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PubMed1978

Synchronies in mental development: an epigenetic perspective.

Early mental development is analyzed from an evolutionary viewpoint and related to the dynamic interplay of genetic programming, maturational status, and environmental influence. Data are reported from a large sample of twins and siblings who have been tested longitudinally from 3 months to 6 years of age. Monozygotic twins became increasingly concordant with age and also paralleled each other for the spurts and lags in development. Dizygotic twins became less concordant with age and eventually matched their singleton siblings as closely as one another. The overall results suggested that the course of mental development is guided by the intrinsic scheduling of the genetic program acting in concert with maturational status and environmental influence.

Behavior↗
PubMed1977

Why 103 women asked for reversal of sterilisation.

Between 1975 and 1976 103 women requesting sterilisation reversal were interviewed at Hammersmith Hospital. Their average age at sterilisation was 26-7 years; 65 (63-1%) had been sterilised immediately after pregnancy, and many patients had previously used contraception inadequately when they were sterilised. When they had been sterilised 78 (75-7%) patients were unhappily married and remarriage was the chief reason for the request for reversal. Sexual dissatisfaction after sterilisation was common, but there was no obvious increase in menstrual disturbance. Thirty-nine (37-8%) patients had been sterilised by irreversible methods, and in only half the cases sterilised by tubal ligation were conditions technically suitable for reversal surgery. It therefore seems unwise to sterilise women under 30 particularly immediately after pregnancy or if their marriage is in jeopardy.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Genetic and environmental influences on developing autonomic control of heart rate.

Individual differences in cardiovascular regulation result from a dynamic interaction between genetically programmed developmental processes and extrinsic (environmental) conditions. The alterations in autonomic functioning previously identified among pups of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) strain suggest a genetic influence on autonomic development. In the present studies, an early stimulation procedure previously shown to reduce the behavioral and endocrine responsiveness of rodents in adulthood was demonstrated to alter both neural control of heart rate and regional brain catecholamine levels during the preweaning period. Pups from litters of SHR and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were handled daily during the first postnatal week. Selective pharmacological blockade with atenolol and atropine methylnitrate was used to identify autonomic controls of heart rate at 16 and 28 days of age. Combined blockade was used to estimate intrinsic heart rate. In both SHR and WKY, early handling was associated with elevated basal heart rate, elevated intrinsic heart rate, and decreased sympathetic tone. Parasympathetic influence on heart rate was elevated by early handling in WKY and decreased by handling in SHR. In addition, an increase in dorsal cortical norepinephrine concentration was produced by early handling in both strains. These data suggest that early environmental conditions can interact with the genetic predisposition for elevated blood pressure and may play a potentially important role in organizing the neural controls of cardiovascular regulation.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed2006

[Immigration and aging: new challenges in public health].

Foreign migration in Spain is at present a priority in the social and demographic context the country. At a worldwide level, trends in the evolution of population and social, political and economical indicators, appear to maintain for the coming years, the present trends on migrations from poor countries to the rich ones. In the health area, considering migration as a relatively recent phenomena in Spain, and considering that is mainly constituted by young and healthy population, there are not still data available on the main health needs of migrants related to aging. Data from other countries with a longer migrant tradition, shows mental health disorders and social and cultural barriers for adaptation, as basic health determinants for older migrants. Related to the effects in the health system, the inclusion of the aging factor in general population and migrant needs, offer an optimistic panorama for future planning. Migrant aging in Spain, despite of its middle and long term perspective, do require a progressive adaptation of knowledge and resources to cover future needs. Considering this coming future, health professionals do need to be trained in intercultural skills and knowledge.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Long-term care services in Spain: an overview].

To date, both in Spain and virtually all the other European Union (EU) countries, dependency has been seen to be a fundamentally private problem to be dealt with by the family concerned. In this way, whether through informal carers or contracted professionals, in the domestic environment or in care homes, it is the dependent person themselves and their families who currently bear the majority of the costs. In light of this, current concern lies in the social change that is coming on, mainly the accelerated aging process and the increased participation of middle-aged women in the labour market, which heighten the need for collective organisation of that which until now has been resolved within family circles. In this context, at the same time that the Government announces to issue a < > by the end of 2005, our paper briefly analyzes what we consider the four crucial issues in this area: the current scope of dependency problems and its possible future evolution, the characteristics of the current spanish long-term care system and its main problems; the role that health services should have in the dependency issue; and finally, the benefits and drawbacks of the main alternatives that the Administration could manage in case it intends to increase its involvement in this field.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Renal cell therapy is associated with dynamic and individualized responses in patients with acute renal failure.

