system function in workers from the Mechanical Petrochemical Plant in Płock--influence of the workplace environment].

UNLABELLED: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the work place environment on the function of the respiratory system. MATERIAL: Study covered 211 male from Mechanical Plant of Plock Refinery (M.P. group 1) and the control group consisted of 53 male employed in Design Office (D.O. Group II). Group I was exposed to toxic substances (NO2, SO2, dust, manganese and iron oxides). METHODS: Lung function tests were performed using laboratory "Compact-Lab" (JAEGER). The FVC, FEV1, FEV1%FVC, PEF, FEF50 were obtained from flow-volume curve and TGV, Rt measured using plethysmography method. Information concerning symptoms and cigarette smoking were obtained from questionnaire designed for this study. RESULTS: Mean values of respiratory indices were within normal range and did not differ between groups. The percentage of abnormal results was similar in groups. Air flow limitation (FEV1%FVC < 70%) was observed in 15.2% of total. Smokers have had significantly lower indies of air flow limitation but still within normal range. Symptoms (cough, expectoration, dyspnea) were equally frequent in M.P. and D.O. and significantly more frequent in smokers. CONCLUSION: In our study we did not find the influence of work place environment on the function of the respiratory system.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Pleuropulmonary amebiasis.

Amebiasis is the third leading parasitic cause of death in the world. Approximately 500 million people worldwide are infected with Entamoeba histolytica. Invasive disease is more common in the immunosuppressed, pregnant women, children, and alcoholics. Amebic colitis and liver abscess are the most common intestinal and extraintestinal manifestations of E. histolytica infection. Pleuropulmonary complications occur almost exclusively in individuals with a liver abscess. Common pleuropulmonary complications include right-sided sympathetic effusions, empyema, basilar atelectasis, lung infiltration, and lung abscess. Bronchohepatic fistula is an unusual and distinctive problem characterized by expectoration of sputum that may resemble anchovy paste. Left hepatic lobe abscesses occasionally produce left-sided pleuropulmonary complications and may result in lethal rupture into the pericardium. Diagnosis is based on demonstration of the organism in clinical specimens; however, false-negative microbiological study results commonly occur even with active infection. Serological studies can confirm the diagnosis in the appropriate clinical setting, and newer immunological tests on blood, fluid, and tissue specimens show promise. Metronidazole remains the treatment of choice, and although surgical drainage is contraindicated, percutaneous drainage of abscesses and empyema may occasionally be indicated.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[The characteristics of the clinical course and treatment of chronic obstructive lung diseases against a background of lymphoproliferative diseases].

The authors studied expectoration, cough clearance and immunity in 48 patients with exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary affections (COPA) associated with lymphoproliferative diseases (chronic lymphoid leukemia, lymphocytic lymphoma, myeloma) versus 16 control patients suffering from COPA alone. patients of the test group received cytostatics and steroids according to standard schemes. They are shown to develop aggravation of immune defects with emergence of persistent secondary immunodeficiency, more marked disturbance of tracheobronchial clearance with more frequent occurrence of persistent ciliary dyskinesia. This resulted in slower relief of clinical symptoms, more severe course dictating the necessity of longer treatment, the addition of immunocorrectors, antibacterial drugs without immunosuppressive action.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[The effect of positive end-expiratory pressure on respiratory biomechanics in bronchial asthma].

The influence of PEEP breathing has been studied in 43 patients with exacerbation of bronchial asthma (BA) during 20 min in resistance of 5, 7 or 9 sm. Sputum expectoration and inspiration were found improved after PEEP breathing. Moreover, in some patients mild BA attacks relieved. Lung hyperinflation, bronchial obstruction reduced. A positive effect was observed in moderate asthma in PEEP breathing of 7 and 9 sm more frequently. This, PEEP breathing can be applied in the treatment of BA.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[The quality of antibacterial prescription in a primary care district. Its evolution in 1994-1995].

OBJECTIVES: To analyse the profile and quality of antibacterials (ABs) prescription in a primary care (PC) district during 1994 and 1995. DESIGN: A longitudinal, descriptive and retrospective study. SETTING: PC doctors from the PC district Bahía de Cádiz (Cádiz). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The prescriptions for ABs belonging to the following groups were studied: JO1 (systemic antibiotics), JO3 (systemic chemotherapy drugs), GO4A (antiseptics and drugs for urinary infection) and RO5C1 (expectorants, with mucolytic drugs included with anti-infection ones). The unit of measurement was the daily defined dose (DDD). DDD per 1,000 inhabitants per day (DID) and the DDD percentage of each AB versus the total were used as quantitative indicators. The qualitative indicators were: origins of use of ABs in PC and %DDD of non-justified associations (NJA) (RO5C1 group). CONCLUSIONS: The prescription profile of ABs in the area is similar to, and somewhat more favorable than, that described in the literature for similar areas. In the reconverted network there was a more rational prescription than in the non-reconverted network for the two years of the study. In both types of network a light improvement in the indicators studied was observed from 1994 to 1995.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1997

[Slow-resolution pneumonia: radiologic and tomodensitometric features].

To assess the radiologic findings of unresolving pneumonias (radiologic signs not normalized at the end of the fourth week of antibiotic therapy), the radiologic (192) and CT examinations (33) of 50 patients were reviewed, for a total of 64 pulmonary parenchymal lesions. These lesions presented as masses (3; 4.6%), parenchymal thickenings with aerial bronchogram (41; 63.7%), sometimes escavated (4; 10%), alveolar ground glass alterations (4; 6.2%), more frequent on the right side (49; 73%), mostly in the upper lobe (21; 32.8%). Pleural effusion was demonstrated in 16 patients (32%) and lymphadenopathies were shown in 8 patients (8%). When possible, the responsible germ was isolated with microbiological expectoration test (14; 35.3%), bronchoscopy associated with bronchoalveolar lavage (7; 37.5%) and needle biopsy in the mass (2; 5%). The germs were Candida (9), haemophilus influentiae (1), Klebsiella (1), pneumococcus (1), Pseudomonas (3), Staphylococcus aureus (4), streptococcus alpha hemoliticus (6). There are no typical radiologic and CT findings for the described lesions in different-patients and different germs can produce the same changes. Therefore, pulmonary inflammations must be followed to their complete resolution, to rule out the chance of a neoplastic process (obstructive pneumonia). The first radiologic control must be made at least 15 days after the beginning of therapy for the anatomo-pathologic processes of recovery to show radiographically. CT can be fundamental in the differential diagnosis with neoplasm, in unresolving pneumonia, to study the tracheobronchial tree, to study lymphadenopathies and to guide needle biopsy.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Neisseria meningitidis: fifteen cases of bronchopulmonary infections associated with septicaemia.

From 1989 to 1995, 4,053 meningococcal strains with a clinical information form were sent to the National Reference Center for Meningococci (NRCM). Among these strains 569 meningococci (14.04%) were isolated from secretions of the bronchopulmonary tract by expectoration or fibroscopy protected or not from contamination by microflora. Fifteen observations associated an infection of bronchopulmonary syndrome and a meningococcemia without any other symptoms. These patients were in general elderly (mean = 71.3 years old) except for two cases: one of them presented sickle cell anemia and the other was very young (13 months). In all cases, there were signs of clinical and X-ray pneumopathies. Among the fifteen cases described, eight cases occurred during the winter, and four during the spring. Twelve were described in countries north of the Loire. Serogroup Y was isolated six times, serogroup B four times and serogroup C three times. The small quantity of cases did not permit us to study the distribution of serotype and serosubtype. Three patients, aged 92, 86 and 74 years old, died from the meningococcal infection.

Adult↗