BACKGROUND: Renal cell therapy in conjunction with continuous hemofiltration techniques may provide important cellular metabolic activities to patients with acute renal failure (ARF) and may thereby change the natural history of this disorder. The development of a tissue-engineered bioartificial kidney consisting of a conventional hemofiltration cartridge in series with a renal tubule assist device (RAD) containing 10(9) human renal proximal tubule cells provides an opportunity to evaluate this form of therapy in patients with ARF in the intensive care unit. METHODS: Nine patients with ARF and multi-organ systems failure (MOSF) have been treated so far with a tissue-engineered kidney in an FDA-approved Phase I/II clinical study currently underway. Acute physiologic parameters and serum cytokine levels were assessed before, during and after treatment with a bioartificial kidney. RESULTS: Use of the RAD in this clinical setting demonstrates maintenance of cell viability and functionality. Cardiovascular stability appears to be maintained during RAD treatment. Human tubule cells in the RAD demonstrated differentiated metabolic and endocrinologic activity. Acute physiologic and plasma cytokine data demonstrate that renal cell therapy is associated with rapid and variable responses in patients with ARF and MOSF. CONCLUSION: The initial clinical experience with the bioartificial kidney and the RAD suggests that renal tubule cell therapy may provide a dynamic and individualized treatment program as assessed by acute physiologic and biochemical indices.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed1996

Stable encoding of large finite-state automata in recurrent neural networks with sigmoid discriminants.

We propose an algorithm for encoding deterministic finite-state automata (DFAs) in second-order recurrent neural networks with sigmoidal discriminant function and we prove that the languages accepted by the constructed network and the DFA are identical. The desired finite-state network dynamics is achieved by programming a small subset of all weights. A worst case analysis reveals a relationship between the weight strength and the maximum allowed network size, which guarantees finite-state behavior of the constructed network. We illustrate the method by encoding random DFAs with 10, 100, and 1000 states. While the theory predicts that the weight strength scales with the DFA size, we find empirically the weight strength to be almost constant for all the random DFAs. These results can be explained by noting that the generated DFAs represent average cases. We empirically demonstrate the existence of extreme DFAs for which the weight strength scales with DFA size.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1990

Seasonal migration as a substitute for, or precursor to, permanent migration.

Seasonal migration to national amenity areas is a major form of cyclical migration in the United States. This article examines conditions under which seasonal movement serves as a substitute for, or precursor to, permanent migration among winter visitors to recreational vehicle (RV) parks in the Phoenix, Arizona area. Ties to the home community, ties to the seasonal residence, demographic characteristics, and commitment to a mobile lifestyle are specified as determinants of expectations of moving to Phoenix on a permanent basis. The model is tested using survey data for a sample of 1,001 winter visitors in Phoenix RV parks. Results of a discriminant analysis indicate that place ties and position in the life cycle condition expectations of permanently migrating to a seasonal residence.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Efficacy and concentration-response of murine anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody in tumor-bearing mice and extrapolation to humans.

The development of a neovascular supply (angiogenesis) is a major aspect of tumorigenesis. Recent work has indicated that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a major regulator of angiogenesis. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that an anti-VEGF antibody is capable of suppressing the growth of human tumor cell lines. The following study was conducted in tumor-bearing nude mice to evaluate the concentration-response relationship of murine anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody (muMAb VEGF) so that an efficacious plasma concentration of the recombinant humanized form (rhuMAb VEGF) in cancer patients could be estimated. (This study was included in our Investigational New Drug application to support the clinical dosing regimen and projected human safety factors for the toxicology program.) Additionally, the growth dynamics of the tumors were evaluated as a function of dose to explore whether a mechanismic interpretation of tumor growth inhibition by muMAb VEGF is possible. On day 1, A673 human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (2 x 10(6) cells/mouse) were injected subcutaneously in 188 beige nude mice (16-24 g). Treatment with muMAb VEGF (0.05-5.0 mg/kg; n = 24/group), phosphate-buffered saline (n = 10), or anti-gp120 isotype-matched control antibody (5.0 mg/kg; n = 10) began 24 hr later. Each animal received intraperitoneal injections of test material twice weekly for 4 wk. Immediately prior to each dose, 2 mice from each muMAb VEGF group were selected randomly, and plasma was collected for pharmacokinetic evaluation; at the end of the study, samples were collected from all animals for pharmacokinetic evaluation. Tumor dimensions were recorded weekly, and at the end of the study, tumor weight and dimensions were recorded. Satisfactory tumor suppression in nude mice was achieved at muMAb VEGF doses of > or =2.5 mg/kg, where the average trough muMAb VEGF plasma concentration was 30 microg/ml (concentrations in individual animals >10 microg/ml). Assuming the pharmacokinetics of rhuMAb VEGF in patients will resemble the pharmacokinetics of a similar humanized anticancer monoclonal antibodies, a clinical dosing regimen was designed to maintain the rhuMAb VEGF plasma concentration in this efficacious range. This study shows an approach that can be used to estimate a human dosing regimen from preclinical pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic data. Because we have just initiated clinical trials with rhuMAb VEGF we cannot judge clinical outcome in relation to these preclinical predictions; nonetheless, it is hoped that by sharing our approach and thought processes with other investigators we can assist the discovery and development of anticancer therapeutics.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Measuring adherence to a women's walking program.

The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the use of a self-report exercise log and a heart-rate monitor in the measurement of adherence to the dimensions of an exercise prescription and to propose an alternative way to define adherence to a 24-week home-based women's walking program, which reflects the dynamic process of behavior change. Adherence was measured with exercise logs, Polar Vantage XL Heart-Rate Monitors, and pre- to postintervention change in VO2 max. Of the dimensions of the exercise prescription, frequency of walks documented by both the heart-rate monitor and the exercise log had a higher correlation than duration and intensity of walking, with change in VO2 max suggesting that frequency was potentially the most predictive adherence measure. Examination of the total number of walks and the number and sequence of weeks without walks over the 24-week intervention revealed dynamic patterns of adherence suggesting variation in the degree of behavioral change.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Effect of gender and maturity on quadriceps-to-hamstring strength ratio and anterior cruciate ligament laxity.

BACKGROUND: Exercise programs have been introduced to reduce the ACL injury risk in female athletes. The most effective age at which to start these programs is not known. HYPOTHESIS: Age and gender affect ligament laxity and quadriceps-to-hamstring strength ratio. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: Fifty-three female and 70 male recreational soccer players, 10 to 18 years of age, were studied with physical examination, KT-1000 arthrometry, and manual maximum quadriceps and hamstring strength using a handheld dynamometer. The subjects were separated into 4 groups to examine maturity-related intergender differences: group G1, premenarchal girls (n = 24); group B1, boys 13 years and younger (n = 38); group G2, girls 2 or more years after menarche (n = 29); and group B2, boys 14 years and older (n = 32). RESULTS: Both knees of 123 soccer players were evaluated. The mean ages for groups G1, B1, G2, and B2 were 11.50 +/- 1.69, 10.63 +/- 1.85, 15.5 +/- 1.43, and 15.59 +/- 1.24 years, respectively, and the mean laxity measurements were 8.84 +/- 2.12, 8.51 +/- 1.61, 8.85 +/- 1.86, and 7.33 +/- 1.27 mm, respectively. Laxity was significantly less for the mature boys (P = .0015) than for the immature boys, mature girls, and immature girls. With increasing maturity, significant increases in both quadriceps and hamstring muscle strength were observed for both boys and girls (P < .05). Boys demonstrated a greater percentage increase in hamstring strength with maturity (179%) compared with girls (27%) (P < .05). Mature girls (2.06) had significantly greater quadriceps-to-hamstring ratio when compared with immature girls (1.74), immature boys (1.58), and mature boys (1.48) (P < .05). CONCLUSION: Female athletes after menarche increase their quadriceps strength greater than their hamstring strength, putting them at risk for anterior cruciate ligament injury. Anterior cruciate ligament-prevention programs based on improving dynamic control of the knee by emphasizing hamstring strengthening should be instituted for girls after menarche.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

MultiSeq: unifying sequence and structure data for evolutionary analysis.

BACKGROUND: Since the publication of the first draft of the human genome in 2000, bioinformatic data have been accumulating at an overwhelming pace. Currently, more than 3 million sequences and 35 thousand structures of proteins and nucleic acids are available in public databases. Finding correlations in and between these data to answer critical research questions is extremely challenging. This problem needs to be approached from several directions: information science to organize and search the data; information visualization to assist in recognizing correlations; mathematics to formulate statistical inferences; and biology to analyze chemical and physical properties in terms of sequence and structure changes. RESULTS: Here we present MultiSeq, a unified bioinformatics analysis environment that allows one to organize, display, align and analyze both sequence and structure data for proteins and nucleic acids. While special emphasis is placed on analyzing the data within the framework of evolutionary biology, the environment is also flexible enough to accommodate other usage patterns. The evolutionary approach is supported by the use of predefined metadata, adherence to standard ontological mappings, and the ability for the user to adjust these classifications using an electronic notebook. MultiSeq contains a new algorithm to generate complete evolutionary profiles that represent the topology of the molecular phylogenetic tree of a homologous group of distantly related proteins. The method, based on the multidimensional QR factorization of multiple sequence and structure alignments, removes redundancy from the alignments and orders the protein sequences by increasing linear dependence, resulting in the identification of a minimal basis set of sequences that spans the evolutionary space of the homologous group of proteins. CONCLUSION: MultiSeq is a major extension of the Multiple Alignment tool that is provided as part of VMD, a structural visualization program for analyzing molecular dynamics simulations. Both are freely distributed by the NIH Resource for Macromolecular Modeling and Bioinformatics and MultiSeq is included with VMD starting with version 1.8.5. The MultiSeq website has details on how to download and use the software: http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~schulten/multiseq/

Algorithms↗
PubMed1991

Chronic illness in the director's office: a pragmatic approach to decision making.

This management article is based upon a real life experience and suggests various steps that need to be taken to deal with a chronic illness in the leadership of the professional social work program in a hospital. The organizational support of upper management; the departmental structure; personnel decisions and employee benefits; the program history and current dynamics; and the expertise of the restructured directorship each play a crucial role in shaping the outcome.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed1993

Childspacing intervals and abortion among blacks and whites: a brief report.

Although physical, psychological, and social problems for children born to women denied abortion have been identified, little attention has been paid to the role that close childspacing might play in contributing to those problems. Small childspacing intervals (less than two years) have been linked to numerous physical, psychological, and social problems for mother and child. Using secondary analysis, this study examines the characteristics of 596 mothers who sought abortions in 1987 by race and age. Nearly 25% of these mothers had at least one child under two years of age. Abortion patients with such young children were more likely to be Black and have low incomes than abortion patients with older children. More than half of the mothers studied had more than two children. The findings suggest that a substantial number of children born to women denied access to abortion would be closely spaced, with the resulting adverse health consequences falling more heavily on subpopulations of abortion patients already at higher risk for negative perinatal and neonatal outcomes.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMed2004

National policy approaches to social care for elderly people in the United Kingdom and Singapore 1945-2002.

The authors compare policy approaches in the United Kingdom and Singapore on social care for older persons. The context of these approaches is discussed showing the development of policies, in each country from the aftermath of the Second World War to the present. Given that Singapore is a former British colony, it is of interest to scholars of social policy to examine its welfare approach as compared to the welfare state approach espoused by the United Kingdom. Both nations are faced with the challenges of an aging population, which necessitates handling similar problems with strategies that are in harmony with their respective economic, social, and cultural contexts. This paper considers their divergence of philosophies and policies, concluding with the recognition that the major difference lies in national and governmental expectations regarding the extent of the financial and regulatory responsibility for care for older people carried by the individual, the family, and the state.

Aged↗